Held-to-maturity (“HTM”) securities, which include any security for which the Company has both the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity, are carried at historical cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized and accreted, respectively, to interest income using the constant effective yield method over the security’s estimated life. Prepayments are anticipated for mortgage-backed and SBA securities. Premiums on callable securities are amortized to their earliest call date.

Available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities, which include any security for which the Company has no immediate plan to sell but which may be sold in the future, are carried at fair value. Realized gains and losses, based on specifically identified amortized cost of the individual security, are included in other income. Unrealized gains and losses are recorded, net of related income tax effects, in stockholders’ equity, further discussed below. Premiums and discounts are amortized and accreted, respectively, to interest income using the constant effective yield method over the estimated life of the security. Prepayments are anticipated for mortgage-backed and SBA securities. Premiums on callable securities are amortized to their earliest call date.

During the quarters ended June 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021, the Company transferred, at fair value, $1.99 billion and $500.8 million, respectively, of securities from the AFS portfolio to the HTM portfolio. As of June 30, 2024, the related remaining combined net unrealized losses of $117.4 million in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) will be amortized over the remaining life of the securities. No gains or losses on these securities were recognized at the time of transfer.


(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Estimated Fair Value
Held-to-maturity

June 30, 2024
U.S. Government agencies	$	454,488	$	—	$	454,488	$	—	$	(95,882)	$	358,606
Mortgage-backed securities	1,119,741		—		1,119,741		171		(128,910)		991,002
State and political subdivisions	1,857,600		(191)		1,857,409		47		(428,369)		1,429,087
Other securities	256,835		(3,023)		253,812		—		(26,983)		226,829
Total HTM	$	3,688,664	$	(3,214)	$	3,685,450	$	218	$	(680,144)	$	3,005,524

December 31, 2023
U.S. Government agencies	$	453,121	$	—	$	453,121	$	—	$	(89,203)	$	363,918
Mortgage-backed securities	1,161,694		—		1,161,694		354		(107,834)		1,054,214
State and political subdivisions	1,858,680		(2,006)		1,856,674		284		(369,509)		1,487,449
Other securities	256,007		(1,208)		254,799		—		(25,010)		229,789
Total HTM	$	3,729,502	$	(3,214)	$	3,726,288	$	638	$	(591,556)	$	3,135,370

Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) are commercial MBS, secured by commercial properties, and residential MBS, generally secured by single-family residential properties. All mortgage-backed securities included in the table above were issued by U.S. government agencies or corporations. As of June 30, 2024, HTM MBS consisted of $139.0 million and $980.7 million of commercial MBS and residential MBS, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, HTM MBS consisted of $141.6 million and $1.02 billion of commercial MBS and residential MBS, respectively.


(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale

June 30, 2024
U.S. Treasury	$	1,294	$	—	$	—	$	(19)	$	1,275
U.S. Government agencies	68,370		—		37		(1,844)		66,563
Mortgage-backed securities	1,931,923		—		—		(201,081)		1,730,842
State and political subdivisions	1,010,060		—		125		(145,995)		864,190
Other securities	244,091		—		127		(21,184)		223,034
Total AFS	$	3,255,738	$	—	$	289	$	(370,123)	$	2,885,904

December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury	$	2,285	$	—	$	—	$	(31)	$	2,254
U.S. Government agencies	74,460		—		35		(1,993)		72,502
Mortgage-backed securities	2,138,652		—		8		(198,353)		1,940,307
State and political subdivisions	1,035,147		—		187		(132,541)		902,793
Other securities	259,165		—		—		(24,868)		234,297
Total AFS	$	3,509,709	$	—	$	230	$	(357,786)	$	3,152,153

As of June 30, 2024, AFS MBS consisted of $597.7 million and $1.13 billion of commercial MBS and residential MBS, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, AFS MBS consisted of $710.1 million and $1.23 billion of commercial MBS and residential MBS, respectively.

Accrued interest receivable on HTM and AFS securities at June 30, 2024 was $20.5 million and $26.7 million, respectively, and is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company has made the election to exclude all accrued interest receivable from securities from the estimate of credit losses.

The following table summarizes the Company’s AFS investments in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded as of June 30, 2024, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:


	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
(In thousands)	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury	$	1,275	$	(19)	$	—	$	—	$	1,275	$	(19)
U.S. Government agencies	989		—		61,692		(1,844)		62,681		(1,844)
Mortgage-backed securities	2,222		(174)		1,728,352		(200,907)		1,730,574		(201,081)
State and political subdivisions	18,617		(267)		835,387		(145,728)		854,004		(145,995)
Other securities	—		—		175,815		(21,184)		175,815		(21,184)
Total AFS	$	23,103	$	(460)	$	2,801,246	$	(369,663)	$	2,824,349	$	(370,123)

As of June 30, 2024, the Company’s investment portfolio included $2.89 billion of AFS securities, of which $2.82 billion, or 97.9%, were in an unrealized loss position that were not deemed to have credit losses. A portion of the unrealized losses were related to the Company’s MBS, which are issued and guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored entities and agencies, and the Company’s state and political subdivision securities, specifically investments in insured fixed rate municipal bonds for which the issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities.

Furthermore, the decline in fair value for each of the above AFS securities is attributable to the rates for those investments yielding less than current market rates. Management does not believe any of the securities are impaired due to reasons of credit quality. Management believes the declines in fair value for the securities are temporary. As of June 30, 2024, management does not have the immediate intent to sell the securities, and management believes the accounting standard of “more likely than not” has not been met regarding whether the Company would be required to sell any of the AFS securities before recovery of amortized cost.

All MBS held by the Company are issued by U.S. government-sponsored entities and agencies. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses. Accordingly, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for these securities.

Regarding securities issued by state and political subdivisions and other HTM securities, the adequacy of the reserve for credit loss is determined quarterly based on methodology similar to the methodology for determining the allowance for credit losses on loans. The methodology considers, but is not limited to: (i) issuer bond ratings, (ii) issuer geography, (iii) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities, (iv) probability-weighted multiple scenario forecasts, and (v) the issuers’ size.

The following table details activity in the allowance for credit losses by investment security type for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 on the Company’s HTM securities portfolio.


(In thousands)	State and Political Subdivisions		Other Securities		Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
Held-to-maturity
Beginning balance, April 1, 2024	$	2,252	$	962	$	3,214
Provision for credit loss expense	—		—		—
Net (decrease) increase in allowance on previously impaired securities	(2,061)		2,061		—
Ending balance, June 30, 2024	$	191	$	3,023	$	3,214

Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Held-to-maturity
Beginning balance, January 1, 2024	$	2,006	$	1,208	$	3,214
Provision for credit loss expense	—		—		—
Net (decrease) increase in allowance on previously impaired securities	(1,815)		1,815		—
Ending balance, June 30, 2024	$	191	$	3,023	$	3,214

Activity in the allowance for credit losses by investment security type for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 on the Company’s HTM and AFS securities portfolio was as follows:


(In thousands)	State and Political Subdivisions		Other Securities		Total
Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
Held-to-maturity
Beginning balance, April 1, 2023	$	362	$	1,526	$	1,888
Provision for credit loss expense	572		754		1,326
Ending balance, June 30, 2023	$	934	$	2,280	$	3,214

Available-for-sale
Beginning balance, April 1, 2023	$	—	$	5,800	$	5,800
Provision for credit loss expense	—		—		—
Reduction due to sales	—		(2,078)		(2,078)
Net decrease in allowance on previously impaired securities	—		(1,326)		(1,326)
Ending balance, June 30, 2023	$	—	$	2,396	$	2,396


(In thousands)	State and Political Subdivisions		Other Securities		Total

Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Held-to-maturity
Beginning balance, January 1, 2023	$	110	$	1,278	$	1,388
Provision for credit loss expense	824		1,002		1,826
Ending balance, June 30, 2023	$	934	$	2,280	$	3,214

Available-for-sale
Beginning balance, January 1, 2023	$	—	$	—	$	—
Provision for credit loss expense	—		12,800		12,800
Reduction due to sales	—		(2,078)		(2,078)
Net decrease in allowance on previously impaired securities	—		(1,326)		(1,326)
Securities charged-off	—		(7,000)		(7,000)
Ending balance, June 30, 2023	$	—	$	2,396	$	2,396

Based upon the Company’s analysis of the underlying risk characteristics of its HTM and AFS portfolios, including credit ratings and other qualitative factors, as previously discussed, there was no provision for credit losses related to the Company’s securities portfolios recorded for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024. The Company recorded a provision for credit losses related to AFS securities of $12.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. During the same period, the provision for credit loss expense on AFS securities was reduced by $1.3 million related to previously impaired securities. Additionally, during the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company charged-off $7.0 million directly related to one corporate bond which was deemed uncollectible in the period.

The following table summarizes bond ratings for the Company’s HTM portfolio, based upon amortized cost, issued by state and political subdivisions and other securities as of June 30, 2024:


	State and Political Subdivisions
(In thousands)	Not Guaranteed or Pre-Refunded		Other Credit Enhancement or Insurance		Pre-Refunded		Total		Other Securities
Aaa/AAA	$	179,308	$	300,150	$	—	$	479,458	$	—
Aa/AA	633,415		525,280		—		1,158,695		—
A	37,035		161,547		—		198,582		102,815
Baa/BBB	—		4,381		—		4,381		154,020
Not Rated	16,484		—		—		16,484		—
Total	$	866,242	$	991,358	$	—	$	1,857,600	$	256,835

Historical loss rates associated with securities having similar grades as those in the Company’s portfolio have generally not been significant. Pre-refunded securities, if any, have been defeased by the issuer and are fully secured by cash and/or U.S. Treasury securities held in escrow for payment to holders when the underlying call dates of the securities are reached. Securities with other credit enhancement or insurance continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Accordingly, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for these securities as there is no current expectation of credit losses related to these securities.


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Taxable:
Held-to-maturity	$	10,842	$	11,058	$	21,845	$	22,071
Available-for-sale	28,441		21,687		59,636		43,478

Non-taxable:
Held-to-maturity	10,097		10,225		20,197		20,351
Available-for-sale	5,670		5,781		11,373		11,625
Total	$	55,050	$	48,751	$	113,051	$	97,525

The amortized cost and estimated fair value by maturity of securities as of June 30, 2024 are shown in the following table. Securities are classified according to their contractual maturities without consideration of principal amortization, potential prepayments or call options. Accordingly, actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities.


	Held-to-Maturity				Available-for-Sale
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
One year or less	$	3,028	$	3,006	$	7,736	$	7,680
After one through five years	27,349		25,240		101,297		100,641
After five through ten years	390,411		340,536		214,545		191,523
After ten years	2,148,135		1,645,740		999,991		854,972
Securities not due on a single maturity date	1,119,741		991,002		1,931,923		1,730,842
Other securities (no maturity)	—		—		246		246
Total	$	3,688,664	$	3,005,524	$	3,255,738	$	2,885,904

The carrying value, which approximates the fair value, of securities pledged as collateral, to secure public deposits and for other purposes, amounted to $2.73 billion at June 30, 2024 and $3.32 billion at December 31, 2023.

There were no gross realized gains and no gross realized losses from the call or sale of securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, as they were recognized at book value of the security. There were no gross realized gains and $391,000 gross realized losses recorded from the sale of securities during both the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. The income tax expense/benefit related to security gains/losses was 26.135% of the gross amounts in 2024 and 2023.

The Company has entered into various fair value hedging transactions to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on the fair value of AFS securities. See Note 22, Derivative Instruments, for disclosure of the gains and losses recognized on derivative instruments and the cumulative fair value hedging adjustments to the carrying amount of the hedged securities.