Stock-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

(15) Stock-Based Compensation

Effective May 19, 2004, we adopted our 2004 Incentive Stock Plan, as further amended and restated on February 3, 2015 (the “2004 Stock Plan”), and our 2004 Restricted Stock Plan for Non-Employee Directors, as further amended and restated on April 1, 2013 (the “Director Plan”). On May 19, 2015, our stockholders approved the 2015 Incentive Plan of 3D Systems Corporation, as further amended and restated on May 16, 2017 (the “2015 Plan” and, together with the 2004 Stock Plan, the “Incentive Plans”).

The 2015 Plan authorizes shares of restricted stock, RSUs, stock appreciation rights, cash incentive awards and the grant of options to purchase shares of our common stock. The 2015 Plan also designates measures that may be used for performance awards. The Director Plan authorizes shares of restricted stock for our non-employee directors. The 2004 Stock Plan authorized shares of restricted stock, RSUs, stock appreciation rights and the grant of options to purchase shares of our common stock. The 2004 Stock Plan also designated measures that may be used for performance awards. The 2004 Stock Plan was superseded by the 2015 Plan and, as of December 31, 2019, there were no outstanding awards under the 2004 Stock Plan as the final vesting of awards granted under the 2004 Stock Plan occurred during 2018.

Generally, awards granted prior to November 13, 2015 become fully-vested on the 3-year anniversary of the grant date and awards granted on or after November 13, 2015 vest one third each year over 3 years.

Stock-based compensation expense (income) is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The following table details the components of stock-based compensation expense (income) recognized in net earnings in each of the past three years:

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	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2019		2018		2017
Restricted Stock	$	25,154	$	24,933	$	22,920
Stock Options	(1,567)		4,320		4,340
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	23,587	$	29,253	$	27,260

Restricted Stock

We determine the fair value of restricted stock and RSUs based on the closing price of our stock on the date of grant. We generally recognize compensation expense related to restricted stock and RSUs on a straight-line basis over the period during which the restriction lapses. Forfeitures are recognized in the period in which they occur. A summary of restricted stock and RSU activity during December 31, 2019 follows:

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(in thousands, except per share amounts)	Number of Shares/Units	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at beginning of period — unvested	3,831	$	14.03
Granted	3,107	9.68
Canceled	(795)	11.97
Vested	(1,670)	13.53
Outstanding at end of period — unvested	4,473	$	11.42

Included in the outstanding balance above are 241 shares of restricted stock that vest under specified market conditions and 370 shares of restricted stock that vest under specified Company performance measures. The specified market condition shares were awarded to certain employees in 2017 and 2016 and were generally awarded in two equal tranches of market condition restricted stock that immediately vests when our common stock trades at either $30 or $40 per share for ninety consecutive calendar days.

Some RSUs are granted with a performance measure derived from non-GAAP-based management targets. Depending on our performance with respect to this metric, the number of RSUs earned may be less than, equal to or greater than the original number of RSUs awarded, subject to a payout range.

At December 31, 2019, there was $69 of unrecognized pre-tax stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock awards with market conditions, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of 0.4 years.

At December 31, 2019, there was $33,334 of unrecognized pre-tax stock-based compensation expense related to all other non-vested restricted stock award shares and units, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.

Stock Options

During the year ended December 31, 2016, we awarded certain employees market condition stock options under the 2015 Plan, included in the activity above, that vest under specified market conditions. Each employee was generally awarded two equal tranches of market condition stock options that immediately vest when our common stock trades at either $30 or $40 per share for ninety consecutive calendar days.

We recognize compensation expense related to stock options on a straight-line basis over the derived term of the awards. Forfeitures are recognized in the period in which they occur. The fair value of stock options with market conditions is estimated using a binomial lattice Monte Carlo simulation model.

Stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2019 was as follows:


	Year Ended December 31, 2019
(in thousands, except per share amounts)	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Stock option activity:
Outstanding at beginning of period	1,780	$	14.10	—	—
Granted	—	—		—	—
Exercised	—	—		—	—
Forfeited and expired	(540)	13.34		—	—
Outstanding at end of period	1,240	$	14.43	6.5	—

In the table above, intrinsic value is calculated as the excess, if any, between the market price of our stock on the last trading day of the year and the exercise price of the options. Because the market price was lower than the exercise price, the intrinsic value is zero.

At December 31, 2019, there was $181 of unrecognized pre-tax stock-based compensation expense related to stock options, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of 0.4 years.