Commitments and contingencies

Leases -The Company is obligated under various operating lease agreements for office and production space. Certain agreements contain escalation clauses and requirements that the Company pay taxes, insurance and maintenance costs. Company leases that include escalated lease payments are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease period.

Lease agreements for production space in most overseas facilities, which expire through 2030, contain provisions pursuant to which the Company may cancel the leases subject to a notice period, and generally subject to forfeiture of the security deposit. Rent expense, principally for office and production space totaled approximately $2.7 million, $2.8 million and $3.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable leases, by year and in the aggregate, as of December 31, 2016 (in thousands) are as follows:

Years Ending December 31,
2017	$	646
2018		760
2019		784
2020		687
2021		345
Thereafter		380
Total minimum lease payments	$	3,602

Litigation - In 2008, the Supreme Court of the Republic of the Philippines refused to review a decision of the Court of Appeals in Manila against a Philippines subsidiary of the Company that is inactive and has no material assets, and purportedly also against Innodata Inc., that orders the reinstatement of certain former employees of the subsidiary to their former positions and also orders the payment of back wages and benefits that aggregate approximately $8.0 million. Based on consultation with legal counsel, the Company believes that financial recovery against the Company is unlikely.

The Company is also subject to various legal proceedings and claims which arise in the ordinary course of business.

While management currently believes that the ultimate outcome of these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or overall trends in consolidated results of operations, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties. Substantial recovery against the Company in the above-referenced Philippines action could have a material adverse impact on the Company, and unfavorable rulings or recoveries in the other proceedings could have a material adverse impact on the operating results of the period in which the ruling or recovery occurs. In addition, the Company’s estimate of potential impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or overall consolidated results of operations for the above legal proceedings could change in the future.

The Company’s legal reserves related to legal proceedings and claims are based on a determination of whether or not a loss is probable. The Company reviews outstanding proceedings and claims with external counsel to assess probability and estimates of loss. The reserves are adjusted if necessary. While the Company intends to defend these matters vigorously, adverse outcomes that it estimates could reach approximately $100,000 in the aggregate beyond recorded amounts are reasonably possible. If circumstances change, the Company may be required to record adjustments that could be material to its reported consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

Foreign Currency - To the extent that the currencies of the Company’s production facilities located in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka and Israel fluctuate, the Company is subject to risks of changing costs of production after pricing is established for certain client projects. In addition, the Company is exposed to the risk on foreign currency fluctuation on the non-U.S. dollar denominated revenues, and on the monetary assets and liabilities held by its foreign subsidiaries that are denominated in local currency.

Indemnifications - The Company is obligated under certain circumstances to indemnify directors, certain officers and employees against costs and liabilities incurred in actions or threatened actions brought against such individuals because such individuals acted in the capacity of director and/or officer or fiduciary of the Company. In addition, the Company has contracts with certain clients pursuant to whom the Company has agreed to indemnify the client for certain specified and limited claims. These indemnification obligations occur in the ordinary course of business and, in many cases, do not include a limit on potential maximum future payments. As of December 31, 2016, the Company has not recorded a liability for any obligations arising as a result of these indemnifications.

Liens - In connection with the procurement of tax incentives at one of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries, the foreign zoning authority was granted a first lien on the subsidiary’s property and equipment. As of December 31, 2016, the net book value of the property and equipment was $0.5 million.