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Market Risk Benefits (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Market Risk Benefit [Abstract]  
Market Risk Benefit, Activity
The reconciliation of beginning and ending balances of market risk benefits for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was as follows (in thousands of U.S. dollars):
20232022
2021
GMDB
Balance, beginning of year$122,016 $(53,011)$(77,590)
Effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk
3,676 59,207 63,474 
Balance, beginning of year, before effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk
125,692 6,196 (14,116)
Issuances
5,625 1,312 (14,931)
Interest accrual
6,081 (1,819)(2,623)
Attributed fees collected
(29,273)(29,417)(34,371)
Benefit payments
3,799 (897)1,597 
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behaviors
(8,415)5,126 (14,565)
Effect of changes in future expected policyholder behavior
(12,111)(3,819)10,776 
Effect of changes in other future assumptions
5,844 4,318 (51,743)
Effect of changes in interest rates
(12,722)197,277 82,422 
Effect of changes in equity index volatility
11,716 (24,728)(4,634)
Effect of changes in equity markets
14,550 (58,497)31,222 
Foreign exchange impact
5,501 (1,715)439 
Other
21,985 32,355 16,723 
Balance, end of year, before effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk
$138,272 $125,692 $6,196 
Effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk
1,302 (3,676)(59,207)
Balance, end of year$139,574 $122,016 $(53,011)
Net amount at risk
$251,293 $603,656 $52,320 
Weighted-average attained age of contract holders61 years61 years61 years
The reconciliation of market risk benefit asset (liability) to the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows (in thousands of U.S. dollars):
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
AssetLiabilityNetAssetLiabilityNet
Market risk benefits
$144,636 $5,062 $139,574 $131,186 $9,170 $122,016