RESTRUCTURING

In 2017, the Company initiated actions within its emissions business in the Engine segment designed to improve future profitability and competitiveness and started exploring strategic options for the non-core emission product lines. As a result, the Company recorded restructuring expense of $48.2 million within its emissions business in the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily related to professional fees and negotiated commercial costs associated with business divestiture and manufacturing footprint rationalization activities. As a continuation of these actions, the Company recorded restructuring expense of $53.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily related to employee termination benefits and professional fees. The largest portion of this was a voluntary termination program in the European emissions business where approximately 140 employees accepted the termination packages. As a result, the Company recorded approximately $28.4 million of employee severance expense during the year ended December 31, 2018. In addition, the Company recorded $6.0 million employee termination benefits in other locations in the Engine segment in the year ended December 31, 2018.

Additionally, the Company recorded restructuring expense of $10.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 in the Drivetrain segment primarily related to manufacturing footprint rationalization activities.

The Company will continue to explore improving the future profitability and competitiveness of its Engine and Drivetrain business. These actions may result in the recognition of additional restructuring charges that could be material.

On September 27, 2017, the Company acquired 100% of the equity interests of Sevcon. In connection with this transaction, the Company recorded restructuring expense of $6.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily related to contractually required severance associated with Sevcon executive officers and other employee termination benefits.

In the fourth quarter of 2013, the Company initiated actions primarily in the Drivetrain segment designed to improve future profitability and competitiveness. As a continuation of these actions, the Company finalized severance agreements with three labor unions at separate facilities in Western Europe for approximately 450 employees. The Company recorded restructuring expense related to these facilities of $8.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2016. Included in this restructuring expense are employee termination benefits of $3.0 million and other expense of $5.2 million.

In the second quarter of 2014, the Company initiated actions to improve the future profitability and competitiveness of Gustav Wahler GmbH u. Co. KG and its general partner ("Wahler"). The Company recorded restructuring expense related to Wahler of $9.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2016. This restructuring expense was primarily related to employee termination benefits.

In the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company acquired 100% of the equity interests in Remy and initiated actions to improve future profitability and competitiveness. The Company recorded restructuring expense of $6.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2016. Included in this restructuring expense was $3.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2016 related to winding down certain operations in North America. Additionally, the Company recorded employee termination benefits of $2.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily related to contractually required severance associated with Remy executive officers and other employee termination benefits in Mexico.

Estimates of restructuring expense are based on information available at the time such charges are recorded. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in estimating restructuring expenses, actual amounts paid for such activities may differ from amounts initially recorded. Accordingly, the Company may record revisions of previous estimates by adjusting previously established accruals.

The following table displays a rollforward of the severance accruals recorded within the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet and the related cash flow activity for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:



	Severance Accruals
(millions of dollars)	Drivetrain			Engine			Total
Balance at January 1, 2017	$	3.7		$	2.7		$	6.4
Provision	4.7			1.4			6.1
Cash payments	(4.6		)	(2.9		)	(7.5		)
Translation adjustment	0.3			0.1			0.4
Balance at December 31, 2017	4.1			1.3			5.4
Provision	7.1			34.4			41.5
Cash payments	(7.3		)	(14.5		)	(21.8		)
Translation adjustment	—			(0.4		)	(0.4		)
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	3.9		$	20.8		$	24.7