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INCOME TAXES (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Schedule of provision (benefit) for income taxes
The provision (benefit) for income taxes consisted of the following for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 (in thousands):
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Current provision for income taxes:
 

 
 

 
 

Federal
$
77,477

 
$
113,737

 
$
80,420

State
6,625

 
2,273

 
5,720

 
84,102

 
116,010

 
86,140

Deferred (benefit) provision for income taxes:
 

 
 

 
 

Federal
(196,468
)
 
8,555

 
(26,637
)
State
37,006

 
(2,437
)
 
(1,809
)
 
(159,462
)
 
6,118

 
(28,446
)
(Benefit) provision for income taxes
$
(75,360
)
 
$
122,128

 
$
57,694
Schedule of reconciliation of federal income taxes at the applicable statutory rate to the recorded provision from continuing operations
The following is a reconciliation of federal income taxes at the applicable statutory rate to the recorded provision:
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Federal statutory rate
35.0
 %
 
35.0
 %
 
35.0
 %
Adjustments:
 

 
 

 
 

Federal tax reform (a)
(54.3
)%
 
—
 %
 
—
 %
State income taxes, net of federal tax benefit (b)
5.0
 %
 
0.2
 %
 
0.6
 %
Non-deductible items
1.5
 %
 
1.0
 %
 
1.2
 %
Domestic production activities deduction
(1.7
)%
 
(3.4
)%
 
(3.9
)%
Changes in unrecognized tax benefits (c) 
0.5
 %
 
0.3
 %
 
(1.9
)%
Basis in stock of subsidiaries (d)
—
 %
 
—
 %
 
(5.5
)%
Federal tax credits (e)
(2.2
)%
 
(0.4
)%
 
(1.1
)%
Other
1.1
 %
 
0.6
 %
 
0.8
 %
Effective income tax rate
(15.1
)%
 
33.3
 %
 
25.2
 %
 

(a)
Our 2017 income tax provision includes a non-recurring benefit of $272.1 million to reflect the estimated effect of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Reform) enacted on December 22, 2017.
(b)
Included in state income taxes are deferred income tax effects related to certain acquisitions and/or intercompany mergers.
(c)
During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, we recorded a $0.1 million, $1.0 million, and $5.7 million, respectively, benefit related to the release of liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits as a result of expiration of the applicable statute of limitations and settlements with taxing authorities.  See table below which summarizes the activity related to our accrued unrecognized tax benefits.
(d)
During the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded a $12.6 million benefit related to the realization of a capital loss upon the sale of the stock of a subsidiary.
(e)
During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a benefit of $8.3 million related to investments in sustainability initiatives whose activities qualify for federal income tax credits. During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 we recorded a $2.5 million, $1.6 million and $1.1 million, respectively, benefit related to federal income tax credits associated with research and development activities.
Schedule of total deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities
Total deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows (in thousands):
 
 
2017
 
2016
Deferred Tax Assets:
 

 
 

Net operating and capital losses:
 

 
 

Federal
$
34,861

 
$
68,455

State
75,754

 
63,630

Goodwill and intangible assets
14,389

 
28,879

Other
33,462

 
44,873

 
158,466

 
205,837

Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
(62,865
)
 
(51,846
)
Total deferred tax assets
$
95,601

 
$
153,991

Deferred Tax Liabilities:
 

 
 

Goodwill and intangible assets
$
(514,776
)
 
$
(650,139
)
Property & equipment, net
(80,630
)
 
(80,950
)
Other
(15,431
)
 
(32,219
)
Total deferred tax liabilities
(610,837
)
 
(763,308
)
Net deferred tax liabilities
$
(515,236
)
 
$
(609,317
)
Schedule of activity related to accrued unrecognized tax benefits
The following table summarizes the activity related to our accrued unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Balance at January 1,
$
4,739

 
$
3,257

 
$
7,138

Additions related to prior year tax positions
2,019

 
420

 
1,458

Additions related to current year tax positions
610

 
2,053

 
472

Reductions related to settlements with taxing authorities
(131
)
 
—

 
(1,517
)
Reductions related to expiration of the applicable statute of limitations
—

 
(991
)
 
(4,294
)
Balance at December 31,
$
7,237

 
$
4,739

 
$
3,257