The Company’s restructuring activities are undertaken as necessary to execute management’s strategy and streamline operations, consolidate and take advantage of available capacity and resources, and ultimately achieve net cost reductions. Restructuring activities include efforts to integrate and rationalize the Company’s business and to relocate operations to best-cost locations.

The Company’s restructuring expenses consist primarily of employee termination benefits (principally severance and/or other termination benefits) and other costs, which are primarily professional fees and costs related to facility closures and exits.

The following table represents restructuring expenses by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. The balances for prior periods have been recast for the reportable segment realignment for certain businesses that was completed in the third quarter of 2024. Refer to Note 24, “Reportable Segments and Related Information” of the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details.


(in millions)	Turbos & Thermal Technologies		Drivetrain & Morse Systems		PowerDrive Systems		Battery & Charging Systems		Corporate		Total
Year ended December 31, 2024
Employee termination benefits	$	21	$	10	$	10	$	1	$	1	$	43
Other	18		1		12		—		—		31
Total restructuring expense	$	39	$	11	$	22	$	1	$	1	$	74

Year ended December 31, 2023
Employee termination benefits	$	63	$	6	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	70
Other	7		2		—		—		—		9
Total restructuring expense	$	70	$	8	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	79

Year ended December 31, 2022
Employee termination benefits	$	20	$	18	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	38
Other	—		9		1		—		—		10
Total restructuring expense	$	20	$	27	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	48

The following table displays a roll forward of the restructuring liability recorded within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and the related cash flow activity:


(in millions)	Employee termination benefits		Other		Total
Balance at January 1, 2023	$	39	$	9	$	48
Restructuring expense, net	70		9		79
Cash payments	(43)		(13)		(56)
Foreign currency translation adjustment and other	2		2		4
Balance at December 31, 2023	68		7		75
Restructuring expense, net	43		31		74
Cash payments	(69)		(33)		(102)
Foreign currency translation adjustment and other	(3)		—		(3)
Balance at December 31, 2024	$	39	$	5	$	44
Less: Non-current restructuring liability	8		—		8
Current restructuring liability at December 31, 2024	$	31	$	5	$	36

2024 Structural Costs Plan In June 2024, the Company approved an approximately $75 million restructuring plan to address the cost structure in its PowerDrive Systems segment due to electric vehicle adoption volatility across different regions, which could include realignment of the segment’s manufacturing footprint. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded $13 million of restructuring costs related to this plan.

2023 Structural Costs Plan In 2023, the Company announced a $130 million to $150 million restructuring plan to address structural costs in its Foundational products businesses. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded $61 million and $79 million, respectively, of restructuring costs related to this plan. Cumulatively, the Company has incurred $140 million of restructuring costs related to this plan.

2020 Structural Costs Plan In February 2020, the Company announced a $300 million restructuring plan to address existing structural costs. The actions under this plan are complete.

The following provides details of restructuring expense incurred by the Company’s reportable segments during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, related to the plans discussed above:

•During the year ended December 31, 2024, the segment recorded $39 million of restructuring costs under this plan. These costs primarily related to $21 million of employee termination benefits and $18 million of professional fees and equipment relocation costs for facilities in Europe, China and the U.S.

•During the year ended December 31, 2023, the segment recorded $70 million of restructuring costs under this plan. These costs primarily related to employee termination benefits associated with the announced closure of a facility in Europe affecting approximately 200 employees.

•During the year ended December 31, 2022, the segment recorded $20 million of restructuring costs under this plan. These costs primarily related to $18 million for two voluntary termination programs pursuant to which approximately 74 employees accepted termination packages in 2022.

•During the year ended December 31, 2024, the segment recorded $11 million of restructuring costs under this plan. These costs primarily related to $10 million of employee termination benefits for a facility in Europe.

•During the year ended December 31, 2023, the segment recorded $8 million of restructuring costs under this plan. These costs primarily related to $6 million of employee termination benefits and $2 million of equipment moves.

•During the year ended December 31, 2022, the segment recorded $13 million of restructuring costs under this plan. These costs primarily related to $9 million of contractual settlements and professional fees.

•During the year ended December 31, 2022, the segment recorded $14 million of restructuring costs. These costs primarily related to employee termination benefits associated with the announced closure of a technical center in Europe affecting approximately 80 employees.

•During the year ended December 31, 2024, the segment recorded $13 million of restructuring costs under this plan. These costs primarily related to $9 million of employee termination benefits and $4 million of professional fees.

•During the year ended December 31, 2024, the segment recorded $9 million of restructuring costs under this plan. These costs primarily related to $8 million of equipment relocation costs.

Estimates of restructuring expense are based on information available at the time such charges are recorded. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in estimating restructuring expenses, actual amounts paid for such activities may differ from amounts initially recorded. Accordingly, the Company may record revisions of previous estimates by adjusting previously established accruals.

The Company continues to evaluate different options across its operations to reduce existing structural costs over the next few years. The Company will recognize restructuring expense associated with any future actions at the time they are approved and become probable or are incurred. Any future actions could result in significant restructuring expense.