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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The Company's provision for income taxes is based upon an estimated annual tax rate for the year applied to federal, state and foreign income. On a quarterly basis, the annual effective tax rate is adjusted, as appropriate, based upon changed facts and circumstances, if any, as compared to those forecasted at the beginning of the fiscal year and each interim period thereafter.

The Company's effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was 50.5%. This rate was unfavorably impacted by $51 million of additional income tax expense in the quarter ended
September 30, 2020, primarily related to final U.S Treasury regulations that were issued in the third quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020 net increases to income tax expense were $44 million, as certain tax law changes in India in the Company's first quarter of 2020 and the release of certain unrecognized tax benefits due to closure of an audit partially offset by the additional income tax expense recognized in the third quarter. The Company’s effective tax rate was also unfavorably impacted by $156 million of restructuring expenses and merger, acquisition and divestiture expenses and asset impairment charges that were largely non-deductible for tax purposes. The Company recognized $23 million of tax benefit associated with these expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

The Company's effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was 29.2%. This rate includes reductions of income tax expense of $11 million related to restructuring expense, $6 million related to other postretirement expense, and $13 million for other reductions to income tax expense. This rate also includes an increase in income tax expense of $22 million due to the U.S. Department of the Treasury's issuance of the final regulations during the first three months of 2019 related to the calculation of the one-time transition tax associated with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.

The annual effective tax rates differ from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to foreign rates which differ from those in the U.S., U.S. taxes on foreign earnings, the realization of certain business tax credits, including foreign tax credits, and favorable permanent differences between book and tax treatment for certain items, including equity in affiliates' earnings.

Deferred tax liabilities, which are reflected in Other non-current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, increased from $125 million at December 31, 2019 to $174 million at
September 30, 2020, primarily due to the issuance of final U.S. Treasury regulations in the third quarter of 2020.