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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes

The Company's provision for income taxes is based upon an estimated annual tax rate for the year applied to federal, state and foreign income. On a quarterly basis, the annual effective tax rate is adjusted, as appropriate, based upon changed facts and circumstances, if any, as compared to those forecasted at the beginning of the fiscal year and each interim period thereafter.

At September 30, 2018, the Company's effective tax rate for the first nine months was 20.7%. This rate includes income tax expenses of $0.9 million related to a commercial settlement gain, and reductions of income tax expense of $9.5 million related to restructuring expense, $0.2 million related to merger, acquisition and divestiture expense, $0.4 million related to other expense, $20.0 million related to adjustments to measurement period provisional estimates associated with the Tax Act, $21.6 million primarily related to an increase to our deferred tax asset due to the Company's ability to record a tax benefit for certain foreign tax credits now available due to actions the Company took during the year, and $11.3 million for other one-time tax adjustments, primarily due to changes in tax filing positions.

At September 30, 2017, the Company's effective tax rate for the first nine months was 28.2%. This rate includes reductions of income tax expense of $1.2 million, $0.3 million, and $11.7 million which are associated with restructuring expense, merger and acquisition expense, and one-time tax adjustments, primarily resulting from tax audit settlements.

The annual effective tax rates differ from the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to foreign rates which differ from those in the U.S., U.S. taxes on foreign earnings, the realization of certain business tax credits, including foreign tax credits, and favorable permanent differences between book and tax treatment for certain items, including equity in affiliates' earnings.

In accordance with guidance provided by Staff Accounting Bulletin No 118 (SAB 118), as of December 31, 2017, we had not completed our accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act and had recorded provisional estimates for significant items including the following: (i) the effects on our existing deferred balances, (ii) the one-time transition tax, and (iii) our indefinite reinvestment assertion. The measurement period begins in the reporting period that includes the Tax Act’s enactment date and ends when the additional information is obtained, prepared, or analyzed to complete the accounting requirements under ASC Topic 740. The measurement period should not extend beyond one year from the enactment date.

As of September 30, 2018, the Company evaluated the provisional amounts initially recorded for the year ended December 31, 2017 and recorded adjustments based on updates to the Company's assumptions and the application of additional interpretative guidance issued in the second and third quarter of 2018.

For the three months ended September 30, 2018, these adjustments resulted in (i) an increase in our existing deferred tax asset balances (ii) a net increase to the one-time transition tax, and (iii) a decrease in the deferred tax liability associated with our indefinite reinvestment assertion totaling a net tax benefit of $6.6 million in the third quarter of 2018.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, these adjustments resulted in (i) an increase in our existing deferred tax asset balances (ii) no change to the one-time transition tax, and (iii) a decrease in the deferred tax liability associated with our indefinite reinvestment assertion totaling a net tax benefit of $20.0 million.

As of September 30, 2018, the Company has completed its accounting for the effects of tax reform as they relate to the one-time transition tax. The Company will continue to evaluate the remaining provisional amounts recorded for the year ended December 31, 2017 throughout the remainder of the measurement period.

Deferred tax assets, which are reflected in Other non-current assets in our consolidated balance sheet, increased from $121.2 million at December 31, 2017 to $170.9 million at September 30, 2018, primarily due to the Company’s ability to record a tax benefit for certain foreign tax credits now available in the third quarter of 2018.

We have made an accounting policy election to treat the future tax impacts of the global intangible low tax income (GILTI) provisions of the Tax Act as a period cost to the extent applicable.