OTHER EXPENSE, NET

Items included in other expense, net consist of:



	Year Ended December 31,
(millions of dollars)	2018			2017			2016
Restructuring expense	$	67.1		$	58.5		$	26.9
Asset impairment and loss on divestiture	25.6			71.0			127.1
Asbestos-related adjustments	22.8			—			(48.6		)
Gain on sale of building	(19.4		)	—			—
Merger, acquisition and divestiture expense	5.8			10.0			23.7
Lease termination settlement	—			5.3			—
Intangible asset impairment	—			—			12.6
Gain on commercial settlement	(4.0		)	—			—
Other income	(4.1		)	(0.3		)	(4.2		)
Other expense, net	$	93.8		$	144.5		$	137.5

During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded restructuring expense of $67.1 million, $58.5 million and $26.9 million, respectively, primarily related to Drivetrain and Engine segment actions designed to improve future profitability and competitiveness. Refer to Note 16, "Restructuring," to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

In the third quarter of 2017, the Company started exploring strategic options for the non-core emission product lines. In the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company launched an active program to locate a buyer for the non-core pipe and thermostat product lines and initiated all other actions required to complete the plan to sell the non-core product lines. The Company determined that the assets and liabilities of the pipes and thermostat product lines met the held for sale criteria as of December 31, 2017. As a result, the Company recorded an asset impairment expense of $71.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2017 to adjust the net book value of this business to its fair value less cost to sell. In December 2018, the Company reached an agreement to sell its thermostat product lines for approximately $28 million subject to customary adjustment. Completion of the sale is expected in the first quarter of 2019, subject to satisfaction of customary closing conditions. As a result, the Company recorded an additional asset impairment expense of $25.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 to adjust the net book value of this business to fair value less costs to sell. Refer to Note 20, "Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale," to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded asbestos-related adjustments resulting in an increase to Other Expense of $22.8 million. This increase was the result of actuarial valuation changes of $22.8 million associated with the Company's estimate of liabilities for asbestos-related claims asserted but not yet resolved and potential claims not yet asserted. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded asbestos-related adjustments resulting in a net decrease to Other Expense of $48.6 million. This net decrease was comprised of actuarial valuation changes of $45.5 million associated with the Company's estimate of liabilities for asbestos-related claims asserted but not yet resolved and potential claims not yet asserted and a gain of $6.1 million from cash received from insolvent insurance carriers, offset by related consulting fees. Refer to Note 15, "Contingencies," to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

In October 2016, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to sell the light vehicle aftermarket business associated with Remy. This transaction closed in the fourth quarter of 2016 and the Company recorded a loss on divestiture of $127.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2016. Refer to Note 19, "Recent Transactions," to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company recorded a gain of $19.4 million related to the sale of a building at a manufacturing facility located in Europe.

During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded $5.8 million, $10.0 million and $23.7 million of merger, acquisition and divestiture expenses. The merger, acquisition and divestiture expense in the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily related to professional fees associated with divestiture activities for the non-core pipe and thermostat product lines. Refer to Note 20, "Assets and Liabilities Held For Sale," to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information. The merger and acquisition expense in the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 primarily related to the acquisition of Sevcon and Remy, respectively. Refer to Note 19, "Recent Transactions," to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

During the first quarter of 2017, the Company recorded a loss of $5.3 million related to the termination of a long term property lease for a manufacturing facility located in Europe.

During the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company recorded an intangible asset impairment loss of $12.6 million related to Engine segment Etatech’s ECCOS intellectual technology. The ECCOS intellectual technology impairment was due to the discontinuance of interest from potential customers during the fourth quarter of 2016 that significantly lowered the commercial feasibility of the product line.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a gain of approximately $4.0 million related to the settlement of a commercial contract for an entity acquired in the 2015 Remy acquisition.