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RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS
The Company sponsors various defined contribution savings plans, primarily in the U.S., that allow employees to contribute a portion of their pre-tax and/or after-tax income in accordance with plan specified guidelines. Under specified conditions, the Company will make contributions to the plans and/or match a percentage of the employee contributions up to certain limits. Total expense related to the defined contribution plans was $59 million, $58 million and $38 million in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The Company has a number of defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement employee benefit plans covering eligible salaried and hourly employees and their dependents. The defined pension benefits provided are primarily based on (i) years of service and (ii) average compensation or a monthly retirement benefit amount. The Company provides defined benefit pension plans in France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, U.K. and the U.S. The other postretirement employee benefit plans, which provide medical benefits, are unfunded plans. The Company’s U.S. and U.K. defined benefit plans are frozen, and no additional service cost is being accrued. All pension and other postretirement employee benefit plans in the U.S. have been closed to new employees. The measurement date for all plans is December 31.

On October 1, 2020, as a result of the acquisition of Delphi Technologies, the Company assumed all of the retirement-related liabilities of Delphi Technologies, the most significant of which was the Delphi Technologies Pension Scheme (the “Scheme”) in the United Kingdom. On December 12, 2020, the Company entered into a Heads of Terms Agreement (the “Agreement”) with the Trustees of the Scheme related to the future funding of the Scheme. Under the Agreement, the Company eliminated the prior schedule of contributions between Delphi Technologies and the Scheme in exchange for a $137 million (£100 million) one-time contribution into the Scheme Plan by December 31, 2020, which was paid on December 15, 2020. The Agreement also contained other provisions regarding the implementation of a revised asset investment strategy as well as a funding progress test that will be performed every three years to determine if additional contributions need to be made into the Scheme by the Company.

The following table summarizes the expenses for the Company’s defined contribution and defined benefit pension plans and the other postretirement defined employee benefit plans:
Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)202220212020
Defined contribution expense$59 $58 $38 
Defined benefit pension (income) expense(10)(19)15 
Other postretirement employee benefit income(1)(1)(1)
Total$48 $38 $52 
The following provides a roll forward of the plans’ benefit obligations, plan assets, funded status and recognition in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
 Pension benefitsOther postretirement
Year Ended December 31,employee benefits
 20222021Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)U.S.Non-U.S.U.S.Non-U.S.20222021
Change in projected benefit obligation:      
Projected benefit obligation, January 1$183 $2,227 $202 $2,527 $54 $65 
Service cost— 20 — 25 — — 
Interest cost4 37 3 30 1 1 
Plan amendments— (11)— 1 — — 
Settlement and curtailment(6)(3)(4)(13)— — 
Actuarial gain(33)(685)(7)(208)(13)(6)
Currency translation— (200)— (59)— — 
Acquisition— 8 — — — — 
Benefits paid(12)(71)(11)(76)(5)(6)
Projected benefit obligation, December 311
$136 $1,322 $183 $2,227 $37 $54 
Change in plan assets:      
Fair value of plan assets, January 1$177 $2,049 $187 $2,041   
Actual return on plan assets(33)(655)5 110   
Employer contribution2 20 — 24   
Settlements(5)(4)(4)(11)
Currency translation— (189)— (39)  
Acquisition— 6 — — 
Benefits paid(12)(71)(11)(76)  
Fair value of plan assets, December 31$129 $1,156 $177 $2,049 
Funded status$(7)$(166)$(6)$(178)$(37)$(54)
Amounts in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of:      
Non-current assets$— $26 $— $68 $— $— 
Current liabilities(1)(6)(2)(7)(6)(7)
Non-current liabilities(6)(186)(4)(239)(31)(47)
Net amount$(7)$(166)$(6)$(178)$(37)$(54)
Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss consist of:      
Net actuarial loss$80 $104 $84 $74 $(3)$10 
Net prior service (credit) cost(3)(9)(3)2 (11)(13)
Net amount$77 $95 $81 $76 $(14)$(3)
Total accumulated benefit obligation for all plans$136 $1,279 $183 $2,183   
_____________________________
1 The decrease in the projected benefit obligation was primarily due to actuarial gains during the period. The main driver of these gains was the increase of 2.97% in the weighted average discount rate for Non-U.S. plans.
The funded status of pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets is as follows:
December 31,
(in millions)20222021
Accumulated benefit obligation$(1,185)$(658)
Plan assets1,022 442 
Deficiency$(163)$(216)
Pension deficiency by country:  
United States$(6)$(6)
United Kingdom(38)(11)
Germany(34)(89)
Other(85)(110)
Total pension deficiency$(163)$(216)

The funded status of pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets is as follows:
December 31,
(in millions)20222021
Projected benefit obligation$(1,223)$(731)
Plan assets1,026 478 
Deficiency$(197)$(253)
Pension deficiency by country:
United States$(6)$(6)
United Kingdom(38)(11)
Germany(35)(95)
Other(118)(141)
Total pension deficiency$(197)$(253)

The weighted average asset allocations of the Company’s funded pension plans and target allocations by asset category are as follows:
December 31,Target Allocation
 20222021
U.S. Plans:   
Alternative credit, real estate, cash and other18 %12 %
7% - 17%
Fixed income securities69 %72 %
70% - 80%
Equity securities13 %16 %
9% - 19%
 100 %100 % 
Non-U.S. Plans:   
Insurance contract, real estate, cash and other1
42 %45 %
22% - 32%
Fixed income securities1
46 %35 %
54% - 64%
Equity securities12 %20 %
9% - 19%
 100 %100 % 
_____________________________
1 As of December 31, 2021, £122 million in the Company’s non-U.S. plans was deemed cash in-transit, driving the variances between actual allocation and target allocation.

The Company’s investment strategy is to maintain actual asset weightings within a preset range of target allocations. The Company believes these ranges represent an appropriate risk profile for the planned benefit payments of the plans based on the timing of the estimated benefit payments. In each asset
category, separate portfolios are maintained for additional diversification. Investment managers are retained in each asset category to manage each portfolio against its benchmark. Each investment manager has appropriate investment guidelines. In addition, the entire portfolio is evaluated against a relevant peer group. The defined benefit pension plans did not hold any Company securities as investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. A portion of pension assets is invested in common and commingled trusts.

The Company expects to contribute a total of $20 million to $30 million into its defined benefit pension plans during 2023. Of the $20 million to $30 million in projected 2023 contributions, $7 million are contractually obligated, while any remaining payments would be discretionary.

Refer to Note 16, “Fair Value Measurements,” to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail surrounding the fair value of each major category of plan assets, as well as the inputs and valuation techniques used to develop the fair value measurements of the plans’ assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

See the table below for a breakout of net periodic benefit cost between U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans:
 Pension benefitsOther postretirement employee benefits
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020Year Ended December 31,
(in millions)U.S.Non-U.S.U.S.Non-U.S.U.S.Non-U.S.202220212020
Service cost$— $20 $— $25 $— $21 $— $— $— 
Interest cost4 37 3 30 5 16 1 1 2 
Expected return on plan assets(8)(75)(10)(83)(10)(36)— — — 
Settlements, curtailments and other3 — 2 (2)— 5 — — — 
Amortization of unrecognized prior service (credit) cost(1)— (1)— — — (2)(3)(4)
Amortization of unrecognized loss3 7 4 13 3 11 — 1 1 
Net periodic cost (income) $1 $(11)$(2)$(17)$(2)$17 $(1)$(1)$(1)

The components of net periodic benefit cost other than the service cost component are included in Other postretirement income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company’s weighted average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligations for its defined benefit pension and other postretirement employee benefit plans were as follows:
December 31,
(percent)20222021
U.S. pension plans:  
Discount rate5.46 2.73 
Rate of compensation increaseN/AN/A
U.S. other postretirement employee benefit plans:
Discount rate5.41 2.46 
Rate of compensation increaseN/AN/A
Non-U.S. pension plans:
Discount rate1
4.94 1.97 
Rate of compensation increase3.76 3.21 
________________
1 Includes 4.94% and 1.91% for the U.K. pension plans for December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The Company’s weighted average assumptions used to determine the net periodic benefit cost/(income) for its defined benefit pension and other postretirement employee benefit plans were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
(percent)202220212020
U.S. pension plans:  
Discount rate2.73 2.31 3.17 
Effective interest rate on benefit obligation2.18 1.62 2.73 
Expected long-term rate of return on assets4.75 5.75 6.00 
Average rate of increase in compensationN/AN/AN/A
U.S. other postretirement plans:  
Discount rate2.46 1.93 2.95 
Effective interest rate on benefit obligation1.84 1.21 2.50 
Expected long-term rate of return on assetsN/AN/AN/A
Average rate of increase in compensationN/AN/AN/A
Non-U.S. pension plans:  
Discount rate1
1.97 1.44 1.69 
Effective interest rate on benefit obligation1.83 1.24 2.19 
Expected long-term rate of return on assets2
4.10 4.10 4.75 
Average rate of increase in compensation3.21 3.23 3.10 
________________
1 Includes 1.91%, 1.39% and 1.82% for the U.K. pension plans for December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
2 Includes 4.12%, 4.00% and 3.97% for the U.K. pension plans for December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The Company's approach to establishing the discount rate is based upon the market yields of high-quality corporate bonds, with appropriate consideration of each plan's defined benefit payment terms and duration of the liabilities. In determining the discount rate, the Company utilizes a full-yield approach in the estimation of service and interest components by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows.

The Company determines its expected return on plan asset assumptions by evaluating estimates of future market returns and the plans’ asset allocation. The Company also considers the impact of active management of the plans’ invested assets.

The estimated future benefit payments for the pension and other postretirement employee benefits are as follows:
 Pension benefitsOther postretirement employee benefits
(in millions)  
YearU.S.Non-U.S.
2023$14 $73 $6 
202414 71 5 
202513 71 5 
202613 74 4 
202713 78 4 
2028-203252 441 13 
The weighted average rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered health care benefits is projected to range from 6.50% in 2023 down to an ultimate trend rate of 4.75%.