3.	SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Management estimates and reporting

The preparation of the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires the use of estimates that affect the reported value of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. These estimates are based on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for the Company’s conclusions. The Company continually evaluates the information used to make these estimates as the business and the economic environment changes. Actual results may differ from these estimates, and estimates are subject to change due to modifications in the underlying conditions or assumptions. The policies discussed below require estimates that contain a significant degree of judgement. The use of estimates is pervasive throughout the Consolidated Financial Statements, but the accounting policies and estimates considered most significant are as follows.

Principles of consolidation

Our Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Tandy Leather Factory, Inc. and its active wholly-owned subsidiaries, The Leather Factory, L.P. (a Texas limited partnership), Tandy Leather Company, L.P. (a Texas limited partnership), The Leather Factory of Canada, Ltd. (a Canadian corporation), Tandy Leather Factory UK Limited (a UK corporation), Tandy Leather Factory Australia Pty. Limited (an Australian corporation), and Tandy Leather Factory España, S.L. (a Spanish corporation). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers investments with a maturity when purchased of three months or less to be cash equivalents. All credit card, debit card and electronic transfer transactions that process in less than seven days are classified as cash and cash equivalents.

Foreign currency translation and transactions

Foreign currency translation adjustments arise from activities of our foreign subsidiaries. Results of operations are translated into U.S. dollars using the average exchange rates during the period, while assets and liabilities are translated using period-end exchange rates. Foreign currency translation adjustments of assets and liabilities are recorded in stockholders’ equity, net of tax charge of $0.1 million in 2019, tax benefit of $0.2 million in 2018 and tax charge of $0.5 million in 2017.

Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are reported in the statements of income (loss) under the caption “Other, net,” for all periods presented. We recognized a foreign currency transaction loss of less than $0.01 million in 2019 and foreign currency transaction gains of $0.4 million and $0.1 million in both 2018, and 2017, respectively.

Revenue recognition

Our revenue is earned from sales of merchandise and generally occurs via two methods: (1) at the store counter and (2) shipment of product generally via web sales. We recognize revenue when we satisfy the performance obligation of transferring control of product merchandise over to a customer. At the store counter, our performance obligation is met and revenue is recognized when a sales transaction occurs with a customer. When merchandise is shipped to a customer, our performance obligation is met and revenue is recognized when title passes to the customer. Shipping terms are normally free on board (“FOB”) shipping point and title passes when the merchandise is shipped to the customer. Sales tax and comparable foreign tax is excluded from net sales, while shipping charged to our customers is included in net sales. Net sales is based on the amount of consideration that we expect to receive, reduced by estimates for future merchandise returns.

The sales return allowance is based each year on historical customer return behavior and other known factors and reduces net sales and cost of sales, accordingly. The sales return allowance included in accrued expense and other liabilities was $0.3 million, $0.4 million and $0.3 million as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The estimated value of merchandise expected to be returned included in other current assets was $0.1 million, $0.2 million and $0.1 million as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

We record a gift card liability for the unfulfilled performance obligation on the date we issue a gift card to a customer. We record revenue and reduce the gift card liability as the customer redeems the gift card. In addition, for gift card breakage, we recognize a proportionate amount for the expected unredeemed gift cards over the expected customer redemption period, which is one year. As of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 our gift card liability, included in accrued expenses and other liabilities, was $0.3 million and $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

During 2019, we ended our wholesale pricing club program where customers received lower prices in exchange for a yearly membership fee. Under this program, the yearly membership fee when paid is recorded as deferred revenue and is recognized in net sales throughout the one-year period. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, our deferred revenue associated with this program and included in accrued expenses and other liabilities was $0.6 million and $0.8 million, respectively. We recognized gift card revenue of $0.1 million in 2019 from the December 31, 2018 deferred revenue balance, $0.2 million in 2018 from the December 31, 2017 deferred revenue balance and $0.2 million in 2017 from the December 31, 2016 deferred revenue balance.

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized $1.1 million, $1.9 million and $2.1 million, respectively, in net sales associated with gift cards and the wholesale pricing club membership fees.

Disaggregated revenue

In the following table, revenue for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is disaggregated by geographic areas as follows:

	2019		2018 Restated		2017 Restated
United States	$	65,745,750	$	72,563,038	$	71,473,430
Canada		6,513,631		7,095,697		7,194,116
All other countries		2,658,779		3,544,834		3,753,049
Net sales	$	74,918,160	$	83,203,569	$	82,420,595

Geographic sales information is based on the location of the customer. Excluding Canada, no single foreign country had net sales greater than 1.7% of our consolidated net sales in 2019, 2018, or 2017.

Discounts

Prior to 2019, we maintained five price levels: retail, wholesale gold, wholesale elite, business, and manufacturer. Since May of 2019 (April of 2019 in Canada), we offer a single retail price level, plus three volume-based levels for commercial customers. Discounts from those price levels are offered to Business, Military/First Responder and Employee customers. Such discounts do not convey a material right to these customers since the discounted pricing they receive at the point of sale is not dependent upon any previous or subsequent purchases. As a result, sales are reported after deduction of discounts at the point of sale. We do not pay slotting fees or make other payments to resellers.

Operating expense

Operating expenses include all selling, general and administrative costs, including wages and benefits, rent and occupancy costs, depreciation, advertising, store operating expenses, outbound freight charges (to ship merchandise to customers), and corporate office costs.

Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which are three to ten years for equipment and machinery, seven to fifteen years for furniture and fixtures, five years for vehicles, and forty years for buildings and related improvements. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the life of the lease or the useful life of the asset. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or net realizable value. Finished goods held for sale includes the cost of merchandise purchases, the costs to bring the merchandise to our Texas distribution center, warehousing and handling expenditures, and distributing and delivering merchandise to our stores. These costs include depreciation of long-lived assets utilized in acquiring, warehousing and distributing inventory. Manufacturing inventory including raw materials and work-in-process are valued on a first‑in, first out basis using full absorption accounting which includes material, labor, and other applicable manufacturing overhead. Carrying values of inventory are analyzed and, to the extent that the cost of inventory exceeds the net realizable value, provisions are made to reduce the carrying amount of the inventory. We regularly review all inventory items to determine if there are (i) damaged goods (e.g., for leather, excessive scars or damage from ultra-violet (“UV”) light), (ii) items that need to be removed from our product line (e.g., slow-moving items, inability of a supplier to provide items of acceptable quality or quantity, and to maintain freshness in the product line) and (iii) pricing actions that need to be taken to adequately value our inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Since the determination of net realizable value of inventory involves both estimation and judgement with regard to market values and reasonable costs to sell, differences in these estimates could result in ultimate valuations that differ from the recorded asset. The majority of inventory purchases and commitments are made in U.S. dollars in order to limit the Company’s exposure to foreign currency fluctuations. Goods shipped to us are recorded as inventory owned by us when the risk of loss shifts to us from the supplier. Inventory is physically counted twice annually in the Texas distribution center. At the store level, inventory is physically counted each quarter. Inventory is then adjusted in our accounting system to reflect actual count results.

Leases

We lease certain real estate for our retail store locations under long-term lease agreements. Starting in 2019, with the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), once we have determined an arrangement is a lease, at inception we recognize an operating lease asset and lease liability at commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The present value of our lease payments may include: (1) rental payments adjusted for inflation or market rates, and (2) lease terms with options to renew the lease when it is reasonably certain we will exercise such an option. The exercise of lease renewal options is generally at our discretion. Payments based on a change in an index or market rate are not considered in the determination of lease payments for purposes of measuring the related lease liability. We discount lease payments using our incremental borrowing rate based on information available as of the measurement date.

Prior to 2019, rent expense on operating leases, including rent holidays and scheduled rent increases, was recorded on a straight‑line basis over the term of the lease, commencing on the date we took possession of the leased property. Rent expense is recorded in operating expenses. The net excess of rent expense over the actual cash paid was recorded as accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

As of December 31, 2019, we have no finance leases, no sublease agreements, and no lease agreements in which we are named as a lessor. Subsequent to the recognition of our operating lease assets and lease liabilities, we recognize lease expense related to our operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The depreciable life of related leasehold improvements is based on the shorter of the useful life or the lease term. We also perform interim reviews of our operating lease assets for impairment when evidence exists that the carrying value of an asset group, including a lease asset, may not be recoverable.

Impairment of long-lived assets

We evaluate long-lived assets on a quarterly basis to identify events or changes in circumstances (“triggering events”) that indicate the carrying value of certain assets may not be recoverable. Upon the occurrence of a triggering event, right-of-use (“ROU”) lease assets, property and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment and an impairment loss is recorded in the period in which it is determined that the carrying amount of the assets is not recoverable. The determination of recoverability is made based upon the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows of assets grouped at the lowest level for which there are identifiable cash flows independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets with such cash flows to be realized over the estimated remaining useful life of the primary asset within the asset group. The Company determined the lowest level of identifiable cash flows that are independent of other asset groups to be primarily at the individual store level. If the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows for a given store are less than the carrying amount of the related store assets, an impairment loss is determined by comparing the estimated fair value with the carrying value of the related assets. The impairment loss is then allocated across the asset group’s major classifications which in this case are operating lease assets and property and equipment. Triggering events at the store level could include material declines in operational and financial performance or planned changes in the use of assets, such as store relocation or store closure. This evaluation requires management to make judgements relating to future cash flows, growth rates and economic and market conditions. The fair value of an asset group is estimated using a discounted cash flow valuation method.

For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, three stores and four stores, respectively, were reviewed for impairment due to overall underperformance. Based on the results of the review, impairment expense of less than $0.1 million and $0.3 million was recorded for 2019 and 2018, respectively. Using a discounted cash flow valuation method, we assumed a discount rate of 12.5% based on a remaining useful life of the asset groups ranging from one to two years. For 2018, prior to the adoption of Topic 842, the only asset within the store asset group was property and equipment, and the fair value was estimated using a market based approach. There were no impairment charges in 2017.

Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS includes additional common shares that would have been outstanding if potential common shares with a dilutive effect, such as stock awards from the Company’s restricted stock plan, had been issued. Anti-dilutive securities represent potentially dilutive securities which are excluded from the computation of diluted EPS as their impact would be anti-dilutive. Diluted EPS is computed using the treasury stock method.

	Years Ended December 31,
	2019 (1)			2018 Restated		2017 Restated

Numerator:
Net income (loss)	$	(1,903,781	)	$	4,398,365	$	2,478,444

Denominator:
Basic weighted-average common shares ouststanding		8,973,246			9,185,203		9,242,092
Dilutive effect of service-based restricted stock awards granted to Board of Directors under the Plan		-			-		177
Dilutive effect of service-based restricted stock awards granted to employees under the Plan		-			19,805		3,268
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding		8,973,246			9,205,008		9,245,537

(1) For the year ended December 31, 2019, there were 9,203 shares excluded from the diluted EPS calculation because the impact of their assumed vesting would be anti-dilutive due to a net loss in that period.

For additional disclosures regarding restricted stock awards and employee stock options, see Note 12, Stockholder’s Equity – Equity Compensation Plans, to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Goodwill and other intangible assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is allocated across one reporting unit: Tandy Leather Factory. Goodwill is not amortized but is evaluated at least annually for impairment. At the reporting unit level, the Company tests goodwill for impairment on an annual basis as of December 31 of each year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances, referred to as triggering events, indicate the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable and that a potential impairment exists. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires exercise of judgement, including the estimation of future cash flows, determination of appropriate discount rates and other Level 3 assumptions (significant unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity). Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and/or goodwill impairment for the reporting unit.

On October 1, 2019, we elected to early adopt ASU 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350)—Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment and applied the simplified accounting method as part of the Company’s annual goodwill impairment assessment as of December 31, 2019.

We completed our annual goodwill impairment assessment as of December 31, 2019 using a quantitative Step 1 approach with the income approach methodologies discussed below.

The discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model utilizes present values of cash flows to estimate fair value. Future cash flows were projected based on estimates of projected sales growth, store count, pricing, gross margin rates, operating expense rates, working capital fluctuations, income tax expense and capital expenditures. Forecasted cash flows took into account known market conditions as of December 31, 2019, and management’s anticipated business outlook. The future cash flows were discounted using a market-participant risk-adjusted weighted average cost of capital for the reporting unit. A terminal year value was calculated under two approaches: (i) using an EBITDA exit multiple supported by guideline public company data using selected public companies operating within the retail industry and (ii) applying a perpetual growth rate methodology to the terminal year. These assumptions were derived from both observable and unobservable inputs and were combined to reflect management’s judgements and assumptions.

The estimated fair values determined under both approaches above were consistent. The concluded fair value for the reporting unit was based on a 50/50 weighting of the two valuation approaches above. The results of the Step 1 impairment testing for goodwill resulted in the Company recognizing an impairment expense of $1.0 million during the fourth quarter of 2019, representing the entire balance of goodwill for the reporting unit. No adjustment to the carrying value of goodwill was required for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

The change in our goodwill for each of 2018 and 2017 resulted from foreign currency translation gains (losses) of less than $0.01 million which was recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Other intangibles

Our intangible assets, excluding goodwill, and related accumulated amortization consisted of the following:

	As of December 31, 2019
	Gross			Accumulated Amortization			Net
Trademarks/copyrights		$	554,369		$	547,369		$	7,000
TOTAL		$	554,369		$	547,369		$	7,000

	As of December 31, 2018
	Gross			Accumulated Amortization			Net
Trademarks/copyrights		$	554,369		$	546,702		$	7,667
Non-compete agreements			153,000			144,167			8,833
TOTAL		$	707,369		$	690,869		$	16,500

	As of December 31, 2017
	Gross			Accumulated Amortization			Net
Trademarks/copyrights		$	554,369		$	545,980		$	8,389
Non-compete agreements			153,000			142,167			10,833
TOTAL		$	707,369		$	688,147		$	19,222

All our intangible assets, other than goodwill, are definite-lived intangibles and are subject to amortization. The weighted average amortization period is 15 years for trademarks and copyrights. Amortization expense related to other intangible assets of less than $0.01 million in each of 2019, 2018, and 2017 was recorded in operating expenses, and non-compete intangible assets were fully amortized during 2019 upon the expiration of such agreements. Based on the current amount of intangible assets subject to amortization, we estimate amortization expense to be less than $0.01 million annually over the next five years.

Fair value of financial instruments

We measure fair value as an exit price, which is the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As a basis for considering such assumptions, accounting standards establish a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:

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Level 1 – observable inputs that reflect quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•

Level 2 – significant observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, such as quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

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Level 3 – significant unobservable inputs reflecting our own assumptions, consistent with reasonably available assumptions made by other market participants.

Classification of the financial asset or liability within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Our principal financial instruments held consist of short-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and long-term debt. As of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the carrying values of our financial instruments, included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, approximated their fair values. There were no transfers into or out of Levels 1, 2 and 3 during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

Short-term investments

We determine the appropriate classification of investments at the time of purchase, and we re-evaluate that determination at each balance sheet date. Investments are recorded as either short-term or long-term on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, based on contractual maturity date.

As of December 31, 2019, we held investments in U.S. Treasuries with maturity values of $9.2 million and maturities less than one year. We have classified these investments in debt securities as held-to-maturity. Such investments are recorded at amortized cost with book value approximating fair value which is based on Level 1 inputs for these investments.

The Company believes there is no current expected credit allowance necessary for our short-term investments as: 1) Treasury securities typically are the most highly rated securities among rating agencies; 2) Treasury securities have a long history of no credit losses; and 3) Treasury securities are guaranteed by a sovereign entity (the U.S. Government) that can print its own money and whose currency (the U.S. dollar) is the reserve currency.

Income taxes

Income taxes are estimated for each jurisdiction in which we operate. This involves assessing current tax exposure together with temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and financial statement accounting purposes. Any resulting deferred tax assets are evaluated for recoverability based on estimated future taxable income. To the extent recovery is deemed not likely, a valuation allowance is recorded. Our evaluation regarding whether a valuation allowance is required or should be adjusted also considers, among other things, the nature, frequency, and severity of recent losses, forecasts of future profitability and the duration of statutory carryforward periods.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates in effect in the years when those temporary differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred taxes from a change in tax rate is recognized through continuing operations in the period that includes the enactment date of the change. Changes in tax laws and rates could affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities in the future.

A tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits. Income tax positions must meet a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold to be recognized.

We recognize tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions and adjust these liabilities when our judgement changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available. Due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from the current estimate of the tax liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense and the effective tax rate in the period in which new information becomes available. We recognize interest and/or penalties related to all tax positions in income tax expense. To the extent that accrued interest and penalties do not ultimately become payable, amounts accrued will be reduced and reflected as a reduction of the overall income tax provision in the period that such determination is made.

We may be subject to periodic audits by the Internal Revenue Service and other taxing authorities. These audits may challenge certain of our tax positions, such as the timing and amount of deductions and allocation of taxable income to the various jurisdictions.

Stock-based compensation

The Company’s stock-based compensation relates primarily to restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards. Accounting guidance requires measurement and recognition of compensation expense at an amount equal to the grant date fair value. Compensation expense is recognized for service-based stock awards on a straight-line basis or ratably over the requisite service period, based on the closing price of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. The service-based awards typically vest ratably over the requisite service period, provided that the participant is employed on the vesting date. Compensation expense is reduced by actual forfeitures as they occur over the requisite service period of the awards.

Performance-based RSUs vest, if at all, upon the Company satisfying certain performance targets. The Company records compensation expense for awards with a performance condition when it is probable that the condition will be achieved. If the Company determines it is not probable a performance condition will be achieved, no compensation expense is recognized. If the Company changes its assessment in a subsequent period and concludes it is probable a performance condition will be achieved), the Company will recognize compensation expense ratably between the period of the change in assessment through the expected date of satisfying the performance condition for vesting. If the Company subsequently assesses that it is no longer probable that a performance condition will be achieved, the accumulated expense that has been previously recognized will be reversed. The compensation expense ultimately recognized, if any, related to performance-based awards will equal the grant date fair value based on the number of shares for which the performance condition has been satisfied. We issue shares from authorized shares upon the lapsing of vesting restrictions on RSUs. We do not use cash to settle equity instruments issued under stock-based compensation awards.

We had one stock option plan that expired in March 2017. This plan permitted annual stock option grants to non-employee directors with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the shares at the date of grant. These options vested and became exercisable six months from the option grant date. Under this plan, no stock options were awarded in 2015 or after, therefore, we did not recognize any stock-based compensation expense for these options during those periods.

Comprehensive income (loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) includes net income (loss) and certain other items that are recorded directly to stockholders’ equity. The Company’s only source of other comprehensive income (loss) is foreign currency translation adjustments, and those adjustments are presented net of tax.

Shipping and handling costs

Costs to ship products from our stores to our customers are included in operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). These costs totaled $2.1 million, $1.8 million, and $2.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively.

Advertising

Advertising costs include the cost of print, digital, direct mail, community events, trade shows, and our ecommerce platform. With the exception of catalog costs, advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Catalog costs are capitalized and expensed over an estimated period in which such catalogs will be issued, which is typically twelve months. We issue catalogs every other year and did not issue a catalog for the 2019 year. Such capitalized costs are included in other current assets and totaled $0.2 million at both December 31, 2018 and 2017. Total advertising expense was $3.4 million in 2019; $3.9 million in 2018; and $5.0 million in 2017.

Cash flows presentation

For purposes of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, we consider all highly liquid investments with initial maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. All credit card, debit card and electronic transfer transactions that process in less than seven days are classified as cash and cash equivalents.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Goodwill Impairment

In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350)—Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). ASU 2017-04 simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairments by eliminating the requirement to compare the implied fair value of goodwill with its carrying amount as part of Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test referenced in ASC Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. As a result, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairment charge should be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. However, the impairment loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including any interim impairment tests within those annual periods, with early application permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We elected early adoption of ASU 2017-04 as of October 1, 2019. As a result, we removed Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test as part of our annual impairment assessment of goodwill as of December 31, 2019. See section above: Goodwill and other intangibles.

Leases

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (“Topic 842”), which amends the accounting guidance on leases and establishes a ROU model that requires a lessee to record an ROU asset and a lease liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. The Company adopted Topic 842 and all subsequent amendments on January 1, 2019, using the optional transition method applied to leases existing at January 1, 2019, with no restatement of comparative periods. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2019 are presented under Topic 842, while prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the Company’s historical accounting policies under Accounting Standard Codification Topic 840, Leases (“ASC 840”).

The Company elected the package of practical expedients available under the transition guidance within Topic 842, which among other things, permits the Company to carry forward its historical lease classification. The Company also elected other practical expedients under Topic 842 to: (1) apply hindsight when determining its reasonably certain lease terms or assessing impairment of its ROU assets at transition, (2) not record leases with an initial term of 12 months or less on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, and (3) combine and account for both lease and non-lease components within a contract as a single component for its sole asset class, real estate leases.

Upon adoption of Topic 842, the Company recognized operating ROU assets (referred herein as “lease assets”) and lease liabilities based on the present value of its remaining minimum rental payments for existing operating leases as of the adoption date, utilizing the Company’s applicable incremental borrowing rate as of the adoption date. The adoption of Topic 842 resulted in the Company recognizing $17.6 million and $18.1 million of operating lease assets and lease liabilities, respectively, as of January 1, 2019. The difference between the lease assets and lease liabilities is primarily due to the recognition of a $0.5 million pre-tax cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings on January 1, 2019, resulting from the impairment of certain operating lease assets upon transition which was based on fair value using Level 3 inputs. The Company has no finance leases, previously termed capital leases under ASC 840. The adoption of Topic 842 had no material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) or Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and did not impact the Company’s compliance with its debt covenants under its debt agreements. For further information, see Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Leases.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized an impairment charge of less than $0.01 million related to one of its operating lease assets in the U.S.

Recent Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. This guidance will be effective for entities for the fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020 on a prospective basis, with early adoption permitted. We do not believe that the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Internal-Use Software

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40). This update provides additional guidance to ASU No. 2015-05, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), which was issued in April 2015. The amendments in this ASU align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal use software license). This ASU is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those annual periods with early adoption permitted in any interim period for which financial statements have not yet been issued. We do not believe that the adoption of this standard will have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Credit Losses

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which requires entities to measure impairment of certain financial instruments, including trade receivables, based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. This guidance is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.