RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COSTS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

The Company’s net Research & Development (“R&D”) expenditures are primarily included in Selling, general and administrative expenses of the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Customer reimbursements are netted against gross R&D expenditures as they are considered a recovery of cost. Customer reimbursements for prototypes are recorded net of prototype costs based on customer contracts, typically either when the prototype is shipped or when it is accepted by the customer. Customer reimbursements for engineering services are recorded when performance obligations are satisfied in accordance with the contract. Financial risks and rewards transfer upon shipment, acceptance of a prototype component by the customer or upon completion of the performance obligation as stated in the respective customer agreement. The Company has various customer arrangements relating to R&D activities that it performs at its various R&D locations.

The following table presents the Company’s gross and net expenditures on R&D activities:


	Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)	2023		2022		2021
Gross R&D expenditures	$	856	$	787	$	694
Customer reimbursements	(139)		(86)		(108)
Net R&D expenditures	$	717	$	701	$	586

Net R&D expenditures as a percentage of net sales were 5.1%, 5.5% and 5.0% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.