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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Gibraltar Industries, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company"). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Reclassification

The Company has presented costs in excess of billings, net separately on its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 to conform with current year presentation. Historically, the Company included costs in excess of billings, net within accounts receivable on its consolidated balance sheet. This reclassification had no impact on the Company's net income, earnings per share, cash flows, segment reporting or financial position.

Use of estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates due to uncertainty in the current economic environment.

Segment reporting

The Company has four reportable segments: Residential, Renewables, Agtech and Infrastructure.

Revenue recognition

Revenue is recognized when, or as, the Company transfers control of promised products or services to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring those products or services.

Performance obligations satisfied at a point in time and significant judgments

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when the Company transfers control of the promised product at a point in time, which is determined when the customer has legal title and the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the asset, and the Company has a present right to payment for the product. The Company allocates the transaction price, which is generally the quoted price per terms of the contract and the consideration the Company expects to receive, to each performance obligation. These products are generally sold with rights of return and these contracts may provide other credits or incentives, which are accounted for as variable consideration. Sales returns, allowances, and customer incentives, including rebates, are treated as reductions to the sales transaction price and based largely on an assessment of all information (i.e., historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to the Company, and estimated at contract inception and updated at the end of each reporting period as additional information becomes available.

Performance obligations satisfied over time and significant judgments

For a contract to construct an asset that the customer controls as it is being created or enhanced, or a promise to provide a product that has no alternative use to the Company and the Company has enforceable rights to payment, the Company recognizes revenue over time. For the contracts to construct a certain asset, the Company determines that the customer controls the asset while it is being constructed. For the contracts for products that have no alternative use and for which the Company has an enforceable right to payment, the Company identifies these products as products that are not a standard inventory item or the Company cannot readily direct the product to another customer for use without incurring a significant economic loss, or significant costs to rework the product.

The Company determines the transaction price for each contract based on the consideration the Company expects to receive for the promised products and services under the entire contract, which is generally the stated contract price based on an expected cost plus a margin.

For the above contracts with customers with respect to which the Company satisfies a performance obligation over time, the Company recognizes revenue based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation using the cost-to-cost measure of progress. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, the extent of

progress toward completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues are recognized proportionally as costs are incurred. Costs to fulfill a contract include all direct costs related to contract performance. On a regular basis for substantially all contracts, the Company reviews its estimates and progress towards completion of its performance obligations. When the Company determines there is a change to any individual contract's estimated total costs to be incurred, the Company recognizes the impact to revenues using the cumulative catch-up method. When any individual contract's estimated total costs to be incurred exceeds the contract's transaction price, the Company recognizes the contract loss in the period in which such loss is determined.

The Company also recognizes revenues from services contracts over time. The Company recognizes revenue over time during the term of the agreement as the customer is simultaneously receiving and consuming the benefits provided throughout the Company's performance. Therefore, due to control transferring over time, the Company recognizes revenue on a straight-line basis throughout the contract period.

Contract assets and contract liabilities

Contract assets primarily represents revenue recognized for performance obligations that have been satisfied but for which amounts receivable have not been billed. Contract liabilities include payments received from customers in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations for a contract. The Company does not consider contract advances to be significant financing components as the intent of these payments in advance are for reasons other than providing a significant financing benefit and are customary in the Company's industry. Unearned revenue relates to payments received in advance of performance under the contract and is recognized when the Company performs under the contract.

Costs to obtain a contract with a customer

The Company expenses incremental costs of obtaining a contract as incurred when the benefit of those costs is less than twelve months. These incremental costs include, but are not limited to, sales commissions incurred to obtain a contract with a customer. If the Company expects the benefit of the incremental costs to be greater than twelve months, the Company records an asset for those costs which is amortized over the duration of the contract.

Cash and cash equivalents

All highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less are considered cash equivalents.

Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts and contract assets

Trade receivables and allowance for expected credit losses

Trade receivables are stated at the amount invoiced to customers less an allowance for expected credit losses. In general, the Company's policy is to not charge interest on trade receivables after the invoice becomes past due. A trade receivable is considered past due if payment has not been received within the agreed upon invoice terms.

The Company’s expected credit losses methodology is developed using estimates and historical collection experience, current and future economic and market conditions, and a review of the current status of customers' trade receivables. The Company is exposed to credit losses through sales of products and services. Due to the short-term nature of such trade receivables, the estimated amount of trade receivables that may not be collected is based on aging of the trade receivable balances. Additionally, specific allowance amounts are established to record the appropriate provision for customers that no longer share risk characteristics similar with other trade receivables. The Company’s monitoring activities include timely account reconciliation, dispute resolution, payment confirmation, consideration of customers' financial condition and macroeconomic conditions. Trade receivables are written off when determined to be uncollectible after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.

The following table provides a roll-forward of the allowance for expected credit losses for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):


	2024		2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	5,351	$	3,527	$	3,409
Bad debt expense, net of recoveries	1,093		3,146		1,331
Accounts written off against allowance and other adjustments	(3,050)		(1,322)		(1,213)
Ending balance	$	3,394	$	5,351	$	3,527

Concentrations of credit risk in trade receivable are limited to those from significant customers that are believed to be financially sound. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company's most significant customer is a home improvement retailer. The home improvement retailer purchases from the Residential segment.

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using either the first-in, first-out method or the average costing method. Shipping and handling costs are recognized as a component of cost of sales.

Property, plant, and equipment

Property, plant, and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. Interest is capitalized in connection with construction of qualified assets. Expenditures that exceed an established dollar threshold and that extend the useful lives of assets are capitalized, while repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. The estimated useful lives of land improvements, buildings, and building improvements are 15 to 40 years, while the estimated useful lives for machinery and equipment are 3 to 20 years.

Accounting for the acquisition of a business as a purchase transaction requires an allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed in the transaction at their respective estimated fair values. The most complex estimations of individual fair values are those involving long-lived assets, such as property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets. The Company uses all available information to make these fair value determinations and engages independent valuation specialists to assist in the fair value determination of the acquired long-lived assets.

Goodwill and other intangible assets

The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis at October 31, or more frequently if an event occurs, or circumstances change, that indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit could be below its carrying value. The reporting units are at the component level, or one level below the operating segment level. Goodwill is assigned to each reporting unit as of the date the reporting unit is acquired.

The Company may elect to perform a qualitative assessment that considers economic, industry and company-specific factors for some or all of the Company's selected reporting units. If, after completing the assessment, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the Company proceeds to a quantitative test. The Company may also elect to perform a quantitative test instead of a qualitative test for any or all of the Company's reporting units. The quantitative impairment test consists of comparing the fair value of a reporting unit, determined using two valuation techniques, to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired, and a loss measured by the excess of the carrying value of the reporting unit over the fair value of the reporting unit must be recorded. The fair value of reporting units evaluated under the quantitative test are determined using two valuation techniques: an income approach and a market approach. Each valuation approach relies on significant assumptions including a weighted average cost of capital ("WACC") based upon the capital structure of market participants in the Company’s peer groups, projected revenue growth, forecasted cash flows, and earnings multiples based on the market value of the Company and market participants within its peer groups.

The Company also tests its indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis as of October 31, or more frequently if an event occurs, or circumstances change, that indicate that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset could be below its carrying value. The impairment test consists of comparing the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset, determined using discounted cash flows on a relief-from-royalty basis, with its

carrying amount. An impairment loss would be recognized for the carrying amount in excess of its fair value. Acquired identifiable intangible assets are recorded at cost. Identifiable intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. For additional disclosure of the Company's goodwill and other intangible assets refer to Note 6 "Goodwill and Related Intangible Assets."

Impairment of long-lived assets

Long-lived assets, including acquired identifiable intangible assets with finite useful lives, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of those assets may not be recoverable. In specific situations, when the Company has selected individual assets to be sold or scrapped, the Company obtains market value data for those specific assets and measures and records the impairment loss based on such data. Otherwise, the Company uses undiscounted cash flows to determine whether impairment exists and measures any impairment loss by approximating fair value using acceptable valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow models and third-party appraisals. For additional disclosure on impairment of the Company's long-lived assets refer to Note 6 "Goodwill and Related Intangible Assets" and Note 11 "Exit Activity Costs and Asset Impairments."

Leases

The Company determines if an agreement is, or contains, a lease at the inception of the agreement. At lease commencement, the Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for leases with terms greater than twelve months. The initial lease liability is recognized at the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company recognizes lease expense for operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company combines lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance costs, in calculating the related asset and lease liabilities for all underlying asset groups. Operating lease cost is included in income from operations and includes short-term leases and variable lease costs which are immaterial. Current operating lease liabilities are represented within accrued expenses on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

Deferred charges

Deferred charges associated with initial costs incurred to enter into new debt arrangements are included as a component of long-term debt and are amortized as a part of interest expense over the terms of the associated debt agreements.

Advertising

The Company expenses advertising and marketing costs as incurred.

Foreign currency transactions and translation

The assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the rate of exchange in effect at the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates prevailing during the period.

Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans

The Company has a 401(k) plan in which all employees of U.S. subsidiaries are eligible to participate. Total expense for the 401(k) plan for the years ended December 31 was (in thousands):


	2024		2023		2022
401(k) plan	$	4,360	$	3,804	$	3,580

The Company contributes to a multiemployer defined benefit pension plan under the terms of a collective-bargaining agreement that covers union-represented employees. The Company's one multiemployer plan is underfunded and has a rehabilitation plan in place. The rehabilitation plan requires minimum contributions from the Company. Given the status of this plan, it is reasonably possible that future contributions to the plan will increase although the Company cannot reasonably estimate a possible range of increased contributions as of December 31, 2024.

The Company has an unfunded postretirement healthcare plan which provides health insurance to certain retired employees and their spouses. This plan has been frozen, no current employees participate and no additional participants will be added to the plan in the future. The Company's postretirement health care costs adjustments

are reclassified when realized from accumulated other comprehensive loss to other expense in the Company's consolidated statements of income.

Income taxes

The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach. Under this approach, deferred income taxes represent the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and tax basis of assets and liabilities. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets when uncertainty exists regarding their realization.

Equity-based compensation

The Company measures the cost of equity-based compensation based on grant date fair value and recognizes the cost over the period in which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award reduced by forfeitures. Equity-based compensation consists of grants of stock options, deferred stock units, common stock, restricted stock units, and performance stock units. Equity-based compensation expense is included as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses.

Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by adjusting the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, as well as dilutive common shares which include shares issuable pursuant to equity based incentive compensation awards under the equity compensation plans described in Note 9 "Equity-Based Compensation."

Recent accounting pronouncements

The Company evaluated all recently issued Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standard Updates ("ASU"), including those that are currently effective in or after 2024, and determined that the adoption of these pronouncements would not have a material effect on the financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company, with the exception of the following adopted and not yet adopted recent accounting principles.

Standard

Description

Financial Statement Effect or Other Significant Matters

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

ASU No. 2023-07

Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, which requires a public entity to disclose significant segment expenses and other segment items on an annual and interim basis and provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. Additionally, it requires a public entity to disclose the title and position of the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM"). The ASU does not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates them, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The amendments in the ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024.

The Company adopted this ASU and the required disclosures in these financial statements and has applied the amendments in this ASU retrospectively to all prior periods presented in these financial statements. The adoption of this ASU only affected the Company's disclosures in Note 16 "Segment Information" and there was no material impact to the Company's results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

ASU No. 2023-09

Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, which focuses on the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. This ASU requires a public business entity to disclose, on an annual basis, a tabular rate reconciliation using both percentages and currency amounts, broken out into specified categories with certain reconciling items further broken out by nature and jurisdiction to the extent those items exceed a specified threshold. In addition, all entities are required to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds received disaggregated by federal, state/local, and foreign and by jurisdiction if the amount is at least 5% of total income tax payments, net of refunds received.

The amendments in this ASU are effective for the Company in its annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company may apply the amendments in this ASU prospectively by providing the revised disclosures for the period ending December 31, 2025 and continuing to provide the pre-ASU disclosures for the prior periods, or may apply the amendments retrospectively by providing the revised disclosures for all period presented. The Company expects this ASU to impact the Company's disclosures with no material impacts to the Company's results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. The Company's planned date of adoption of these required disclosures in its financial statements for annual reporting period ending December 31, 2025.

ASU No. 2024-03

Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses and ASU No. 2025-01 Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, which includes amendments that require disaggregated information about certain income statement expense line items to be disclosed in the notes to the financial statements on an annual and interim basis. Additionally, in January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, which amended the effective date of ASU 2024-03.

The amendments in ASU 2024-03 are effective for the Company in its first annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is required to apply the amendments in this ASU prospectively and may apply it retrospectively. The Company expects this ASU to impact the Company's disclosures with no material impacts to the Company's results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. The Company's planned date of adoption of these required disclosures in its financial statements for annual reporting period ending December 31, 2027.