(1)	Includes specialty finance loans and leases of $2.6 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, at December 31 , 2019 and 2018. Other C&I loans of $420.1 million and $469.9 million, respectively, at December 31 , 2019 and 2018.

Loans and Leases

Loans and Leases Held for Investment

The majority of the loans the Company originates for investment are multi-family loans, most of which are collateralized by

non-luxury

apartment buildings in New York City with rent-regulated units and below-market rents. In addition, the Company originates CRE loans, most of which are collateralized by income-producing properties such as office buildings, retail centers,

mixed-use

buildings, and multi-tenanted light industrial properties that are located in New York City and on Long Island.

To a lesser extent, the Company also originates ADC loans for investment.

One-to-four

family loans held for investment were originated through the Company’s former mortgage banking operation and primarily consisted of jumbo prime adjustable rate mortgages made to borrowers with a solid credit history.

ADC loans are primarily originated for multi-family and residential tract projects in New York City and on Long Island. C&I loans consist of asset-based loans, equipment loans and leases, and dealer floor-plan loans (together, specialty finance loans and leases) that generally are made to large corporate obligors, many of which are publicly traded, carry investment grade or near-investment grade ratings, and participate in stable industries nationwide; and other C&I loans that primarily are made to small and

mid-size

businesses in Metro New York. Other C&I loans are typically made for working capital, business expansion, and the purchase of machinery and equipment.

The repayment of multi-family and CRE loans generally depends on the income produced by the underlying properties which, in turn, depends on their successful operation and management. To mitigate the potential for credit losses, the Company underwrites its loans in accordance with credit standards it considers to be prudent, looking first at the consistency of the cash flows being produced by the underlying property. In addition, multi-family buildings, CRE properties, and ADC projects are inspected as a prerequisite to approval, and independent appraisers, whose appraisals are carefully reviewed by the Company’s

in-house

appraisers, perform appraisals on the collateral properties. In many cases, a second independent appraisal review is

performed.

To further manage its credit risk, the Company’s lending policies limit the amount of credit granted to any one borrower and typically require conservative debt service coverage ratios and

loan-to-value

ratios. Nonetheless, the ability of the Company’s borrowers to repay these loans may be impacted by adverse conditions in the local real estate market, the local economy and changes in applicable laws and regulations. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that its underwriting policies will protect the Company from credit-related losses or delinquencies

ADC loans typically involve a higher degree of credit risk than loans secured by improved or owner-occupied real estate. Accordingly, borrowers are required to provide a guarantee of repayment and completion, and loan proceeds are disbursed as construction progresses, as certified by

in-house

inspectors or third-party engineers. The Company seeks to minimize the credit risk on ADC loans by maintaining conservative lending policies and rigorous underwriting standards. However, if the estimate of value proves to be inaccurate, the cost of completion is greater than expected, or the length of time to complete and/or sell or lease the collateral property is greater than anticipated, the property could have a value upon completion that is insufficient to assure full repayment of the loan. This could have a material adverse effect on the quality of the ADC loan portfolio, and could result in losses or delinquencies. In addition, the Company utilizes the same stringent appraisal process for ADC loans as it does for its multi-family and CRE loans.

To minimize the risk involved in specialty finance lending and leasing, the Company participates in syndicated loans that are brought to it, and equipment loans and leases that are assigned to it, by a select group of nationally recognized sources who have had long-term relationships with its experienced lending officers. Each of these credits is secured with a perfected first security interest or outright ownership in the underlying collateral, and structured as senior debt or as a

non-cancelable

lease. To further minimize the risk involved in specialty finance lending and leasing, each transaction is

re-underwritten.

In addition, outside counsel is retained to conduct a further review of the underlying documentation.

To minimize the risks involved in other C&I lending, the Company underwrites such loans on the basis of the cash flows produced by the business; requires that such loans be collateralized by various business assets, including inventory, equipment, and accounts receivable, among others; and typically requires personal guarantees. However, the capacity of a borrower to repay such a C&I loan is substantially dependent on the degree to which the business is successful. In addition, the collateral underlying such loans may depreciate over time, may not be conducive to appraisal, or may fluctuate in value, based upon the results of operations of the business.

Included in loans held for investment at

December

, 2019 were loans of $38.2 million to officers, directors, and their related interests and parties. There were no loans to principal shareholders at that date.

Asset Quality

The following table presents information regarding the quality of the Company’s loans held for investment at December 31, 2019:


(in thousands)	Loans 30-89 Days Past Due		Non- Accrual Loans		Loans 90 Days or More Delinquent and Still Accruing Interest		Total Past Due Loans		Current Loans		Total Loans Receivable
Multi-family	$	1,131	$	5,407	$	—	$	6,538	$	31,152,134	$	31,158,672
Commercial real estate		2,545		14,830		—		17,375		7,064,535		7,081,910
One-to-four family		—		1,730		—		1,730		378,631		380,361
Acquisition, development, and construction		—		—		—		—		200,596		200,596
Commercial and industrial (1) (2)		—		39,024		—		39,024		2,975,354		3,014,378
Other		44		252		—		296		7,806		8,102

Total	$	3,720	$	61,243	$	—	$	64,963	$	41,779,056	$	41,844,019

(1)	Includes $30.4 million of taxi medallion-related loans that were 90 days or more past due . There wer e no taxi medallion -related loans that were 30 to 89 days past due.

(2)	Includes lease financing receivables, all of which were current.

The following table presents information regarding the quality of the Company’s loans held for investment at December 31, 2018:


(in thousands)	Loans 30-89 Days Past Due		Non- Accrual Loans		Loans 90 Days or More Delinquent and Still Accruing Interest		Total Past Due Loans		Current Loans		Total Loans Receivable
Multi-family	$	—	$	4,220	$	—	$	4,220	$	29,879,699	$	29,883,919
Commercial real estate		—		3,021		—		3,021		6,995,813		6,998,834
One-to-four family		9		1,651		—		1,660		444,434		446,094
Acquisition, development, and construction		—		—		—		—		407,870		407,870
Commercial and industrial (1) (2)		530		36,608		—		37,138		2,351,282		2,388,420
Other		25		6		—		31		8,693		8,724

Total	$	564	$	45,506	$	—	$	46,070	$	40,087,791	$	40,133,861

(1)	Includes $530,000 and $35.5 million of taxi medallion-related loans that were 30 to 89 days past due and 90 days or more past due, respectively.

(2)	Includes lease financing receivables, all of which were current.

The following table summarizes the Company’s portfolio of loans held for investment by credit quality indicator at December 31, 2019:


	Mortgage Loans										Other Loans
(in thousands)	Multi-Family		Commercial Real Estate		One-to-Four Family		Acquisition, Development, and Construction		Total Mortgage Loans		Commercial and Industrial (1)		Other		Total Other Loans
Credit Quality Indicator:
Pass	$	30,903,657	$	6,902,218	$	377,883	$	158,751	$	38,342,509	$	2,960,557	$	7,850	$	2,968,407
Special mention		239,664		104,648		748		41,456		386,516		1,588		—		1,588
Substandard		15,351		75,044		1,730		389		92,514		52,233		252		52,485
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

Total	$	31,158,672	$	7,081,910	$	380,361	$	200,596	$	38,821,539	$	3,014,378	$	8,102	$	3,022,480

(1)	Includes lease financing receivables, all of which were classified as Pass.

The following table summarizes the Company’s portfolio of loans held for investment by credit quality indicator at December 31, 2018:


	Mortgage Loans										Other Loans
(in thousands)	Multi-Family		Commercial Real Estate		One-to-Four Family		Acquisition, Development, and Construction		Total Mortgage Loans		Commercial and Industrial (1)		Other		Total Other Loans
Credit Quality Indicator:
Pass	$	29,548,242	$	6,880,105	$	444,443	$	319,001	$	37,191,791	$	2,306,563	$	8,469	$	2,315,032
Special mention		312,025		90,653		—		73,964		476,642		19,751		—		19,751
Substandard		23,652		28,076		1,651		14,905		68,284		62,106		255		62,361
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

Total	$	29,883,919	$	6,998,834	$	446,094	$	407,870	$	37,736,717	$	2,388,420	$	8,724	$	2,397,144

(1)	Includes lease financing receivables, all of which were classified as Pass.

The preceding classifications are the most current ones available and generally have been updated within the last twelve months. In addition, they follow regulatory guidelines and can generally be described as follows: pass loans are of satisfactory quality; special mention loans have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention; substandard loans are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged (these loans have a well-defined weakness and there is a possibility that the Company will sustain some loss); and doubtful loans, based on existing circumstances, have weaknesses that make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable. In addition,

one-to-four

family loans are classified based on the duration of the

delinquency.

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had no residential mortgage loans in the process of foreclosure

The interest income that would have been recorded under the original terms of

non-accrual

loans at the respective year-ends, and the interest income actually recorded on these loans in the respective years, is summarized below:


	December 31,
(in thousands)	2019			2018			2017
Interest income that would have been recorded	$	5,599		$	4,145		$	4,974
Interest income actually recorded		(3,409	)		(3,480	)		(2,904	)

Interest income foregone	$	2,190		$	665		$	2,070

Troubled Debt Restructurings

The Company is required to account for certain loan modifications and restructurings as TDRs. In general, a modification or restructuring of a loan constitutes a TDR if the Company grants a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. A loan modified as a TDR generally is placed on

non-accrual

status until the Company determines that future collection of principal and interest is reasonably assured, which requires, among other things, that the borrower demonstrate performance according to the restructured terms for a period of at least six consecutive months.

In an effort to proactively manage delinquent loans, the Company has selectively extended to certain borrowers concessions such as rate reductions, extension of maturity dates, and forbearance agreements. As of

December

, 2019, loans on which concessions were made with respect to rate reductions and/or extension of maturity dates amounted to $32.7 million; loans on which forbearance agreements were reached amounted to $7.8 million.

The following table presents information regarding the Company’s TDRs as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:


	December 31, 2019						December 31, 2018
(in thousands)	Accruing		Non-Accrual		Total		Accruing		Non-Accrual		Total
Loan Category:
Multi-family	$	—	$	3,577	$	3,577	$	—	$	4,220	$	4,220
Commercial real estate		—		—		—		—		—		—
One-to-four family		—		584		584		—		1,022		1,022
Acquisition, development, and construction		389		—		389		8,297		—		8,297
Commercial and industrial (1)		865		35,084		35,949		865		20,477		21,342

Total	$	1,254	$	39,245	$	40,499	$	9,162	$	25,719	$	34,881

(1)	Includes $27.3 million and $20.4 million of taxi medallion-related loans at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The eligibility of a borrower for

work-out

concessions of any nature depends upon the facts and circumstances of each loan, which may change from period to period, and involves judgment by Company personnel regarding the likelihood that the concession will result in the maximum recovery for the Company.

The financial effects of the Company’s TDRs for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are summarized as follows:


	For the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)							Weighted Average Interest Rate
(dollars in thousands)	Number of Loans		Pre- Modification Recorded Investment		Post- Modification Recorded Investment		Pre- Modification			Post- Modification			Charge-off Amount		Capitalized Interest
Loan Category:
One-to-four family		1	$	131	$	131		5.50	%		5.50	%	$	—	$	3
Commercial and industrial		72		35,156		30,685		4.31			4.37			4,471		—

Total		73	$	35,287	$	30,816							$	4,471	$	3


	For the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2018
(dollars in thousands)							Weighted Average Interest Rate
(dollars in thousands)	Number of Loans		Pre- Modification Recorded Investment		Post- Modification Recorded Investment		Pre- Modification			Post- Modification			Charge-off Amount		Capitalized Interest
Loan Category:
Acquisition, development, and construction		1	$	900	$	900		4.50	%		4.50	%	$	—	$	—
Commercial and industrial		21		7,763		5,455		3.25			3.13			2,308		—

Total		22	$	8,663	$	6,355							$	2,308	$	—


	For the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands )							Weighted Average Interest Rate
(dollars in thousands )	Number of Loans		Pre- Modification Recorded Investment		Post- Modification Recorded Investment		Pre- Modification			Post- Modification			Charge-off Amount		Capitalized Interest
Loan Category:
One-to-four family		4	$	810	$	986		5.93	%		2.21	%	$	—	$	12
Acquisition, development, and construction		2		8,652		8,652		5.50			5.50			—		—
Commercial and industrial		65		52,179		26,409		3.36			3.29			14,273		—

Total		71	$	61,641	$	36,047							$	14,273	$	12

At December

, 2019, C&I and

one-to-four

family loans totaling $1.1

million

that had been modified as a TDR during the twelve months ended at that date were in payment default. At December 31, 2018, one C&I loan in the amount of $194,000 that had been modified as a TDR during the twelve months ended at that date was in prepayment default.

The Company does not consider a payment to be in default when the loan is in forbearance, or otherwise granted a delay of payment, when the agreement to forebear or allow a delay of payment is part of a modification.

Subsequent to the modification, the loan is not considered to be in default until payment is contractually past due in accordance with the modified terms. However, the Company does consider a loan with multiple modifications or forbearance periods to be in default, and would also consider a loan to be in default if the borrower were in bankruptcy or if the loan were partially charged off subsequent to modification.