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Retirement Benefit Plans
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Retirement benefit plans
RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS

The Company sponsors various defined contribution savings plans, primarily in the U.S., that allow employees to contribute a portion of their pre-tax and/or after-tax income in accordance with plan specified guidelines. Under specified conditions, the Company will make contributions to the plans and/or match a percentage of the employee contributions up to certain limits. Total expense related to the defined contribution plans was $34.9 million, $33.5 million and $28.3 million in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The Company has a number of defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement employee benefit plans covering eligible salaried and hourly employees and their dependents. The defined pension benefits provided are primarily based on (i) years of service and (ii) average compensation or a monthly retirement benefit amount. The Company provides defined benefit pension plans in France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Monaco, South Korea, Sweden, U.K. and the U.S. The other postretirement employee benefit plans, which provide medical benefits, are unfunded plans. Our U.S. and U.K. defined benefit plans are frozen and no additional service cost is being accrued. All pension and other postretirement employee benefit plans in the U.S. have been closed to new employees. The measurement date for all plans is December 31.

The following table summarizes the expenses for the Company's defined contribution and defined benefit pension plans and the other postretirement defined employee benefit plans.
 
Year Ended December 31,
(millions of dollars)
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Defined contribution expense
$
34.9

 
$
33.5

 
$
28.3

Defined benefit pension expense
8.5

 
12.5

 
10.1

Other postretirement employee benefit expense
0.1

 
0.5

 
1.4

Total
$
43.5

 
$
46.5

 
$
39.8


The following provides a roll forward of the plans’ benefit obligations, plan assets, funded status and recognition in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
 
Pension benefits
 
Other postretirement
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
employee benefits
 
2018
 
2017
 
Year Ended December 31,
(millions of dollars)
US
 
Non-US
 
US
 
Non-US
 
2018
 
2017
Change in projected benefit obligation:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Projected benefit obligation, January 1
$
283.3

 
$
628.8

 
$
282.5

 
$
528.2

 
$
107.0

 
$
119.9

Service cost
—

 
17.9

 
—

 
18.0

 
0.1

 
0.1

Interest cost
8.5

 
12.0

 
8.9

 
11.0

 
2.9

 
3.2

Plan participants’ contributions
—

 
0.3

 
—

 
0.3

 
—

 
—

Plan amendments
—

 
1.7

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(0.7
)
Settlement and curtailment
—

 
(4.3
)
 
—

 
(3.7
)
 
—

 
—

Actuarial (gain) loss
(18.2
)
 
4.9

 
8.7

 
(7.8
)
 
(6.7
)
 
2.2

Currency translation
—

 
(29.4
)
 
—

 
63.4

 
—

 
—

Acquisition
—

 
—

 
4.0

 
37.0

 
—

 
—

Benefits paid
(20.7
)
 
(19.6
)
 
(20.8
)
 
(17.6
)
 
(16.8
)
 
(17.7
)
Projected benefit obligation, December 31
$
252.9

 
$
612.3

 
$
283.3

 
$
628.8

 
$
86.5

 
$
107.0

Change in plan assets:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Fair value of plan assets, January 1
$
240.1

 
$
483.4

 
$
229.5

 
$
393.8

 
 

 
 

Actual return on plan assets
(10.7
)
 
(18.1
)
 
23.5

 
30.7

 
 

 
 

Employer contribution
7.0

 
18.8

 
4.0

 
14.3

 
 

 
 

Plan participants’ contribution
—

 
0.3

 
—

 
0.3

 
 

 
 

Settlements
—

 
(4.3
)
 
—

 
(3.6
)
 


 


Currency translation
—

 
(22.0
)
 
—

 
46.8

 
 

 
 

Acquisition
—

 
—

 
3.8

 
18.1

 


 


Other
—

 
—

 
—

 
0.6

 
 
 
 
Benefits paid
(20.6
)
 
(19.6
)
 
(20.7
)
 
(17.6
)
 
 

 
 

Fair value of plan assets, December 31
$
215.8

 
$
438.5

 
$
240.1

 
$
483.4

 
 
 
 
Funded status
$
(37.1
)
 
$
(173.8
)
 
$
(43.2
)
 
$
(145.4
)
 
$
(86.5
)
 
$
(107.0
)
Amounts in the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Non-current assets
$
—

 
$
16.7

 
$
—

 
$
23.2

 
$
—

 
$
—

Current liabilities
(0.5
)
 
(4.4
)
 
(0.1
)
 
(3.9
)
 
(11.0
)
 
(13.2
)
Non-current liabilities
(36.6
)
 
(186.1
)
 
(43.1
)
 
(164.7
)
 
(75.5
)
 
(93.8
)
Net amount
$
(37.1
)
 
$
(173.8
)
 
$
(43.2
)
 
$
(145.4
)
 
$
(86.5
)
 
$
(107.0
)
Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss consist of:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Net actuarial loss
$
113.1

 
$
193.0

 
$
111.0

 
$
159.0

 
$
13.2

 
$
20.8

Net prior service (credit) cost
(5.8
)
 
2.2

 
(6.6
)
 
0.8

 
(11.8
)
 
(15.8
)
Net amount*
$
107.3

 
$
195.2

 
$
104.4

 
$
159.8

 
$
1.4

 
$
5.0

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total accumulated benefit obligation for all plans
$
252.9

 
$
583.3

 
$
283.3

 
$
602.0

 
 

 
 


________________
*
AOCI shown above does not include our equity investee, NSK-Warner. NSK-Warner had an AOCI loss of $9.2 million and $9.7 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The funded status of pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets at December 31 is as follows:
 
December 31,
(millions of dollars)
2018
 
2017
Accumulated benefit obligation
$
(649.9
)
 
$
(681.2
)
Plan assets
449.9

 
494.8

Deficiency
$
(200.0
)
 
$
(186.4
)
Pension deficiency by country:
 

 
 

United States
$
(37.1
)
 
$
(43.2
)
Germany
(95.4
)
 
(75.7
)
Other
(67.5
)
 
(67.5
)
Total pension deficiency
$
(200.0
)
 
$
(186.4
)


The weighted average asset allocations of the Company’s funded pension plans and target allocations by asset category are as follows:
 
December 31,
 
Target Allocation
 
2018
 
2017
 
U.S. Plans:
 

 
 

 
 
Real estate and other
11
%
 
11
%
 
0% - 15%
Fixed income securities
56
%
 
53
%
 
45% - 65%
Equity securities
33
%
 
36
%
 
25% - 45%
 
100
%
 
100
%
 
 
Non-U.S. Plans:
 

 
 

 
 
Real estate and other
8
%
 
8
%
 
0% - 10%
Fixed income securities
55
%
 
44
%
 
43% - 65%
Equity securities
37
%
 
48
%
 
30% - 56%
 
100
%
 
100
%
 
 


The Company's investment strategy is to maintain actual asset weightings within a preset range of target allocations. The Company believes these ranges represent an appropriate risk profile for the planned benefit payments of the plans based on the timing of the estimated benefit payments. In each asset category, separate portfolios are maintained for additional diversification. Investment managers are retained in each asset category to manage each portfolio against its benchmark. Each investment manager has appropriate investment guidelines. In addition, the entire portfolio is evaluated against a relevant peer group. The defined benefit pension plans did not hold any Company securities as investments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. A portion of pension assets is invested in common and commingled trusts.

The Company expects to contribute a total of $15 million to $25 million into its defined benefit pension plans during 2019. Of the $15 million to $25 million in projected 2019 contributions, $4.0 million are contractually obligated, while any remaining payments would be discretionary.

Refer to Note 10, "Fair Value Measurements," to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail surrounding the fair value of each major category of plan assets, as well as the inputs and valuation techniques used to develop the fair value measurements of the plans' assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017.

See the table below for a breakout of net periodic benefit cost between U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans:
 
Pension benefits
 
Other postretirement employee benefits
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Year Ended December 31,
(millions of dollars)
US
 
Non-US
 
US
 
Non-US
 
US
 
Non-US
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Service cost
$
—

 
$
17.9

 
$
—

 
$
18.0

 
$
—

 
$
16.2

 
$
0.1

 
$
0.1

 
$
0.2

Interest cost
8.5

 
12.0

 
8.9

 
11.0

 
9.6

 
12.5

 
2.9

 
3.2

 
4.0

Expected return on plan assets
(13.6
)
 
(27.0
)
 
(13.2
)
 
(23.8
)
 
(15.0
)
 
(24.3
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Settlements, curtailments and other
—

 
0.3

 
—

 
0.3

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Amortization of unrecognized prior service (credit) cost
(0.8
)
 
0.1

 
(0.8
)
 
—

 
(0.8
)
 
0.6

 
(4.1
)
 
(4.1
)
 
(4.9
)
Amortization of unrecognized loss
4.2

 
6.9

 
4.2

 
7.9

 
5.1

 
6.2

 
1.2

 
1.3

 
2.1

Net periodic (income) cost
$
(1.7
)
 
$
10.2

 
$
(0.9
)
 
$
13.4

 
$
(1.1
)
 
$
11.2

 
$
0.1

 
$
0.5

 
$
1.4



The components of net periodic benefit cost other than the service cost component are included in Other postretirement income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The estimated net loss for the defined benefit pension plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year is $14.1 million. The estimated net loss and prior service credit for the other postretirement employee benefit plans that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive loss into net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year are $0.6 million and $3.6 million, respectively.

The Company's weighted-average assumptions used to determine the benefit obligations for its defined benefit pension and other postretirement employee benefit plans as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
 
December 31,
(percent)
2018
 
2017
U.S. pension plans:
 
 
 
Discount rate
4.24
 
3.55
Rate of compensation increase
N/A
 
N/A
U.S. other postretirement employee benefit plans:
 
 
 
Discount rate
4.05
 
3.32
Rate of compensation increase
N/A
 
N/A
Non-U.S. pension plans:
 
 
 
Discount rate
2.28
 
2.25
Rate of compensation increase
2.99
 
2.98


The Company's weighted-average assumptions used to determine the net periodic benefit cost/(income) for its defined benefit pension and other postretirement employee benefit plans for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
 
Year Ended December 31,
(percent)
2018
 
2017
U.S. pension plans:
 
 
 
Discount rate - service cost
3.55
 
3.94
Effective interest rate on benefit obligation
3.13
 
3.26
Expected long-term rate of return on assets
6.00
 
6.01
Average rate of increase in compensation
N/A
 
N/A
U.S. other postretirement plans:
 
 
 
Discount rate - service cost
2.65
 
2.68
Effective interest rate on benefit obligation
2.86
 
2.85
Expected long-term rate of return on assets
N/A
 
N/A
Average rate of increase in compensation
N/A
 
N/A
Non-U.S. pension plans:
 
 
 
Discount rate - service cost
2.71
 
2.55
Effective interest rate on benefit obligation
1.98
 
1.96
Expected long-term rate of return on assets
5.73
 
5.68
Average rate of increase in compensation
2.98
 
3.00


The Company's approach to establishing the discount rate is based upon the market yields of high-quality corporate bonds, with appropriate consideration of each plan's defined benefit payment terms and duration of the liabilities. In determining the discount rate, the Company utilizes a full yield approach in the estimation of service and interest components by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows.

The Company determines its expected return on plan asset assumptions by evaluating estimates of future market returns and the plans' asset allocation. The Company also considers the impact of active management of the plans' invested assets.

The estimated future benefit payments for the pension and other postretirement employee benefits are as follows:
 
 
Pension benefits
 
Other postretirement employee benefits
(millions of dollars)
 
 
 
 
 
Year
 
U.S.
 
Non-U.S.
 
2019
 
$
22.5

 
$
19.6

 
$
11.0

2020
 
19.8

 
21.7

 
10.3

2021
 
18.9

 
21.9

 
9.5

2022
 
18.3

 
22.6

 
9.1

2023
 
17.8

 
23.8

 
8.0

2024-2028
 
84.2

 
134.0

 
28.9



The weighted-average rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered health care benefits is projected to be 6.50% in 2019 for pre-65 and post-65 participants, decreasing to 5.0% by the year 2025. A one-percentage point change in the assumed health care cost trend would have the following effects:

 
One Percentage Point
(millions of dollars)
Increase
 
Decrease
Effect on other postretirement employee benefit obligation
$
5.5

 
$
(4.9
)
Effect on total service and interest cost components
$
0.2

 
$
(0.2
)