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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Other Non-Financial Assets
The following table includes the estimated fair value and carrying value of those assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis, as well as the estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments that are not accounted for at a fair value on a recurring basis.
 
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
Fair Value
Hierarchy
Level
 
Carrying
Amount
Asset (Liability)
$
 
Fair
Value
Asset (Liability)
$
 
Carrying
Amount
Asset (Liability)
$
 
Fair
Value
Asset (Liability)
$
Recurring
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
Level 1
 
505,639

 
505,639

 
552,174

 
552,174

 Derivative instruments (note 15)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swap agreements – assets(1)
Level 2
 
9,640

 
9,640

 
6,081

 
6,081

Interest rate swap agreements – liabilities(1)
Level 2
 
(43,175
)
 
(43,175
)
 
(78,560
)
 
(78,560
)
Cross currency interest swap agreements – assets(1)
Level 2
 
—

 
—

 
3,758

 
3,758

Cross currency interest swap agreements – liabilities(1)
Level 2
 
(29,122
)
 
(29,122
)
 
(54,217
)
 
(54,217
)
Foreign currency contracts
Level 2
 
—

 
—

 
81

 
81

Stock purchase warrants
Level 3
 
12,026

 
12,026

 
30,749

 
30,749

Freight forward agreements
Level 2
 
(57
)
 
(57
)
 
—

 
—

Non-recurring
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vessels held for sale (note 18)
Level 2
 
—

 
—

 
16,671

 
16,671

Other

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans to equity-accounted investees
(2) 
 
169,197

 
(2) 
 
107,486

 
(2) 
Loans to equity-accounted investees and joint venture partners – Long-term
(2) 
 
62,207

 
(2) 
 
146,420

 
(2) 
 Long-term receivable included in accounts receivable and other non-current assets (3)
Level 3
 
175

 
174

 
3,476

 
3,459

 Long-term debt – public (note 8)
Level 1
 
(856,986
)
 
(851,470
)
 
(963,563
)
 
(979,773
)
 Long-term debt – non-public (note 8)
Level 2
 
(2,462,537
)
 
(2,395,300
)
 
(2,454,142
)
 
(2,421,273
)
Obligations related to capital leases, including current portion (note 10)
Level 2
 
(1,673,845
)
 
(1,652,345
)
 
(1,160,457
)
 
(1,148,989
)
(1)
The fair value of the Company’s interest rate swap and cross currency swap agreements at December 31, 2018 includes $3.2 million (December 31, 2017 – $5.7 million) accrued interest expense which is recorded in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
(2)
In the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s loans to and equity investments in equity-accounted investees constitute the aggregate carrying value of the Company’s interests in entities accounted for by the equity method. The fair value of the individual components of such aggregate interests is not determinable.
(3)
As at December 31, 2018, the estimated fair value of the non-interest bearing receivable from Royal Dutch Shell Plc (or Shell) is based on the remaining future fixed payments as well as an estimated discount rate. The estimated fair value of this receivable as of December 31, 2018 was $0.2 million (December 31, 2017 – $3.5 million) using a discount rate of 8.0%. As there is no market rate for the equivalent of an unsecured non-interest bearing receivable from Shell, the discount rate was based on unsecured debt instruments of similar maturity held by the Company, adjusted for a liquidity premium. A higher or lower discount rate would result in a lower or higher fair value asset.
Changes in Fair Value Measured on Recurring Basis Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Changes in fair value during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 for the Company's Brookfield Transaction Warrants, Series D Warrants and the TIL stock purchase warrants, as applicable, which are described above and are measured at fair value on the recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), are as follows:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
$
 
2017
$
Fair value at the beginning of the year
30,749

 
575

Fair value on acquisition/issuance
2,330

 
36,596

Unrealized loss included in earnings
(21,053
)
 
(6,422
)
Fair value at the end of the year
12,026

 
30,749