Fair Value

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value

Fair Value

(a) Fair Value of Financial Instrument Assets

The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value by maximizing the use of observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available in the circumstances. The level in the hierarchy within which a given fair value measurement falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the measurement.

The Company determines the appropriate level in the hierarchy for each financial instrument that it measures at fair value. In determining fair value, the Company uses various valuation approaches, including market, income and cost approaches. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the observability of inputs as follows:

•Level 1 inputs—Unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.

The Company’s financial instruments that it measures at fair value using Level 1 inputs generally include equities listed on a major exchange.

•Level 2 inputs—Quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets and significant directly or indirectly observable inputs, other than quoted prices, used in industry accepted models.

The Company’s financial instruments that it measures at fair value using Level 2 inputs generally include: U.S. government issued bonds; U.S. government sponsored enterprises bonds; certain U.S. state, territory and municipal entities bonds; non-U.S. sovereign government, supranational and government related bonds; investment grade and high yield corporate bonds; mortgage-backed securities; short-term investments; certain common and preferred equities; foreign exchange forward contracts; and interest rate swaps.

•Level 3 inputs—Unobservable inputs.

The Company’s financial instruments that it measures at fair value using Level 3 inputs generally include: inactively traded fixed maturities including U.S. state, territory and municipal bonds; certain corporate bonds; special purpose financing asset-backed bonds; unlisted or private equities; certain other mutual fund equities; privately placed corporate loans, notes

and loans receivable and notes securitizations included in Other invested assets; and certain other derivatives, including weather derivatives, longevity insurance-linked securities; warrants; and total return swaps included in Other invested assets.

At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value were classified between Levels 1, 2 and 3 as follows (in thousands of U.S. dollars):

December 31, 2021	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)		Total
Fixed maturities
U.S. government and government sponsored enterprises	$	—	$	2,118,772	$	—	$	2,118,772
U.S. states, territories and municipalities	—		12,878		95,181		108,059
Non-U.S. sovereign government, supranational and government related	—		2,181,127		—		2,181,127
Corporate bonds	—		5,441,908		—		5,441,908
Asset-backed securities	—		—		16,764		16,764
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		4,204,644		—		4,204,644
Fixed maturities	$	—	$	13,959,329	$	111,945	$	14,071,274
Short-term investments	$	—	$	205,146	$	—	$	205,146
Equities
Real estate	$	97,854	$	—	$	2,097	$	99,951
Consumer non-cyclical	343		—		10,081		10,424
Consumer cyclical	7,341		—		1,394		8,735
Diversified	4		—		7,468		7,472
Energy	1,112		—		2,368		3,480
Industrials	137		—		220		357
Finance	—		—		128		128
Insurance	—		18		—		18
Mutual funds	—		—		1,621,019		1,621,019
Equities	$	106,791	$	18	$	1,644,775	$	1,751,584
Other invested assets
Derivative assets
Foreign exchange forward contracts	$	—	$	8,841	$	—	$	8,841
Total return swaps	—		—		153		153
Insurance-linked securities	—		—		5,663		5,663
Other	—		—		3,059		3,059
Other
Corporate loans (1)	—		—		1,469,776		1,469,776
Notes and loans receivable and notes securitization	—		—		6,575		6,575
Private equities	—		—		1,280,731		1,280,731
Derivative liabilities
Foreign exchange forward contracts	—		(6,657)		—		(6,657)
Total return swaps	—		—		(1,079)		(1,079)
Interest rate swaps	—		(10,489)		—		(10,489)
Other invested assets	$	—	$	(8,305)	$	2,764,878	$	2,756,573
Total	$	106,791	$	14,156,188	$	4,521,598	$	18,784,577

(1)Corporate loans includes a portfolio of third-party, individually managed privately issued corporate loans that are managed under an externally managed mandate with a fair value of $1.0 billion and $0.9 billion at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The mandate primarily invests in U.S. floating rate, first lien, senior secured broadly syndicated loans with a focus on facility sizes greater than $300 million. Corporate loans also includes $0.5 billion and $0.4 billion of other privately issued corporate loans at December 31, 2021 and 2020 respectively.

December 31, 2020	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)		Total
Fixed maturities
U.S. government and government sponsored enterprises	$	—	$	2,409,540	$	—	$	2,409,540
U.S. states, territories and municipalities	—		17,491		120,477		137,968
Non-U.S. sovereign government, supranational and government related	—		2,180,762		—		2,180,762
Corporate bonds	—		3,325,324		16,530		3,341,854
Asset-backed securities	—		—		17,528		17,528
Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		4,698,728		—		4,698,728
Fixed maturities	$	—	$	12,631,845	$	154,535	$	12,786,380
Short-term investments	$	—	$	416,350	$	—	$	416,350
Equities
Energy	$	—	$	—	$	34,448	$	34,448
Consumer cyclical	13,312		—		475		13,787
Consumer non-cyclical	—		—		6,886		6,886
Insurance	—		117		4,000		4,117
Finance	3,508		—		138		3,646
Real estate	—		—		2,338		2,338
Industrials	—		—		39		39
Diversified	2		—		3,098		3,100
Mutual funds	—		—		1,428,080		1,428,080
Equities	$	16,822	$	117	$	1,479,502	$	1,496,441
Other invested assets
Derivative assets
Foreign exchange forward contracts	$	—	$	7,309	$	—	$	7,309
Total return swaps	—		—		797		797
Insurance-linked securities	—		—		3,074		3,074
Other	—		—		419		419
Other
Corporate loans (1)	—		—		1,326,143		1,326,143
Notes and loans receivable and notes securitization	—		—		7,121		7,121
Private equities	—		—		756,731		756,731
Derivative liabilities
Foreign exchange forward contracts	—		(10,698)		—		(10,698)
Total return swaps	—		—		(3,152)		(3,152)
Interest rate swaps	—		(17,509)		—		(17,509)
Insurance-linked securities	—		—		(2,000)		(2,000)
Other invested assets	$	—	$	(20,898)	$	2,089,133	$	2,068,235
Total	$	16,822	$	13,027,414	$	3,723,170	$	16,767,406

At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the aggregate carrying amounts of items included in Other invested assets that the Company did not measure at fair value were $845 million and $900 million, respectively, which related to the Company’s investments that are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Dividends on equity method investments for 2021 and 2020 were $10 million and $2 million, respectively. Refer to Note 4(f) for further information on the Company's equity method investments.

At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the carrying value of accrued investment income approximated fair value due to its short-term nature.

Disclosures about the fair value of financial instruments that the Company does not measure at fair value exclude insurance contracts and certain other financial instruments. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the fair values of financial instrument assets recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets not described above approximate their carrying values.

The reconciliations of the beginning and ending balances for financial instruments measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, were as follows (in thousands of U.S. dollars):

For the year ended December 31, 2021	Balance at beginning of year		Realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains included in net income		Purchases		Settlements and sales (1)		Net transfers out of Level 3		Balance at end of year		Change in unrealized investment (losses) gains relating to assets held at end of year
Fixed maturities
U.S. states, territories and municipalities	$	120,477	$	(7,330)	$	—	$	(17,966)	$	—	$	95,181	$	(8,818)
Asset-backed securities	17,528		—		—		(764)		—		16,764		—
Corporate bonds	16,530		165		—		(16,695)		—		—		—
Fixed maturities	$	154,535	$	(7,165)	$	—	$	(35,425)	$	—	$	111,945	$	(8,818)
Equities
Energy	$	34,448	$	54,509	$	6	$	(86,595)	$	—	$	2,368	$	1,326
Consumer non-cyclical	6,886		7,557		—		—		(4,362)		10,081		4,522
Insurance	4,000		—		—		(4,000)		—		—		—
Real estate	2,338		(241)		—		—		—		2,097		(241)
Consumer cyclical	475		(916)		1,835		—		—		1,394		(916)
Finance	138		(10)		—		—		—		128		(10)
Industrials	39		245		309		(334)		(39)		220		99
Diversified	3,098		1,901		2,469		—		—		7,468		1,901
Mutual funds	1,428,080		212,723		60,845		(80,629)		—		1,621,019		195,927
Equities	$	1,479,502	$	275,768	$	65,464	$	(171,558)	$	(4,401)	$	1,644,775	$	202,608
Other invested assets
Derivatives, net	$	(862)	$	5,718	$	3,059	$	(119)	$	—	$	7,796	$	4,018
Corporate loans	1,326,143		(10,668)		796,236		(641,935)		—		1,469,776		(6,432)
Notes and loan receivables and notes securitization	7,121		(71)		21		(496)		—		6,575		(6,895)
Private equities	756,731		291,160		587,956		(355,116)		—		1,280,731		182,171
Other invested assets	$	2,089,133	$	286,139	$	1,387,272	$	(997,666)	$	—	$	2,764,878	$	172,862
Total	$	3,723,170	$	554,742	$	1,452,736	$	(1,204,649)	$	(4,401)	$	4,521,598	$	366,652

(1)Includes sales of Fixed maturities, Equities and Other invested assets of $17 million, $172 million and $738 million, respectively. Sales of Fixed maturities were comprised of U.S. states, territories and municipalities. Sales of Other invested assets included sales of corporate loans of $404 million and private equities of $334 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, two equity securities valued at $4 million were transferred from Level 3 to Level 1 due to the availability of quoted prices in active markets.

For the year ended December 31, 2020	Balance at beginning of year		Realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains included in net income		Purchases		Settlements and sales (1)		Net transfers into (out of) Level 3		Balance at end of year		Change in unrealized investment (losses) gains relating to assets held at end of year
Fixed maturities
U.S. states, territories and municipalities	$	143,427	$	(5,785)	$	—	$	(17,165)	$	—	$	120,477	$	(5,780)
Asset-backed securities	18,228		—		—		(700)		—		17,528		—
Corporate	18,687		(128)		—		(2,029)		—		16,530		(128)
Fixed maturities	$	180,342	$	(5,913)	$	—	$	(19,894)	$	—	$	154,535	$	(5,908)
Equities
Energy	$	—	$	3,419	$	31,128	$	(99)	$	—	$	34,448	$	3,320
Consumer non-cyclical	—		(3,168)		5,560		—		4,494		6,886		278
Insurance	9,403		(5,403)		—		—		—		4,000		4,000
Real estate	2,385		(416)		369		—		—		2,338		(416)
Consumer cyclical	—		—		475		—		—		475		—
Finance	126		12		—		—		—		138		12
Industrials	—		(491)		530		—		—		39		(491)
Diversified	—		(706)		3,804		—		—		3,098		(706)
Mutual funds	1,199,847		206,654		47,391		(25,812)		—		1,428,080		198,911
Equities	$	1,211,761	$	199,901	$	89,257	$	(25,911)	$	4,494	$	1,479,502	$	204,908
Other invested assets
Derivatives, net	$	(2,657)	$	(8,217)	$	5,008	$	5,004	$	—	$	(862)	$	(5,085)
Corporate loans	1,879,105		(10,980)		555,780		(1,097,762)		—		1,326,143		31,980
Notes and loan receivables and notes securitization	3,085		124		4,448		(536)		—		7,121		(979)
Private equities	533,744		105,627		260,096		(140,074)		(2,662)		756,731		93,903
Other invested assets	$	2,413,277	$	86,554	$	825,332	$	(1,233,368)	$	(2,662)	$	2,089,133	$	119,819
Total	$	3,805,380	$	280,542	$	914,589	$	(1,279,173)	$	1,832	$	3,723,170	$	318,819

(1)Settlements and sales of Equities and Other invested assets included sales of $26 million and $1.1 billion, respectively. Sales of Other invested assets of $1.1 billion included sales of corporate loans of $981 million and private equities of $137 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, an equity security valued at $4 million was transferred from Level 1 to Level 3 due to the unavailability of quoted prices in active markets, and a private equity security valued at $3 million was transferred from Level 3 to Level 1 due to the availability of quoted prices in active markets.

The significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of financial instruments measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs at December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows (fair value in thousands of U.S. dollars):

December 31, 2021	Fair value		Valuation techniques	Unobservable inputs	Range (Weighted average (1))
Fixed maturities
U.S. states, territories and municipalities	$	95,181	Discounted cash flow	Credit spreads	2.5% – 254.5% (14.3%)
Other invested assets
Total return swaps, net	(926)		Discounted cash flow	Credit spreads	2.4% – 41.3% (36.5%)
Insurance-linked securities – longevity swaps	5,663		Discounted cash flow	Credit spreads	1.7% (1.7%)
Notes and loans receivables	1,791		Discounted cash flow	Credit spreads	17.5% (17.5%)
				Gross revenue/fair value	1.1 (1.1)
Note securitization	403		Discounted cash flow	Credit spreads	2.5% (2.5%)
Private equity - other	8,832		Discounted cash flow	Effective yield	3.5% (3.5%)
Private equity - funds	38,185		Reported market value	Net asset value, as reported	100.0% (100.0%)
				Market adjustments	(2.5)% ((2.5)%)

December 31, 2020	Fair value		Valuation techniques	Unobservable inputs	Range (Weighted average (1))
Fixed maturities
U.S. states, territories and municipalities	$	120,477	Discounted cash flow	Credit spreads	2.5% – 283.2% (14.8%)
Asset backed securities	17,528		Discounted cash flow	Credit spreads	4.7% (4.7%)
Other invested assets
Total return swaps, net	(2,355)		Discounted cash flow	Credit spreads	2.7% – 36.7% (29.8%)
Insurance-linked securities – longevity swaps	3,074		Discounted cash flow	Credit spreads	1.8% (1.8%)
Notes and loans receivables	6,446		Discounted cash flow	Credit spreads	17.5% (17.5%)
				Gross revenue/fair value	1.1 (1.1)
Note securitization	675		Discounted cash flow	Credit spreads	2.5% (2.5%)
Private equity – other	30,067		Discounted cash flow	Effective yield	3.9% (3.9%)
Private equity – funds	188,533		Lag reported market value	Net asset value, as reported	100.0% (100.0%)
				Market adjustments	15.7% – 16.0% (15.9%)

(1)Unobservable inputs were weighted by the relative fair value of the instruments.

The tables above do not include financial instruments that are measured using unobservable inputs (Level 3) where the unobservable inputs were obtained from external sources and used without adjustment. These financial instruments include asset-backed securities and corporate bonds (included within Fixed maturities), equities and mutual fund investments (included within Equities), certain notes and loans receivables (included within Other invested assets), certain private equity funds (private equities included within Other invested assets), privately placed corporate loans (included within Other invested assets) and certain derivatives.

Changes in the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments subject to the fair value option during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were as follows (in thousands of U.S. dollars):

	2021		2020		2019
Fixed maturities and short-term investments	$	(558,466)	$	219,946	$	190,343
Equities	198,780		167,456		403,011
Other invested assets	184,209		63,669		50,857
Total	$	(175,477)	$	451,071	$	644,211

Substantially all of the above changes in fair value are included in Net realized and unrealized investment gains in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The change in the fair value of Other invested assets subject to the fair value option does not include certain derivatives.

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating the fair value of each class of financial instrument recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. There have been no material changes in the Company’s valuation techniques during the periods presented.

Fixed maturities 

•U.S. government and government sponsored enterprises—consists primarily of bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury and corporate debt securities issued by government sponsored enterprises and federally owned or established corporations. These securities are generally priced by independent pricing services. The independent pricing services may use actual transaction prices for securities that have been actively traded. For securities that have not been actively traded, each pricing source has its own proprietary method to determine the fair value, which may incorporate option adjusted spreads (OAS), interest rate data and market news. The Company generally classifies these securities in Level 2.

•U.S. states, territories and municipalities—consists primarily of bonds issued by U.S. states, territories and municipalities and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. Certain of the bonds that are issued by municipal housing authorities and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation are not actively traded and are priced based on internal models using unobservable inputs (credit spreads). Accordingly, the Company classifies these securities in Level 3. A significant increase (decrease) in credit spreads in isolation could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. The remaining securities are generally priced by independent pricing services using the techniques described for U.S. government and government sponsored enterprises above. The Company generally classifies these securities in Level 2.

•Non-U.S. sovereign government, supranational and government related—consists primarily of bonds issued by non-U.S. national governments and their agencies, non-U.S. regional governments and supranational organizations. These securities are generally priced by independent pricing services using the techniques described for U.S. government and government sponsored enterprises above. The Company generally classifies these securities in Level 2.

•Corporate—consists primarily of bonds issued by U.S. and foreign corporations covering a variety of industries and issuing countries. Corporate securities also include real estate investment trusts, catastrophe bonds, longevity and mortality bonds and government guaranteed corporate debt. These securities are generally priced by independent pricing services and brokers. The pricing provider incorporates information including credit spreads, interest rate data and market news into the valuation of each security. The Company generally classifies these securities in Level 2. When a corporate security is inactively traded or the valuation model uses unobservable inputs, the Company classifies the security in Level 3.

•Asset-backed securities— consists of special purpose financing securities. Special purpose financing securities are generally inactively traded and are priced based on valuation models using unobservable inputs (credit spreads). The Company generally classifies these securities in Level 3. A significant increase (decrease) in credit spreads in isolation could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.

•Residential mortgage-backed securities—primarily consists of bonds issued by the Government National Mortgage Association, the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, as well as private, non-agency issuers. These residential mortgage-backed securities are generally priced by independent pricing services and brokers. When current market trades are not available, the pricing provider or the Company will employ proprietary models with observable inputs including other trade information, prepayment speeds, yield curves and credit spreads. The Company generally classifies these securities in Level 2.

In general, the methods employed by the independent pricing services to determine the fair value of the securities that have not been actively traded primarily involve the use of “matrix pricing” in which the independent pricing source applies the credit spread for a comparable security that has traded recently to the current yield curve to determine a reasonable fair value. The Company generally uses one pricing source per security and uses a pricing service ranking to consistently select the most appropriate pricing

service in instances where it receives multiple quotes on the same security. When fair values are unavailable from these independent pricing sources, quotes are obtained directly from broker-dealers who are active in the corresponding markets. Most of the Company’s fixed maturities are priced from the pricing services or dealer quotes. The Company will typically not make adjustments to prices received from pricing services or dealer quotes; however, in instances where the quoted external price for a security uses significant unobservable inputs, the Company will classify that security as Level 3. The methods used to develop and substantiate the unobservable inputs used are based on the Company’s valuation policy and are dependent upon the facts and circumstances surrounding the individual investments which are generally transaction specific. The Company’s inactively traded fixed maturities are classified as Level 3. For all fixed maturity investments, the bid price is used for estimating fair value.

Short-term investments

Short-term investments are valued in a manner similar to the Company’s fixed maturity investments and are generally classified in Level 2.

Equities

Equity securities include U.S. and foreign common and preferred stocks, real estate investment trusts and mutual funds. Publicly traded equities are generally classified in Level 1 as the Company uses prices received from independent pricing sources based on quoted prices in active markets. Equities classified as Level 2 are generally mutual funds invested in fixed income securities, where the net asset value of the fund is provided on a daily basis, and certain common and preferred equities. Equities classified as Level 3 are generally mutual funds invested in securities other than the common stock of publicly traded companies, where the net asset value is not provided on a daily basis, and inactively traded common stocks. For these investments, the Company utilizes prices from third-party sources without adjustment.

Other invested assets

The Company’s foreign exchange forward contracts and interest rate swaps are generally classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy and are priced by independent pricing services.

Included in the Company’s Level 3 classification, in general, are certain derivatives, including weather derivative insurance-linked securities and total return swaps; privately placed corporate loans; notes and loans receivable and notes securitizations; and private equities. For Level 3 instruments, the Company will generally (i) receive a price based on a manager’s or trustee’s valuation for the asset; (ii) develop an internal discounted cash flow model to measure fair value; or (iii) use market return information, adjusted if necessary and weighted using management’s judgment, from comparable selected publicly traded equity funds in a similar region and of a similar size. Where the Company receives prices from the manager or trustee, these prices are based on the manager’s or trustee’s estimate of fair value for the assets and are generally audited on an annual basis. Where the Company develops its own discounted cash flow models, the inputs will be specific to the asset in question, based on appropriate historical information, adjusted as necessary, and using appropriate discount rates. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of Other invested assets classified as Level 3 include credit spreads and gross revenue to fair value ratios. Significant increases (decreases) in any of these inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of Other invested assets classified as Level 3 also include market return information, weighted using management’s judgment, from comparable selected publicly traded companies in the same industry, in a similar region and of a similar size and effective yields. Significant increases (decreases) in these inputs in isolation could result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement. As part of the Company’s modeling to determine the fair value of an investment, the Company considers counterparty credit risk as an input to the model, however, the majority of the Company’s counterparties are investment grade rated institutions and the failure of any one counterparty would not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

(b) Fair Value of Financial Instrument Liabilities

At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the carrying values of financial instrument liabilities recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets approximate their fair values, with the exception of the Company's senior notes and junior subordinated notes. The fair value of the senior notes as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was calculated based on discounted cash flow models using observable market yields and contractual cash flows based on the aggregate principal amount outstanding. The fair value of the junior subordinated notes as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was calculated based on market data valuation models using observable inputs based on the aggregate principal amount outstanding of the debt.

See Note 9 for further details related to the Company's debt, including the carrying values and fair values.

At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company’s senior notes and junior subordinated notes were classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Disclosures about the fair value of financial instrument liabilities exclude insurance contracts.