7.INCOME TAXES

The Company’s pre-tax income (loss), income tax (benefit) and effective tax rate by jurisdiction are summarized in the table below:


	For the three months			For the three months
Amounts in thousands	ended March 31, 2014			ended March 31, 2013
	Pre-tax income (loss)	Income tax (benefit)	Effective tax rate	Pre-tax income (loss)	Income tax	Effective tax rate
Canada	$ 971	$ 233	24.0%	$ 1,520	$ 280	18.4%
United States	(567)	0	0.0%	181	0	0.0%
Mauritius*	40	1	2.5%	136	4	2.9%
Austria	(9)	0	0.0%	278	0	0.0%
Poland	6	(19)	(316.7%)	(136)	33	(24.3%)
Total	$ 441	$ 215	48.8%	$ 1,979	$ 317	16.0%

*Ship-based casinos

During the three months ended March 31, 2014, the Company recognized income tax expense of $0.2 million on pre-tax income of $0.4 million, representing an effective income tax benefit rate of 48.8% compared to an income tax expense of $0.3 million on pre-tax income of $2.0 million, representing an effective income tax rate of 16.0% for the same period in 2013.

The increase in the effective tax rate compared to the same period in 2013 is primarily the result of a pre-tax loss in the United States and Austria for the first quarter of 2014. Since the Company maintains a full valuation allowance on all of its U.S. and Austrian deferred tax assets, income tax expense is recorded relative to the jurisdictions that recognize book earnings. In addition, the movement of exchange rates for intercompany loans denominated in U.S. dollars further impacts the Company’s effective income tax rate. Therefore, the Company’s overall effective income tax rate can be significantly impacted by foreign currency gains or losses.