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SECURITIES
 12 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2024
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
SECURITIES SECURITIES
 
The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair values of AFS and HTM debt securities are presented below.
(Dollars in thousands)Amortized CostGross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized (Losses)Fair
Value
Debt Securities AFS
At September 30, 2024
Corporate securities$25,000 $— $(5,250)$19,750 
SBA securities86,036 — (4,101)81,935 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions501 — (21)480 
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions246,233 44 (28,287)217,990 
Asset-backed securities192,979 337 (3,618)189,698 
Mortgage-backed securities1,393,549 84 (162,265)1,231,368 
Total debt securities AFS$1,944,298 $465 $(203,542)$1,741,221 
At September 30, 2023
Corporate securities$25,000 $— $(6,750)$18,250 
SBA securities95,549 — (10,307)85,242 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions2,368 — (79)2,289 
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions269,396 — (42,673)226,723 
Asset-backed securities255,384 234 (9,419)246,199 
Mortgage-backed securities1,495,636 — (270,111)1,225,525 
Total debt securities AFS$2,143,333 $234 $(339,339)$1,804,228 
Debt Securities HTM
At September 30, 2024
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions$31,060 $— $(2,668)$28,392 
Mortgage-backed securities2,032 — (188)1,844 
Total debt securities HTM$33,092 $— $(2,856)$30,236 
At September 30, 2023
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions$34,415 $— $(4,844)$29,571 
Mortgage-backed securities2,176 — (322)1,854 
Total debt securities HTM$36,591 $— $(5,166)$31,425 
Gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position, were as follows:
LESS THAN 12 MONTHSOVER 12 MONTHSTOTAL
(Dollars in thousands)Fair
Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)Fair
Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)Fair
Value		Gross Unrealized (Losses)
Debt Securities AFS
At September 30, 2024
Corporate securities$— $— $19,750 $(5,250)$19,750 $(5,250)
SBA securities— — 81,935 (4,101)81,935 (4,101)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions— — 280 (21)280 (21)
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions— — 215,956 (28,287)215,956 (28,287)
Asset-backed securities52,101 (176)88,576 (3,442)140,677 (3,618)
Mortgage-backed securities2,377 (15)1,215,781 (162,250)1,218,158 (162,265)
Total debt securities AFS$54,478 $(191)$1,622,278 $(203,351)$1,676,756 $(203,542)
At September 30, 2023
Corporate securities$— $— $18,250 $(6,750)$18,250 $(6,750)
SBA securities22,327 (1,919)62,915 (8,388)85,242 (10,307)
Obligations of state and political subdivisions— — 2,289 (79)2,289 (79)
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions5,010 (83)221,714 (42,590)226,723 (42,673)
Asset-backed securities46,528 (224)115,608 (9,195)162,136 (9,419)
Mortgage-backed securities18,311 (944)1,207,214 (269,167)1,225,525 (270,111)
Total debt securities AFS$92,176 $(3,170)$1,627,990 $(336,169)$1,720,165 $(339,339)
Debt Securities HTM
At September 30, 2024
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions$— $— $28,392 $(2,668)$28,392 $(2,668)
Mortgage-backed securities— — 1,844 (188)1,844 (188)
Total debt securities HTM$— $— $30,236 $(2,856)$30,236 $(2,856)
At September 30, 2023
Non-bank qualified obligations of states and political subdivisions$— $— $29,571 $(4,844)$29,571 $(4,844)
Mortgage-backed securities— — 1,854 (322)1,854 (322)
Total debt securities HTM$— $— $31,425 $(5,166)$31,425 $(5,166)

The decrease in the fair value of investment securities balances when comparing September 30, 2024 to the prior year was primarily driven by principal pay downs during the fiscal year. At September 30, 2024, there were 195 debt securities AFS in an unrealized loss position. Management assessed each investment security with unrealized losses for credit loss by evaluating qualitative factors, including materiality of loss position as a percentage of book value, credit ratings, outstanding principal and interest payments, and changes in the underlying implicit or explicit guarantee of the security, and determined all unrealized losses on these securities were due to adverse market conditions and/or change in interest rates versus credit loss. As part of that assessment, management evaluated and concluded that it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will not be required and does not intend to sell any of the securities prior to recovery of the amortized cost. At September 30, 2024, there was no ACL for debt securities AFS.
The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities by contractual maturity are shown below. Certain securities have call features which allow the issuer to call the security prior to maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities in MBS because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Therefore, MBS are not included in the maturity categories in the following maturity summary. The expected maturities of certain SBA securities may differ from contractual maturities because the borrowers may have the right to prepay the obligation. However, certain prepayment penalties may apply.
At September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)20242023
Debt Securities AFSAmortized CostFair
Value		Amortized CostFair
Value
Due in one year or less$1,826 $1,796 $5,023 $4,971 
Due after one year through five years14,772 14,211 11,175 10,292 
Due after five years through ten years70,894 63,636 79,139 66,428 
Due after ten years463,257 430,210 552,360 497,012 
550,749 509,853 647,697 578,703 
Mortgage-backed securities1,393,549 1,231,368 1,495,636 1,225,525 
Total debt securities AFS$1,944,298 $1,741,221 $2,143,333 $1,804,228 
Debt Securities HTM
Due after ten years$31,060 $28,392 $34,415 $29,571 
31,060 28,392 34,415 29,571 
Mortgage-backed securities2,032 1,844 2,176 1,854 
Total debt securities HTM$33,092 $30,236 $36,591 $31,425 

Activity related to the sale of securities is summarized below.
Fiscal Year Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)202420232022
Securities AFS
   Proceeds from sales$— $— $265,951 
   Gross gains on sales— — 1,742 
   Gross losses on sales— — 1,588 
 Net gain on securities AFS$— $— $154 

There was no activity related to the sale of securities held to maturity during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

No securities were pledged as collateral for public funds on deposit at September 30, 2024 and 2023. No securities were pledged as collateral for individual, trust and estate deposits at September 30, 2024 and 2023.

FRB Stock. The Bank is required by federal law to subscribe to capital stock (divided into shares of $100 each) as a member of the FRB of Minneapolis with an amount equal to six per centum of the paid-up capital stock and surplus. One-half of the subscription is paid at time of application, and one-half is subject to call of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. FRB of Minneapolis stock held by the Bank totaled $19.7 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023. These equity securities are 'restricted' in that they can only be owned by member banks. At fiscal year-end 2024 and 2023, the Company pledged securities with fair values of $533.8 million and $773.6 million against FRB advances, respectively.

Included in interest and dividend income from other investments is $1.2 million, $1.2 million, and $1.2 million related to dividend income on FRB stock for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
FHLB Stock. The Company’s borrowings from the FHLB are secured by specific investment securities. Such advances can be made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities.

The investments in the FHLB stock are required investments related to the Company’s membership in and current borrowings from the FHLB of Des Moines. The investments in the FHLB of Des Moines could be adversely impacted by the financial operations of the FHLB and actions of their regulator, the Federal Housing Finance Agency.

The FHLB stock is carried at cost since it is generally redeemable at par value. The carrying value of the stock held at the FHLB was $16.3 million and $8.5 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. At fiscal year-end 2024 and 2023, the Company pledged securities with fair values of approximately $1.04 billion and $996.9 million, respectively, as collateral against FHLB advances. There was approximately $136.9 million and $21.3 million of qualifying loans pledged as collateral at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Included in interest and dividend income from other investments is $0.7 million, $0.5 million and $0.3 million related to dividend income on FHLB stock for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

These equity securities are ‘restricted’ in that they can only be sold back to the respective institution from which they were acquired or another member institution at par. Therefore, FRB and FHLB stocks are less liquid than other marketable equity securities, and the cost approximates fair value.

Equity Securities. The Company held $3.3 million and $3.4 million in marketable equity securities at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company recognized $0.1 million and $0.2 million in unrealized losses on marketable equity securities during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. No such securities were sold during the fiscal year.

Non-marketable equity securities with a readily determinable fair value totaled $11.8 million and $8.4 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company recognized $1.1 million in unrealized gains and $0.2 million in unrealized losses during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. No such securities were sold during the fiscal year.

Non-marketable equity securities without readily determinable fair value totaled $13.6 million and $16.2 million at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, reflecting the Company's ownership interests in other entities through Pathward Venture Capital, LLC, a wholly-owned service corporation subsidiary of the Bank that was formed in 2017 for the purpose of making minority equity investments and other corporate investments. During the fiscal year, the Company recognized a $2.4 million gain on Visa shares previously carried at cost basis of $0 since 2008. On April 8, 2024, Visa Inc. announced the commencement of an exchange offer for Visa Class B-1 common stock and the Company subsequently tendered its Visa Class B-1 common stock in exchange for a combination of Visa Class C common stock and Visa Class B-2 common stock. After entering the exchange, the Company sold its Visa Class C common stock and Visa Class B-2 common stock in the secondary market. There was one additional security sold during the fiscal year for a $2.5 million gain which is included in gain on sale of other on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Equity Securities Impairment. The Company evaluates impairment for investments held at cost on at least an annual basis based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. All other equity investments, including those under the equity method, are reviewed for other-than-temporary impairment on at least a quarterly basis. The Company recognized $1.0 million, $3.3 million, and zero in impairment for such investments for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.