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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2011
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(2)  Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)  Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include determination of net revenues, allowances for doubtful accounts, self-insurance obligations, goodwill and other intangible assets (including impairments), and allowances for deferred tax assets.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

(b)  Principles of Consolidation

Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of our subsidiaries in which we own more than 50% of the voting interest. Investments of companies in which we own between 20% and 50% of the voting interests and have significant influence were accounted for using the equity method, which records as income an ownership percentage of the reported income of the subsidiary.  Investments in companies in which we own less than 20% of the voting interests and do not have significant influence are carried at lower of cost or fair value. All significant intersegment accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

(c)  Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid, unrestricted investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are stated at fair value.

(d)  Restricted Cash

Certain of our cash balances are restricted for specific purposes such as funding of self-insurance reserves, mortgage escrow requirements and capital expenditures on HUD-insured buildings (see Note 8 - "Commitments and Contingencies").  These balances are presented separately from cash and cash equivalents on our consolidated balance sheets and are classified as a current asset when expected to be utilized within the next year.  Restricted cash balances are stated at cost, which approximates fair value.

(e)  Net Revenues

Net revenues consist of long-term and subacute care revenues, rehabilitation therapy services revenues, temporary medical staffing services revenues and other ancillary services revenues. Net revenues are recognized as services are provided and billed. Revenues are recorded net of provisions for discount arrangements with commercial payors and contractual allowances with third-party payors, primarily Medicare and Medicaid. Net revenues realizable under third-party payor agreements are subject to change due to examination and retroactive adjustment. Estimated third-party payor settlements are recorded in the period the related services are rendered. The methods of making such estimates are reviewed periodically, and differences between the net amounts accrued and subsequent settlements or estimates of expected settlements are reflected in the current period results of operations. Laws and regulations governing the Medicare and Medicaid programs are extremely complex and subject to interpretation.

Revenues from Medicaid accounted for 39.3%, 40.3%, and 39.9% of our net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.  Revenues from Medicare comprised 31.7%, 29.8%, and 29.5% of our net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.

(f)  Accounts Receivable

Our accounts receivable relate to services provided by our various operating divisions to a variety of payors and customers. The primary payors for services provided in healthcare centers that we operate are the Medicare program and the various state Medicaid programs. Our rehabilitation therapy service operations provide services to patients in unaffiliated healthcare centers. The billings for those services are submitted to the unaffiliated centers. Many of the unaffiliated healthcare centers receive a large majority of their revenues from the Medicare program and the state Medicaid programs.

Estimated provisions for losses on accounts receivable are recorded each period as an expense in the income statement.  In evaluating the collectability of accounts receivable, we consider a number of factors, including the age of the accounts, changes in collection patterns, the financial condition of our customers, the composition of patient accounts by payor type, the status of ongoing disputes with third-party payors and general industry and economic conditions.  Any changes in these factors or in the actual collections of accounts receivable in subsequent periods may require changes in the estimated provision for loss. Changes in these estimates are charged or credited to the results of operations in the period of change.  In addition, a retrospective collection analysis is performed within each operating company to test the adequacy of the reserve.

The allowance for doubtful accounts related to centers that we have divested was based on management's expectation of collectability at the time of divestiture and is recorded with the gain or loss on disposal of discontinued operations.  As collections are realized or if new information becomes available, the allowance is adjusted as appropriate.  As of December 31, 2011 and 2010, accounts receivable for divested operations were significantly reserved.

(g)  Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at historical cost. Property and equipment held under capital lease are stated at the net present value of future minimum lease payments and their amortization is included in depreciation expense.  Major renewals or improvements are capitalized whereas ordinary maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows: buildings and improvements - five to forty years; leasehold improvements - the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the life of the lease; and equipment - three to twenty years.  We subject our long-lived assets to an impairment test if an indicator of potential impairment is present. (See Note 6 - "Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets.")

(h)  Intangible Assets

Consistent with GAAP, we do not amortize goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives. Consequently, we subject them at a minimum to annual impairment tests. Intangible assets with definite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. (See Note 6 - "Goodwill, Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets.")

(i) Insurance

We self-insure for certain insurable risks, including general and professional liabilities, workers' compensation liabilities and employee health insurance liabilities, through the use of self-insurance or retrospective and self-funded insurance policies and other hybrid policies, which vary by the states in which we operate. There is a risk that amounts funded to our self-insurance programs may not be sufficient to respond to all claims asserted under those programs. Provisions for estimated reserves, including incurred but not reported losses, are provided in the period of the related loss and then updated through the coverage period. These provisions are based on actuarial analyses, internal evaluations of the merits of individual claims, and industry loss development factors or lag analyses. The methods of making such estimates and establishing the resulting reserves are reviewed periodically and are based on historical paid claims information and nationwide nursing home trends. Any resulting adjustments are reflected in current earnings. Claims are paid over varying periods, and future payments may differ materially than the estimated reserves.  (See Note 8 - "Commitments and Contingencies.")

(j)  Stock-Based Compensation

We follow the fair value recognition provisions of GAAP, which requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the statement of operations based on their fair values.  (See Note 11 - "Capital Stock.")

(k)  Income Taxes

Pursuant to GAAP, an asset or liability is recognized for the deferred tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements.  These temporary differences would result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years when the reported amounts of the assets are recovered or liabilities are settled.  Deferred tax assets are also recognized for the future tax benefits from net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.  A valuation allowance is to be provided for the net deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized.

In evaluating the need to record or continue to reflect a valuation allowance, all items of positive evidence (e.g., future sources of taxable income and tax planning strategies) and negative evidence (e.g., history of taxable losses) are considered.  In determining future sources of taxable income, we use management-approved budgets and projections of future operating results for an appropriate number of future periods, taking into consideration our history of operating results, taxable income and losses, etc.  This future taxable income is then used, along with all other items of positive and negative evidence, to determine the amount of valuation allowance that is needed, and whether any amount of such allowance should be reversed.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous state and local jurisdictions.  Significant judgment is required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions and determining our provision for income taxes.  GAAP guidance for accounting for uncertainty in income tax positions contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions.  The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any.  The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement.  We reserve for our uncertain tax positions, and we adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate.  (See Note 9 - "Income Taxes.")

 
(l)  Net (Loss) Income Per Share

Basic net (loss) income per share is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.  The weighted average number of common shares for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 includes all the common shares that are presently outstanding and the common shares issued as common stock awards and exclude non-vested restricted stock.  (See Note 11 - "Capital Stock.")

The diluted calculation of income per common share includes the dilutive effect of warrants, stock options and non-vested restricted stock, using the treasury stock method (see Note 11 - "Capital Stock"). However, in periods of losses from continuing operations, diluted net income per common share is based upon the weighted average number of basic shares outstanding.

(m)  Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale

GAAP requires that long-lived assets to be disposed of be measured at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell, whether reported in continuing operations or in discontinued operations.  GAAP also requires the reporting of discontinued operations which includes all components of an entity with operations that can be distinguished from the rest of the entity and that will be eliminated from the ongoing operations of the entity in a disposal transaction. Depreciation is discontinued once an asset is classified as held for sale.  (See Note 7 - "Discontinued Operations and Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale.")

(n)  Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior period financial statements to conform to the 2011 financial statement presentation.  Specifically, we have reclassified the results of operations of material divestitures subsequent to December 31, 2010 (see Note 7 - "Discontinued Operations and Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale") for all periods presented to discontinued operations within the income statement, in accordance with GAAP.

(o)  Interest Rate Hedge Agreements

We manage interest expense using a mix of fixed and variable rate debt, and, to help manage borrowing costs, we may enter into interest rate swap agreements. Under these arrangements, we agree to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed and variable interest amounts calculated by reference to an agreed-upon notional principal amount.   We also may enter into interest rate cap agreements that effectively limit the maximum interest rate that we pay on an agreed to notional principal amount.  We use interest rate hedges to manage interest rate risk related to borrowings.  Our intent is to only enter into such arrangements that qualify for hedge accounting treatment in accordance with GAAP.  Accordingly, we designate all such arrangements as cash-flow hedges and perform initial and quarterly effectiveness testing using the hypothetical derivative method.  To the extent that such arrangements are effective hedges, changes in fair value are recognized through other comprehensive income.  Ineffectiveness, if any, would be recognized in earnings.  (See Note 3 - "Long-Term Debt, Capital Lease Obligations and Hedging Arrangements.")

(p)  Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The Emerging Issues Task Force of the FASB issued an Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") in August 2010 regarding the balance sheet presentation of medical malpractice claims and similar contingent liabilities and related insurance recoveries.  The updated guidance requires the insurance recovery receivable to be presented as a gross asset instead of netting it against the related liability.  The updated presentation was effective for us on January 1, 2011, is reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet and has resulted in the reclassification of anticipated insurance recoverables to assets as of January 1, 2011 of $2.1 million and $28.1 million for general and professional liabilities and workers' compensation liabilities, respectively.  There was no impact on our accumulated deficit due to adoption of this new standard.  See the Insurance portion of Note 8 - "Commitments and Contingencies" for additional information.

In June 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-05, Presentation of Comprehensive Income ("ASU No. 2011-05"), which revises the manner in which companies present comprehensive income in their financial statements. The new guidance removes the current option to report other comprehensive income and its components in the statement of changes in equity and instead requires presenting in one continuous statement of comprehensive income or two separate but consecutive statements. The adoption of ASU 2011-05 becomes effective for our interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2012.  We do not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as it only requires a change in the format of presentation.

In September 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-08, Testing Goodwill for Impairment ("ASU No. 2011-08"), giving companies the option of performing a qualitative assessment before calculating the fair value of the reporting unit when testing goodwill for impairment. If the fair value of the reporting unit is determined, based on qualitative factors, to be more likely than not less than the carrying amount of the reporting unit, then companies are required to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test.  ASU 2011-08 will be effective for our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2012.  We do not believe the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as it only provides an additional option to our testing methodology but should not otherwise modify its outcome.