Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We base our estimates on historical experience, currently available information and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
Revenue Recognition	Revenue RecognitionWe account for revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which we adopted on January 1, 2018, using the modified-retrospective method. Revenue Recognition Revenue is recognized when control of the promised products or services is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Many of our contracts with customers include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, we allocate revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative stand-alone selling price (“SSP”). Revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. The amount of consideration received and revenue recognized may vary based on changes in marketing incentive programs offered to our customers. Our marketing incentive programs take many forms, including volume discounts, trade-in allowances, rebates and other discounts. A majority of our revenue is recognized at the point in time when products are shipped or services are delivered to customers. Please see below for further discussion. Hardware and Materials Revenue from hardware and material sales is recognized when control has transferred to the customer, which typically occurs when the goods have been shipped to the customer, risk of loss has transferred to the customer and we have a present right to payment for the hardware. In limited circumstances, when printer or other hardware sales include substantive customer acceptance provisions, revenue is recognized either when customer acceptance has been obtained, customer acceptance provisions have lapsed, or we have objective evidence that the criteria specified in the customer acceptance provisions have been satisfied. Printers and certain other products include a warranty under which we provide maintenance for periods up to one year. For these initial product warranties, estimated costs are accrued at the time of the sale of the product. These cost estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of claims for each type of printer or other product as well as assumptions about future activity and events. Revisions to expense accruals are made as necessary based on changes in these historical and future factors. Software We also market and sell software tools that enable our customers to capture and customize content using our printers, design optimization and simulation software, and reverse engineering and inspection software. Software does not require significant modification or customization and the license provides the customer with a right to use the software as it exists when made available. Revenue from these software licenses is recognized either upon delivery of the product or of a key code which allows the customer to download the software. Customers may purchase post-sale support. Generally, the first year is included but subsequent years are optional. This optional support is considered a separate obligation from the software and is deferred at the time of sale and subsequently recognized ratably over future periods. Services We offer training, installation and non-contract maintenance services for our products. Additionally, we offer maintenance contracts customers can purchase at their option. For maintenance contracts, revenue is deferred at the time of sale based on the stand-alone selling prices of these services and costs are expensed as incurred. Deferred revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the maintenance period on a straight-line basis. Revenue from training, installation and non-contract maintenance services is recognized at the time of performance of the service. On demand manufacturing and healthcare service sales are included within services revenue and revenue is recognized upon shipment or delivery of the parts or performance of the service, based on the terms of the arrangement. Terms of sale Shipping and handling activities are treated as fulfillment costs rather than as an additional promised service. We accrue the costs of shipping and handling when the related revenue is recognized. Our incurred costs associated with shipping and handling are included in product cost of sales. Credit is extended, and creditworthiness is determined, based on an evaluation of each customer’s financial condition. New customers are generally required to complete a credit application and provide references and bank information to facilitate an analysis of creditworthiness. Customers with a favorable profile may receive credit terms that differ from our general credit terms. Creditworthiness is considered, among other things, in evaluating our relationship with customers with past due balances. Our terms of sale generally provide payment terms that are customary in the countries where we transact business. To reduce credit risk in connection with certain sales, we may, depending upon the circumstances, require significant deposits or payment in full prior to shipment. For maintenance services, we either bill customers on a time-and-materials basis or sell maintenance contracts that provide for payment in advance on either an annual or other periodic basis. See Note 21 for additional information related to revenue by reportable segment and major lines of business. Significant Judgments Our contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. For such arrangements, we allocate revenues to each performance obligation based on its relative SSP. Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation in a contract. For the majority of items, we estimate SSP using historical transaction data. We use a range of amounts to estimate SSP when we sell each of the products and services separately and need to determine whether there is a discount to be allocated based on the relative SSP of the various products and services. In instances where SSP is not directly observable, such as when the product or service is not sold separately, we determine the SSP using information that may include market conditions and other observable inputs. In some circumstances, we have more than one SSP for individual products and services due to the stratification of those products and services by customers, geographic region or other factors. In these instances, it may use information such as the size of the customer and geographic region in determining the SSP. The determination of SSP is an ongoing process and information is reviewed regularly in order to ensure SSP reflects the most current information or trends. The nature of our marketing incentives may lead to consideration that is variable. Judgment is exercised at contract inception to determine the most likely outcome of the contract and resulting transaction price. Ongoing assessments are performed to determine if updates are needed to the original estimates. Contract Balances The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and customer deposits and deferred revenues (contract liabilities) on the consolidated balance sheets. Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. We record a receivable when revenue is recognized at the time of invoicing, or unbilled receivables when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing. For most of our contracts, customers are invoiced when products are shipped or when services are performed resulting in billed accounts receivables for the remainder of the owed contract price. Unbilled receivables generally result from items being shipped where the customer has not been charged, but for which revenue had been recognized. In our on demand manufacturing business, customers may be required to pay in full before work begins on their orders, resulting in customer deposits. We typically bill in advance for installation, training and maintenance contracts as well as extended warranties, resulting in deferred revenue. Changes in contract asset and liability balances were not materially impacted by any other factors for the period ended December 31, 2019. Through December 31, 2019, we recognized revenue of $26,486 related to our contract liabilities at January 1, 2019. Through December 31, 2018, we recognized revenue of $37,206 related to our contract liabilities at January 1, 2018. Practical Expedients and Exemptions We generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would be one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses.
Cash and Cash Equivalents	Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and temporary investments with maturities of three months or less when acquired.
Investments	Investments Investments in non-consolidated affiliates (20-50 percent owned companies and joint ventures) are accounted for using the equity method. Investments through which we are not able to exercise significant influence over the investee and which we do not have readily determinable fair values are generally accounted for under the cost method. We assess declines in the fair value of investments to determine whether such declines are other-than-temporary. Other-than-temporary impairments of investments are recorded to interest and other expense, net, in the period in which they become impaired.
Accounts Receivable and Allowances for Doubtful Accounts	Accounts Receivable and Allowances for Doubtful Accounts Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. In evaluating the collectability of accounts receivable, we assess a number of factors, including specific customers’ ability to meet their financial obligations to us, the length of time receivables are past due and historical collection experience. Based on these assessments, we may record a reserve for specific customers, as well as a general reserve and allowance for returns and discounts. If circumstances related to specific customers change, or economic conditions deteriorate such that our past collection experience is no longer relevant, our estimate of the recoverability of accounts receivable could be further reduced from the levels provided for in the consolidated financial statements.
Inventories	Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost being determined using the first-in, first-out method.
Long-Lived Assets and Goodwill	Long-Lived Assets and Goodwill We review long-lived assets, including intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is assessed for the carrying value of assets held for use based on a review of undiscounted projected cash flows. Impairment losses, where identified, are measured as the excess of the carrying value of the long-lived asset over its estimated fair value as determined by discounted projected cash flows. No impairment charges for intangible assets with finite lives were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Goodwill is the excess of cost of an acquired entity over the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of each year, and is tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate the carrying amount may be impaired. Impairment testing for goodwill is done at a reporting unit level, with all goodwill assigned to a reporting unit. The test for goodwill impairment is a two-step process, first to identify potential goodwill impairment for each reporting unit, and then, if necessary, measure the amount of the impairment loss. Our reporting units are consistent with our geographies in Note 21. We completed the required annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of 2019. The first step of the goodwill impairment test compared the fair value of each of our reporting units to their carrying value. We estimated the fair value of our reporting units based primarily on the discounted projected cash flows of the underlying operations. The estimated fair value for each of our reporting units was in excess of their respective carrying values as of December 31, 2019.
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest	Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests Owners of noncontrolling interests in a certain subsidiary held the right to require us to acquire either a portion of or all of the remaining ownership interests held by them. The owners’ ability to exercise the “put option” right was subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, including conditions requiring notice in advance of exercise and timing restrictions of the exercise date. The “put option” right was recorded as mezzanine equity on the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2018 at its estimated redemption amount.
Contingencies	Contingencies We follow the provisions of ASC 450, “Contingencies,” which requires that an estimated loss from a loss contingency be accrued by a charge to income if it is both probable that an asset has been impaired or that a liability has been incurred and that the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.
Foreign Currency Translation	Foreign Currency Translation Local currencies generally are considered the functional currencies outside the United States. Assets and liabilities for operations in local-currency environments are translated at month-end exchange rates of the period reported. Income and expense items are translated at average exchange rates of each applicable month. Cumulative translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity.
Derivative Financial Instruments	Derivative Financial Instruments We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We seek to minimize these risks through regular operating and financing activities and, when we consider it to be appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments. We do not purchase, hold or sell derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We use derivative financial instruments to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates on outstanding debt instruments. In doing so, we have elected to prepare and maintain the documentation to qualify for hedge accounting treatment under ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging,” and therefore, related gains and losses (realized or unrealized) related to derivative instruments are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are reclassified into earnings when the underlying transaction is recognized in net earnings and, depending on the fair value at the end of the reporting period, derivatives are recorded either in prepaid and other current assets or in accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. We and our subsidiaries conduct business in various countries using both their functional currencies and other currencies to effect cross border transactions. As a result, we and our subsidiaries are subject to the risk that fluctuations in foreign exchange rates between the dates that those transactions are entered into and their respective settlement dates will result in a foreign exchange gain or loss. When practicable, we endeavor to match assets and liabilities in the same currency on our U.S. balance sheet and those of our subsidiaries in order to reduce these risks. We, when we consider it to be appropriate, enter into foreign currency contracts to hedge the exposure arising from those transactions. See Note 13. For our hedges of foreign exchange rates and commodity prices, we have elected to not prepare and maintain the documentation to qualify for hedge accounting treatment under ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging,” and therefore, changes in fair value are recognized in interest and other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and, depending on the fair value at the end of the reporting period, derivatives are recorded either in prepaid and other current assets or in accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. We are exposed to credit risk if the counterparties to such transactions are unable to perform their obligations. However, we seek to minimize such risk by entering into transactions with counterparties that are believed to be creditworthy financial institutions.
Research and Development Costs	Research and Development Costs Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
Earnings (Loss) per Share	Earnings (Loss) per ShareBasic earnings (loss) per share are calculated on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share include shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options and stock-based awards where the conversion of such instruments would be dilutive.
Advertising Costs	Advertising CostsAdvertising costs are expensed as incurred.
Pension Costs	Pension costsWe sponsor a retirement benefit for one of our non-U.S. subsidiaries in the form of a defined benefit pension plan. Accounting standards require the cost of providing this pension benefit be measured on an actuarial basis. Actuarial gains and losses resulting from both normal year-to-year changes in valuation assumptions and differences from actual experience are deferred and amortized. The application of these accounting standards require us to make assumptions and judgements that can significantly affect these measurements. Our critical assumptions in performing these actuarial valuations include the selection of the discount rate to determine the present value of the pension obligations that affects the amount of pension expense recorded in any given period. Changes in the discount rate could have a material effect on our reported pension obligations and related pension expense.
Equity Compensation Plans	Equity Compensation PlansWe recognize compensation expense for our stock-based compensation programs, which include stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSU”) and performance shares. For service-based awards, stock-based compensation is estimated at the grant date based on the fair value of the awards expected to vest and recognized as expense ratably over the requisite service period of the award. For stock options and awards with market conditions, compensation cost is determined at the individual tranche level. We recognize forfeitures when they occur.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes We and the majority of our domestic subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return, while four of our domestic entities file separate U.S. federal income tax returns. Our non-U.S. subsidiaries file income tax returns in their respective jurisdictions. Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and tax benefit carryforwards. Deferred income tax liabilities and assets at the end of each period are determined using enacted tax rates. We establish a valuation allowance for those jurisdictions in which the expiration date of tax benefit carryforwards or projected taxable earnings leads us to conclude that it is “more likely than not” that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The evaluation process includes the consideration of all available evidence regarding historical results and future projections including the estimated timing of reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and potential tax planning strategies. Once a valuation allowance is established, it is maintained until a change in factual circumstances gives rise to sufficient income of the appropriate character and timing that will allow a partial or full utilization of the deferred tax asset. In accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes,” the impact of an uncertain tax position on our income tax returns is recognized at the largest amount that is more likely than not to be required to be recognized upon audit by the relevant taxing authority. We include interest and penalties accrued in the consolidated financial statements as a component of income tax expense.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements	Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted Accounting Standards On January 1, 2019, we adopted the FASB ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” which requires the recognition of right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and related operating and finance lease liabilities on the balance sheet. We adopted ASU 2016-02 effective January 1, 2019 using the cumulative-effect adjustment transition method, which applies the provisions of the standard at the effective date without adjusting the comparative periods presented. As permitted under ASU 2016-02, we applied the practical expedients that allowed us to not (1) reassess historical lease classifications, (2) recognize short-term leases on the balance sheet, nor (3) separate lease and non-lease components for its real estate leases. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019, we recorded operating lease liabilities and ROU assets of $38,415. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 had an immaterial impact on our consolidated statement of operations and consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2019. For additional information about leases, see Note 5. In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities” (“ASU 2017-12”), in order to create more transparency around how economic results are presented within both the financial statements and in the footnotes and to better align the results of cash flow and fair value hedge accounting with risk management activities. ASU 2017-12 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We adopted ASU 2017-12 in the third quarter of 2019 and the implementation of this guidance did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. Recently Issued Accounting Standards In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40),” which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a service contract hosting arrangement with those of developing or obtaining internal-use software. This standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted. We have elected not to adopt the provisions of this ASU early and are evaluating the impact the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment” (“ASU 2017-04”), which eliminates the performance of Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. In performing its annual or interim impairment testing, an entity will instead compare the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize any impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. Additionally, an entity should consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We have elected not to adopt the provisions of this standard early. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”), which provides guidance regarding the measurement of credit losses for financial assets and certain other instruments that are not accounted for at fair value through net income, including trade and other receivables, debt securities, net investment in leases, and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The new guidance requires companies to replace the current incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that measures all expected credit losses for financial assets based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The guidance expands the disclosure requirements regarding credit losses, including the credit loss methodology and credit quality indicators. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326),” which provides transition relief to entities adopting ASU 2016-13 by allowing entities to elect the fair value option on certain financial instruments. ASU 2016-13 will be effective for annual reporting periods, including interim reporting within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods, including interim periods after December 15, 2018 and will be applied using a modified retrospective approach. We elected not to early adopt the provisions of this ASU and we do not expect there to be a material impact to the consolidated financial statements upon adoption of this standard in 2020. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes,” which simplifies the accounting for income taxes by eliminating some exceptions to the general approach in Accounting Standards Codification 740, Income Taxes. It also clarifies certain aspects of the existing guidance to promote more consistent application. This standard is effective for calendar-year public business entities in 2021 and interim periods within that year, and early adoption is permitted. We are currently not early adopting and are in the process of evaluating the impact the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements. No other new accounting pronouncements, issued or effective during 2019, have had or are expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Fair Value Measurements	ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2 - Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; or Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The above standard applies to cash equivalents, Israeli severance funds and derivatives. We utilize the market approach to measure fair value for financial assets and liabilities. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities.

Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. We base our estimates on historical experience, currently available information and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue RecognitionWe account for revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which we adopted on January 1, 2018, using the modified-retrospective method.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when control of the promised products or services is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Many of our contracts with customers include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, we allocate revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative stand-alone selling price (“SSP”). Revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns and any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. The amount of consideration received and revenue recognized may vary based on changes in marketing incentive programs offered to our customers. Our marketing incentive programs take many forms, including volume discounts, trade-in allowances, rebates and other discounts.

A majority of our revenue is recognized at the point in time when products are shipped or services are delivered to customers. Please see below for further discussion.

Hardware and Materials

Revenue from hardware and material sales is recognized when control has transferred to the customer, which typically occurs when the goods have been shipped to the customer, risk of loss has transferred to the customer and we have a present right to payment for the hardware. In limited circumstances, when printer or other hardware sales include substantive customer acceptance provisions, revenue is recognized either when customer acceptance has been obtained, customer acceptance

provisions have lapsed, or we have objective evidence that the criteria specified in the customer acceptance provisions have been satisfied.

Printers and certain other products include a warranty under which we provide maintenance for periods up to one year. For these initial product warranties, estimated costs are accrued at the time of the sale of the product. These cost estimates are established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of claims for each type of printer or other product as well as assumptions about future activity and events. Revisions to expense accruals are made as necessary based on changes in these historical and future factors.

Software

We also market and sell software tools that enable our customers to capture and customize content using our printers, design optimization and simulation software, and reverse engineering and inspection software. Software does not require significant modification or customization and the license provides the customer with a right to use the software as it exists when made available. Revenue from these software licenses is recognized either upon delivery of the product or of a key code which allows the customer to download the software. Customers may purchase post-sale support. Generally, the first year is included but subsequent years are optional. This optional support is considered a separate obligation from the software and is deferred at the time of sale and subsequently recognized ratably over future periods.

Services

We offer training, installation and non-contract maintenance services for our products. Additionally, we offer maintenance contracts customers can purchase at their option. For maintenance contracts, revenue is deferred at the time of sale based on the stand-alone selling prices of these services and costs are expensed as incurred. Deferred revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the maintenance period on a straight-line basis. Revenue from training, installation and non-contract maintenance services is recognized at the time of performance of the service.

On demand manufacturing and healthcare service sales are included within services revenue and revenue is recognized upon shipment or delivery of the parts or performance of the service, based on the terms of the arrangement.

Terms of sale

Shipping and handling activities are treated as fulfillment costs rather than as an additional promised service. We accrue the costs of shipping and handling when the related revenue is recognized. Our incurred costs associated with shipping and handling are included in product cost of sales.

Credit is extended, and creditworthiness is determined, based on an evaluation of each customer’s financial condition. New customers are generally required to complete a credit application and provide references and bank information to facilitate an analysis of creditworthiness. Customers with a favorable profile may receive credit terms that differ from our general credit terms. Creditworthiness is considered, among other things, in evaluating our relationship with customers with past due balances.

Our terms of sale generally provide payment terms that are customary in the countries where we transact business. To reduce credit risk in connection with certain sales, we may, depending upon the circumstances, require significant deposits or payment in full prior to shipment. For maintenance services, we either bill customers on a time-and-materials basis or sell maintenance contracts that provide for payment in advance on either an annual or other periodic basis.

See Note 21 for additional information related to revenue by reportable segment and major lines of business.

Significant Judgments

Our contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. For such arrangements, we allocate revenues to each performance obligation based on its relative SSP.

Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation in a contract. For the majority of items, we estimate SSP using historical transaction data. We use a range of amounts to estimate SSP when we sell each of the products and services separately and need to determine whether there is a discount to be allocated based on the relative SSP of the various products and services. In instances where SSP is not directly observable, such as when the product or service is not sold separately, we determine the SSP using information that may include market conditions and other observable inputs.

In some circumstances, we have more than one SSP for individual products and services due to the stratification of those products and services by customers, geographic region or other factors. In these instances, it may use information such as the size of the customer and geographic region in determining the SSP.

The determination of SSP is an ongoing process and information is reviewed regularly in order to ensure SSP reflects the most current information or trends.

The nature of our marketing incentives may lead to consideration that is variable. Judgment is exercised at contract inception to determine the most likely outcome of the contract and resulting transaction price. Ongoing assessments are performed to determine if updates are needed to the original estimates.

Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and customer deposits and deferred revenues (contract liabilities) on the consolidated balance sheets. Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. We record a receivable when revenue is recognized at the time of invoicing, or unbilled receivables when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing. For most of our contracts, customers are invoiced when products are shipped or when services are performed resulting in billed accounts receivables for the remainder of the owed contract price. Unbilled receivables generally result from items being shipped where the customer has not been charged, but for which revenue had been recognized. In our on demand manufacturing business, customers may be required to pay in full before work begins on their orders, resulting in customer deposits. We typically bill in advance for installation, training and maintenance contracts as well as extended warranties, resulting in deferred revenue. Changes in contract asset and liability balances were not materially impacted by any other factors for the period ended December 31, 2019.

Through December 31, 2019, we recognized revenue of $26,486 related to our contract liabilities at January 1, 2019. Through December 31, 2018, we recognized revenue of $37,206 related to our contract liabilities at January 1, 2018.

Practical Expedients and Exemptions

We generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would be one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and temporary investments with maturities of three months or less when acquired.

Investments

Investments in non-consolidated affiliates (20-50 percent owned companies and joint ventures) are accounted for using the equity method. Investments through which we are not able to exercise significant influence over the investee and which we do not have readily determinable fair values are generally accounted for under the cost method.

We assess declines in the fair value of investments to determine whether such declines are other-than-temporary. Other-than-temporary impairments of investments are recorded to interest and other expense, net, in the period in which they become impaired.

Accounts Receivable and Allowances for Doubtful Accounts

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. In evaluating the collectability of accounts receivable, we assess a number of factors, including specific customers’ ability to meet their financial obligations to us, the length of time receivables are past due and historical collection experience. Based on these assessments, we may record a reserve for specific customers, as well as a general reserve and allowance for returns and discounts. If circumstances related to specific customers change, or economic conditions deteriorate such that our past collection experience is no longer relevant, our estimate of the recoverability of accounts receivable could be further reduced from the levels provided for in the consolidated financial statements.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost being determined using the first-in, first-out method.

Long-Lived Assets and Goodwill

We review long-lived assets, including intangible assets subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is assessed for the carrying value of assets held for use based on a review of undiscounted projected cash flows. Impairment losses, where identified, are measured as the excess of the carrying value of the long-lived asset over its estimated fair value as determined by discounted projected cash flows. No impairment charges for intangible assets with finite lives were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Goodwill is the excess of cost of an acquired entity over the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of each year, and is tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would indicate the carrying amount may be impaired. Impairment testing for goodwill is done at a reporting unit level, with all goodwill assigned to a reporting unit.

The test for goodwill impairment is a two-step process, first to identify potential goodwill impairment for each reporting unit, and then, if necessary, measure the amount of the impairment loss. Our reporting units are consistent with our geographies in Note 21. We completed the required annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of 2019. The first step of the goodwill impairment test compared the fair value of each of our reporting units to their carrying value. We estimated the fair value of our reporting units based primarily on the discounted projected cash flows of the underlying operations. The estimated fair value for each of our reporting units was in excess of their respective carrying values as of December 31, 2019.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

Owners of noncontrolling interests in a certain subsidiary held the right to require us to acquire either a portion of or all of the remaining ownership interests held by them. The owners’ ability to exercise the “put option” right was subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, including conditions requiring notice in advance of exercise and timing restrictions of the exercise date. The “put option” right was recorded as mezzanine equity on the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2018 at its estimated redemption amount.

Contingencies

We follow the provisions of ASC 450, “Contingencies,” which requires that an estimated loss from a loss contingency be accrued by a charge to income if it is both probable that an asset has been impaired or that a liability has been incurred and that the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.

Foreign Currency Translation

Local currencies generally are considered the functional currencies outside the United States. Assets and liabilities for operations in local-currency environments are translated at month-end exchange rates of the period reported. Income and expense items are translated at average exchange rates of each applicable month. Cumulative translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in shareholders’ equity.

Derivative Financial Instruments

We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We seek to minimize these risks through regular operating and financing activities and, when we consider it to be appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments. We do not purchase, hold or sell derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

We use derivative financial instruments to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates on outstanding debt instruments. In doing so, we have elected to prepare and maintain the documentation to qualify for hedge accounting treatment under ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging,” and therefore, related gains and losses (realized or unrealized) related to derivative instruments are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are reclassified into earnings when the underlying transaction is recognized in net earnings and, depending on the fair value at the end of the reporting period, derivatives are recorded either in prepaid and other current assets or in accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

We and our subsidiaries conduct business in various countries using both their functional currencies and other currencies to effect cross border transactions. As a result, we and our subsidiaries are subject to the risk that fluctuations in foreign exchange rates between the dates that those transactions are entered into and their respective settlement dates will result in a foreign exchange gain or loss. When practicable, we endeavor to match assets and liabilities in the same currency on our U.S. balance sheet and those of our subsidiaries in order to reduce these risks. We, when we consider it to be appropriate, enter into foreign currency contracts to hedge the exposure arising from those transactions. See Note 13. For our hedges of foreign exchange rates and commodity prices, we have elected to not prepare and maintain the documentation to qualify for hedge accounting treatment under ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging,” and therefore, changes in fair value are recognized in interest and other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and, depending on the fair value at the end of the reporting period, derivatives are recorded either in prepaid and other current assets or in accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

We are exposed to credit risk if the counterparties to such transactions are unable to perform their obligations. However, we seek to minimize such risk by entering into transactions with counterparties that are believed to be creditworthy financial institutions.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Earnings (Loss) per Share

Earnings (Loss) per ShareBasic earnings (loss) per share are calculated on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share include shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options and stock-based awards where the conversion of such instruments would be dilutive.

Advertising Costs

Advertising CostsAdvertising costs are expensed as incurred.

Pension Costs

Pension costsWe sponsor a retirement benefit for one of our non-U.S. subsidiaries in the form of a defined benefit pension plan. Accounting standards require the cost of providing this pension benefit be measured on an actuarial basis. Actuarial gains and losses resulting from both normal year-to-year changes in valuation assumptions and differences from actual experience are deferred and amortized. The application of these accounting standards require us to make assumptions and judgements that can significantly affect these measurements. Our critical assumptions in performing these actuarial valuations include the selection of the discount rate to determine the present value of the pension obligations that affects the amount of pension expense recorded in any given period. Changes in the discount rate could have a material effect on our reported pension obligations and related pension expense.

Equity Compensation Plans

Equity Compensation PlansWe recognize compensation expense for our stock-based compensation programs, which include stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSU”) and performance shares. For service-based awards, stock-based compensation is estimated at the grant date based on the fair value of the awards expected to vest and recognized as expense ratably over the requisite service period of the award. For stock options and awards with market conditions, compensation cost is determined at the individual tranche level. We recognize forfeitures when they occur.

Income Taxes

We and the majority of our domestic subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return, while four of our domestic entities file separate U.S. federal income tax returns. Our non-U.S. subsidiaries file income tax returns in their respective jurisdictions.

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and tax benefit carryforwards. Deferred income tax liabilities and assets at the end of each period are determined using enacted tax rates.

We establish a valuation allowance for those jurisdictions in which the expiration date of tax benefit carryforwards or projected taxable earnings leads us to conclude that it is “more likely than not” that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The evaluation process includes the consideration of all available evidence regarding historical results and future projections including the estimated timing of reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and potential tax planning strategies. Once a valuation allowance is established, it is maintained until a change in factual circumstances gives rise to sufficient income of the appropriate character and timing that will allow a partial or full utilization of the deferred tax asset.

In accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes,” the impact of an uncertain tax position on our income tax returns is recognized at the largest amount that is more likely than not to be required to be recognized upon audit by the relevant taxing authority.

We include interest and penalties accrued in the consolidated financial statements as a component of income tax expense.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

On January 1, 2019, we adopted the FASB ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” which requires the recognition of right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and related operating and finance lease liabilities on the balance sheet. We adopted ASU 2016-02 effective January 1, 2019 using the cumulative-effect adjustment transition method, which applies the provisions of the standard at the effective date without adjusting the comparative periods presented. As permitted under ASU 2016-02, we applied the practical expedients that allowed us to not (1) reassess historical lease classifications, (2) recognize short-term leases on the balance sheet, nor (3) separate lease and non-lease components for its real estate leases. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019, we recorded operating lease liabilities and ROU assets of $38,415. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 had an immaterial impact on our consolidated statement of operations and consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2019. For additional information about leases, see Note 5.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities” (“ASU 2017-12”), in order to create more transparency around how economic results are presented within both the financial statements and in the footnotes and to better align the results of cash flow and fair value hedge accounting with risk management activities. ASU 2017-12 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We adopted ASU 2017-12 in the third quarter of 2019 and the implementation of this guidance did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40),” which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a service contract hosting arrangement with those of developing or obtaining internal-use software. This standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted. We have elected not to adopt the provisions of this ASU early and are evaluating the impact the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment” (“ASU 2017-04”), which eliminates the performance of Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. In performing its annual or interim impairment testing, an entity will instead compare the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize any impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. Additionally, an entity should consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We have elected not to adopt the provisions of this standard early.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”), which provides guidance regarding the measurement of credit losses for financial assets and certain other instruments that are not accounted for at fair value through net income, including trade and other receivables, debt securities, net investment in leases, and off-balance sheet credit exposures. The new guidance requires companies to replace the current incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that measures all expected credit losses for financial assets based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The guidance expands the disclosure requirements regarding credit losses, including the credit loss methodology and credit quality indicators. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326),” which provides transition relief to entities adopting ASU 2016-13 by allowing entities to elect the fair value option on certain financial instruments. ASU 2016-13 will be effective for annual reporting periods, including interim reporting within those periods, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods, including interim periods after December 15, 2018 and will be applied using a modified retrospective approach. We elected not to early adopt the provisions of this ASU and we do not expect there to be a material impact to the consolidated financial statements upon adoption of this standard in 2020.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes,” which simplifies the accounting for income taxes by eliminating some exceptions to the general approach in Accounting Standards Codification 740, Income Taxes. It also clarifies certain aspects of the existing guidance to promote more consistent application. This standard is effective for calendar-year public business entities in 2021 and interim periods within that year, and early adoption is permitted. We are currently not early adopting and are in the process of evaluating the impact the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

No other new accounting pronouncements, issued or effective during 2019, have had or are expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures,” defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

Level 2 - Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; or

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The above standard applies to cash equivalents, Israeli severance funds and derivatives. We utilize the market approach to measure fair value for financial assets and liabilities. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities.