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Note 6 - Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

NOTE 6 Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table presents total loans outstanding, by portfolio segment, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	*December 31,*		*December 31,*
(dollars in thousands)	*2024*		*2023*
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	666,727	$	562,180
Commercial real estate
Construction, land and development		294,677		124,034
Multifamily		363,123		245,103
Non-owner occupied		967,025		569,354
Owner occupied		371,418		271,623
Total commercial real estate		1,996,243		1,210,114
Agricultural
Land		61,299		40,832
Production		63,008		36,141
Total agricultural		124,307		76,973
Total commercial		2,787,277		1,849,267
Consumer
Residential real estate
First lien		921,019		697,900
Construction		33,547		28,979
HELOC		162,509		118,315
Junior lien		44,060		35,819
Total residential real estate		1,161,135		881,013
Other consumer		44,122		29,303
Total consumer		1,205,257		910,316
Total loans	$	3,992,534	$	2,759,583

Total loans include net deferred loan fees and costs of $1.1 million and $0.2 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Unearned discounts associated with bank acquisitions totaled $70.6 million and $5.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Accrued interest receivable on loans is recorded within accrued interest receivable, and totaled $16.4 million at December 31, 2024 and $12.2 million at December 31, 2023.

The Company manages its loan portfolio proactively to effectively identify problem credits and assess trends early, implement effective work-out strategies, and take charge-offs as promptly as practical. In addition, the Company continuously reassesses its underwriting standards in response to credit risk posed by changes in economic conditions. The Company monitors and manages credit risk through the following governance structure:

●

The Credit Risk team, Collection and Special Assets team and the Credit Governance Committee, which is an internal management committee comprised of various executives and senior managers across business lines, including Accounting and Finance, Credit Underwriting, Collections and Special Assets, Risk, and Commercial and Retail Banking, oversee the Company’s systems and procedures to monitor the credit quality of its loan portfolio, conduct a loan review program, and maintain the integrity of the loan rating system.

●

The Loan Committee is responsible for reviewing and approving all credit requests that exceed individual limits that have not been countersigned by an individual with sufficient assigned authority. This committee has full authority to commit the Bank to any request that fits within its assigned approval authority.

●

The adequacy of the ACL is overseen by the ACL Governance Committee, which is an internal management committee comprised of various Company executives and senior managers across business lines, including Accounting and Finance, Credit Underwriting, Collections and Special Assets, Risk, and Commercial and Retail Banking. The ACL Governance Committee supports the oversight efforts of the Bank’s Board of Directors.

●

The Bank’s Board of Directors has approval authority and responsibility for all matters regarding loan policy, reviews all loans approved or declined by the Loan Committee, approves lending authority and monitors asset quality and concentration levels.

●

The ACL Governance Committee and Bank Board of Directors has approval authority and oversight responsibility for the ACL adequacy and methodology.

Loans with a carrying value of $2.9 billion and $1.6 billion were pledged at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, to secure FHLB borrowings, public deposits, and for other purposes required or permitted by law.

Segmentation

For purposes of determining the ACL on loans, the Company disaggregates its loans into portfolio segments. Each portfolio segment possesses unique risk characteristics that are considered when determining the appropriate level of allowance. As of December 31, 2024, the Company's loan portfolio segments, as determined based on the unique risk characteristics of each, included the following:

Commercial & Industrial: Commercial loans consist of revolving and term loan obligations extended to business and corporate enterprises for the purpose of financing working capital and/or capital investment. Collateral generally consists of pledges of business assets including, but not limited to, accounts receivable, inventory, plant and equipment, and/or real estate, if applicable. Commercial loans are primarily paid by the operating cash flow of the borrower. Commercial loans may be secured or unsecured.

Commercial Real Estate – Construction, Land & Development: Construction, Land & Development commercial estate loans primarily consists of loans to CRE construction projects until they are completed. The construction projects are for real property that may include, but are not limited to multifamily residential, commercial/retail office space, industrial/warehouse space, hotels, assisted living facilities and other specific use properties. Construction, Land & Development CRE loans are typically written with interest only, variable rate, multi advance structures. Collateral values are determine based upon appraisals and evaluations in accordance with established policy guidelines. Maximum loan-to-value ratios at origination are governed by established policy and regulatory guidelines.

Commercial Real Estate – Multifamily: Multifamily commercial estate loans are investment properties in which the primary source for repayment of the loan by the borrower is derived from rental income associated with the property or the proceeds of the sale, refinancing, or permanent refinancing of the property. Multifamily CRE loans consist of mortgage loans to finance investments in real property including multifamily residential properties, CRE loans are typically written with amortizing payment structures. Collateral values are determined based upon appraisals and evaluations in accordance with established policy guidelines. Maximum loan-to-value ratios at origination are governed by established policy and regulatory guidelines.

Commercial Real Estate – Non-Owner Occupied: Non-owner occupied commercial estate loans are investment properties in which the primary source for repayment of the loan by the borrower is derived from rental income associated with the property or the proceeds of the sale, refinancing, or permanent refinancing of the property. Non owner occupied CRE loans consist of mortgage loans to finance investments in real property that may include, but are not limited to, commercial/retail office space, industrial/warehouse space, hotels, assisted living facilities and other specific use properties. CRE loans are typically written with amortizing payment structures. Collateral values are determined based upon appraisals and evaluations in accordance with established policy guidelines. Maximum loan to value ratios at origination are governed by established policy and regulatory guidelines.

Commercial Real Estate – Owner Occupied: Generally, owner occupied CRE loans are properties that are owned and operated by the borrower, and the primary source for repayment is the cash flow from the ongoing operations and activities conducted by the borrower's business. Owner occupied CRE loans consist of mortgage loans to finance investments in real property that may include, but are not limited to, commercial/retail office space, restaurants, educational and medical practice facilities and other specific use properties. CRE loans are typically written with amortizing payment structures. Collateral values are determined based upon appraisals and evaluations in accordance with established policy guidelines. Maximum loan to value ratios at origination are governed by established policy and regulatory guidelines.

Agricultural – Land: Agricultural loans include loans secured by farmland. Farmland includes purposes such as crop and livestock production. Farmland loans are typically written with amortizing payment structures. Collateral values for farmland are determined based upon appraisals and evaluations in accordance with established policy guidelines and maximum loan-to-value ratios at origination are governed by established policy and regulatory guidelines.

Agricultural – Production: Agricultural loans include loans for agricultural production. Agricultural production loans are for the purpose of financing working capital and/or capital investment for agriculture production activities. Collateral generally consists of pledges of business assets including, but not limited to, accounts receivable, inventory, plant and equipment, and/or real estate in applicable. Agricultural production loans are primarily paid by the operating cash flow of the borrower. Agricultural production loans may be secured or unsecured.

Residential – 1st Lien: Residential real estate loans held in the Company's loan portfolio are made to borrowers who demonstrate the ability to make scheduled payments with full consideration to underwriting factors. Borrower qualifications include favorable credit history combined with supportive income requirements and combined loan to value ratios within established policy guidelines. Collateral consists of senior mortgage liens on one to four family residences, including for investment purposes.

Residential – Construction: Residential real estate construction loans held in the Company's loan portfolio are made to borrowers who demonstrate the ability to make scheduled payments with full consideration to underwriting factors. Borrower qualifications include favorable credit history combined with supportive income requirements and combined loan-to-value ratios within established policy guidelines. Residential real estate construction loans are typically written with interest only, variable rate, multi advance structures. Collateral consists of residential construction projects for one to four family residences, including for investment purposes.

HELOC: Home equity lines of credit are made to qualified individuals and are secured by senior or junior mortgage liens on owner occupied one to four family homes, condominiums, or vacation homes. Home equity lines of credit have a variable rate and are billed as interest only payments during the draw period. At the end of the draw period, the home equity line of credit is billed as a percentage of the principal balance plus all accrued interest. Borrower qualifications include favorable credit history combined with supportive income requirements and combined loan-to-value ratios within established policy guidelines.

Residential – Junior Lien: Residential real estate loans held in the Company's loan portfolio are made to borrowers who demonstrate the ability to make scheduled payments with full consideration to underwriting factors. Borrower qualifications include favorable credit history combined with supportive income requirements and combined loan to value ratios within established policy guidelines. Collateral consists of junior mortgage liens on one to four family residences, including for investment purposes.

Consumer: Consumer loan products including personal lines of credit and amortizing loans made to qualified individuals for various purposes such as education, auto loans, debt consolidation, personal expenses or overdraft protection. Borrower qualifications include favorable credit history combined with supportive income and collateral requirements within established policy guidelines, as applicable. Consumer loans may be secured or unsecured.

ACL on Loans

The following tables present, by loan portfolio segment, a summary of the changes in the ACL for the three years ending December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022:

	Year ended December 31, 2024
	Beginning		ACL on PCD		Provision for			Loan			Loan		Ending
(dollars in thousands)	Balance		Acquired Loans		Credit Losses⁽¹⁾			Charge-offs			Recoveries		Balance
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	9,705	$	92	$	1,598		$	(3,727	)	$	502	$	8,170
Commercial real estate
Construction, land and development		6,135		1,595		8,547			—			—		16,277
Multifamily		1,776		1,154		1,786			—			—		4,716
Non-owner occupied		7,726		5,682		3,105			—			—		16,513
Owner occupied		2,449		705		263			(237	)		46		3,226
Total commercial real estate		18,086		9,136		13,701			(237	)		46		40,732
Agricultural
Land		96		229		252			—			20		597
Production		84		386		180			(26	)		7		631
Total agricultural		180		615		432			(26	)		27		1,228
Total commercial		27,971		9,843		15,731			(3,990	)		575		50,130
Consumer
Residential real estate
First lien		6,087		219		615			—			—		6,921
Construction		485		34		(162	)		—			—		357
HELOC		835		23		500			(19	)		—		1,339
Junior lien		264		19		1,023			(638	)		74		742
Total residential real estate		7,671		295		1,976			(657	)		74		9,359
Other consumer		201		13		382			(186	)		30		440
Total consumer		7,872		308		2,358			(843	)		104		9,799
Total	$	35,843	$	10,151	$	18,089		$	(4,833	)	$	679	$	59,929

⁽¹⁾	The difference in the credit loss expense reported herein compared to the consolidated statements of income is associated with the credit loss expense of ($81) thousand related to off-balance sheet credit exposure and $133 thousand related to investment securities held-to-maturity.

	*Year ended December 31, 2023*
	*Beginning*		*Adoption*			*Provision for*			*Loan*			*Loan*		*Ending*
(dollars in thousands)	*Balance*		*of ASC 326*			Credit Losses⁽¹⁾			*Charge-offs*			*Recoveries*		*Balance*
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	8,690	$	(535	)	$	827		$	(436	)	$	1,159	$	9,705
Commercial real estate
Construction, land and development		1,458		2,551			1,875			—			251		6,135
Multifamily		1,062		(162	)		876			—			—		1,776
Non-owner occupied		7,543		1,344			(1,161	)		—			—		7,726
Owner occupied		4,188		(1,324	)		(459	)		—			44		2,449
Total commercial real estate		14,251		2,409			1,131			—			295		18,086
Agricultural
Land		281		(86	)		(100	)		—			1		96
Production		250		(76	)		(90	)		—			—		84
Total agricultural		531		(162	)		(190	)		—			1		180
Total commercial		23,472		1,712			1,768			(436	)		1,455		27,971
Consumer
Residential real estate
First lien		5,495		1,800			(1,201	)		(9	)		2		6,087
Construction		345		468			(328	)		—			—		485
HELOC		951		59			(214	)		(40	)		79		835
Junior lien		352		(85	)		24			(77	)		50		264
Total residential real estate		7,143		2,242			(1,719	)		(126	)		131		7,671
Other consumer		531		(97	)		(274	)		(51	)		92		201
Total consumer		7,674		2,145			(1,993	)		(177	)		223		7,872
Total	$	31,146	$	3,857		$	(225	)	$	(613	)	$	1,678	$	35,843

⁽¹⁾	The difference in the credit loss expense reported herein compared to the consolidated statements of income is associated with the credit loss expense of $2.2 million related to off-balance sheet credit exposure and $40 thousand related to investment securities held-to-maturity.

	*Year ended December 31, 2022*
	*Beginning*		*Provision for*			*Loan*			*Loan*		*Ending*
	*Balance*		*Loan Losses*			*Charge-offs*			*Recoveries*		*Balance*
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	9,218	$	950		$	(1,396	)	$	461	$	9,233
Real estate construction		810		551			—			76		1,437
Commercial real estate		12,778		(151	)		—			134		12,761
Total commercial		22,806		1,350			(1,396	)		671		23,431
Consumer
Residential real estate first mortgage		6,874		(1,017	)		—			—		5,857
Residential real estate junior lien		1,380		(344	)		—			282		1,318
Other revolving and installment		512		11			(153	)		170		540
Total consumer		8,766		(1,350	)		(153	)		452		7,715
Total	$	31,572	$	—		$	(1,549	)	$	1,123	$	31,146

The ACL on loans at December 31, 2024, was $59.9 million, an increase of $24.1 million, or 67.2%, since December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to the acquisition of HMNF, which resulted in an additional ACL on PCD acquired loans of $10.2 million and a day one provision for credit losses on non-PCD acquired loans of $7.3 million. In the second quarter of 2024, the Company completed a periodic assessment of significant model inputs and assumptions within its discounted cash flow analysis used for estimating the ACL on loans. Refreshed assumptions were incorporated and did not result in any material changes to the methodology. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the significant model inputs and assumptions used within the discounted cash flow model for purposes of estimating the ACL on loans were:

Macroeconomic (loss) drivers: As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the following loss drivers for each loan segment were used to calculate the expected PD over the forecast and reversion period:

	●	Commercial & Industrial – National Unemployment; Change in National GDP
	●	CRE – Construction, Land & Development – National Unemployment; Change in National GDP
	●	CRE – Multifamily – National Unemployment; Change in National GDP
	●	CRE – Non-Owner Occupied – National Unemployment; Change in National GDP
	●	CRE – Owner Occupied – National Unemployment; Change in National GDP
	●	Agricultural Land – (None)
	●	Agricultural Production – (None)
	●	Residential – 1^st Lien – National Unemployment; Change in National Home Price Index (“HPI”)
	●	Residential – Construction – National Unemployment; Change in National HPI
	●	Residential – HELOC – National Unemployment; Change in National HPI
	●	Residential – Junior Lien – National Unemployment; Change in National HPI
	●	Consumer – National Unemployment; Change in National GDP
	●	Paycheck Protection Program – (None)

Credit Concentrations

The Company focuses on maintaining a well-balanced and diversified loan portfolio. Despite such efforts, it is recognized that credit concentrations may occasionally emerge as a result of economic conditions, changes in local demand, natural loan growth and runoff. To identify credit concentrations effectively, all C&I and owner occupied real estate loans are assigned Standard Industrial Classification codes, North American Industry Classification System codes, and state and county codes. Property type coding is used for investment real estate. There were no other industry concentrations exceeding 10% of the Company's total loan portfolio as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company’s consumer loan portfolio is primarily comprised of secured loans that are evaluated at origination on a centralized basis against standardized underwriting criteria. The Company generally does not risk rate consumer loans unless a default event such as bankruptcy or extended nonperformance takes place. Credit quality for the consumer loan portfolio is measured by delinquency rates, nonaccrual amounts and actual losses incurred. These loans are rated as either performing or non-performing.

The Company assigns a risk rating to all commercial loans, except pools of homogeneous loans, and performs detailed internal and external reviews of risk rated loans over a certain threshold to identify credit risks and to assess the overall collectability of the portfolio. These risk ratings are also subject to examination by the Company’s regulators. During the internal reviews, management monitors and analyzes the financial condition of borrowers and guarantors, trends in the industries in which the borrowers operate, completes stress testing of economic factors and evaluates the estimated fair values of collateral securing the loans. These credit quality indicators are used to assign a risk rating to each individual loan.

The Company’s ratings are aligned to pass and criticized categories. The criticized category includes special mention, substandard, and doubtful risk ratings. The risk ratings are defined as follows:

●

Pass: A pass loan is a credit with no existing or known potential weaknesses deserving of management’s close attention.

●

Special Mention: Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, this potential weakness may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the Company’s credit position at some future date. Special mention loans are not adversely classified and do not expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.

●

Substandard: Loans classified as substandard are not adequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as substandard have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the repayment of the debt. Well-defined weaknesses include a borrower’s lack of marketability, inadequate cash flow or collateral support, failure to complete construction on time, or the failure to fulfill economic expectations. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

●

Doubtful: Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or repayment in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

●

Loss: Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectible and charged off immediately.

The following table sets forth the amortized cost basis of loans by credit quality indicator and vintage based on the most recent analysis performed, as of December 31, 2024:

													*Revolving*
(dollars in thousands)	*Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year*												*Loans Amortized*
As of December 31, 2024	*2024*		*2023*		*2022*		*2021*		*2020*		*Prior*		*Cost Basis*		*Total*
Commercial and industrial
Pass	$	209,001	$	141,028	$	61,254	$	34,645	$	38,342	$	36,136	$	111,194	$	631,600
Special mention		1,367		495		3,286		2,239		5,575		1		1,651		14,614
Substandard		—		12,663		220		780		3,154		2,447		1,198		20,462
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		51		—		51
Subtotal	$	210,368	$	154,186	$	64,760	$	37,664	$	47,071	$	38,635	$	114,043	$	666,727
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	218	$	2	$	397	$	2,768	$	342	$	—	$	3,727
CRE − Construction, land and development
Pass	$	97,244	$	112,845	$	40,890	$	1,560	$	517	$	1,187	$	2,801	$	257,044
Special mention		—		—		172		—		—		—		—		172
Substandard		5,406		—		31,585		—		—		170		300		37,461
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	102,650	$	112,845	$	72,647	$	1,560	$	517	$	1,357	$	3,101	$	294,677
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
CRE − Multifamily
Pass	$	35,112	$	62,982	$	138,698	$	33,782	$	33,157	$	32,204	$	—	$	335,935
Special mention		—		—		7,644		272		1,241		—		—		9,157
Substandard		—		—		—		—		17,732		299		—		18,031
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	35,112	$	62,982	$	146,342	$	34,054	$	52,130	$	32,503	$	—	$	363,123
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
CRE − Non-owner occupied
Pass	$	189,068	$	149,368	$	223,349	$	98,309	$	71,432	$	188,617	$	1,709	$	921,852
Special mention		—		—		1,694		8,603		—		4,148		4,195		18,640
Substandard		—		—		—		7,767		6,347		12,419		—		26,533
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	189,068	$	149,368	$	225,043	$	114,679	$	77,779	$	205,184	$	5,904	$	967,025
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
CRE − Owner occupied
Pass	$	63,721	$	41,918	$	60,788	$	44,957	$	38,941	$	91,804	$	1,652	$	343,781
Special mention		451		—		—		937		2,981		2,735		—		7,104
Substandard		—		311		3,023		2,694		—		13,538		967		20,533
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	64,172	$	42,229	$	63,811	$	48,588	$	41,922	$	108,077	$	2,619	$	371,418
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	12	$	97	$	—	$	—	$	128	$	—	$	237
Agricultural − Land
Pass	$	10,496	$	8,864	$	14,369	$	5,840	$	5,103	$	8,473	$	120	$	53,265
Special mention		69		1,612		3,275		—		—		—		—		4,956
Substandard		—		303		2,166		—		609		—		—		3,078
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	10,565	$	10,779	$	19,810	$	5,840	$	5,712	$	8,473	$	120	$	61,299
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Agricultural − Production
Pass	$	10,445	$	6,440	$	4,356	$	724	$	1,121	$	582	$	34,527	$	58,195
Special mention		130		704		—		—		420		—		1,518		2,772
Substandard		—		—		1,987		—		—		54		—		2,041
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	10,575	$	7,144	$	6,343	$	724	$	1,541	$	636	$	36,045	$	63,008
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	26	$	—	$	26
Residential real estate − First lien
Performing	$	49,414	$	144,460	$	226,993	$	251,006	$	127,200	$	118,958	$	—	$	918,031
Nonperforming		—		576		—		744		12		1,656		—		2,988
Subtotal	$	49,414	$	145,036	$	226,993	$	251,750	$	127,212	$	120,614	$	—	$	921,019
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Residential real estate − Construction
Performing	$	19,229	$	6,449	$	1,900	$	1,289	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	28,867
Nonperforming		—		—		4,680		—		—		—		—		4,680
Subtotal	$	19,229	$	6,449	$	6,580	$	1,289	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	33,547
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Residential real estate − HELOC
Performing	$	3,290	$	5,558	$	6,217	$	1,622	$	939	$	2,717	$	140,707	$	161,050
Nonperforming		—		35		—		—		—		74		1,350		1,459
Subtotal	$	3,290	$	5,593	$	6,217	$	1,622	$	939	$	2,791	$	142,057	$	162,509
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	19	$	—	$	19
Residential real estate − Junior lien
Performing	$	7,762	$	11,557	$	9,553	$	4,990	$	2,760	$	4,178	$	50	$	40,850
Nonperforming		1,775		—		300		108		—		1,027		—		3,210
Subtotal	$	9,537	$	11,557	$	9,853	$	5,098	$	2,760	$	5,205	$	50	$	44,060
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	638	$	—	$	638
Other consumer
Performing	$	9,618	$	4,695	$	4,853	$	502	$	2,541	$	4,069	$	17,505	$	43,783
Nonperforming		—		11		272		—		7		49		—		339
Subtotal	$	9,618	$	4,706	$	5,125	$	502	$	2,548	$	4,118	$	17,505	$	44,122
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	8	$	3	$	150	$	4	$	21	$	—	$	186
Total loans	$	713,598	$	712,874	$	853,524	$	503,370	$	360,131	$	527,593	$	321,444	$	3,992,534
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	238	$	102	$	547	$	2,772	$	1,174	$	—	$	4,833

													Revolving
(dollars in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Loans Amortized
As of December 31, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Cost Basis		Total
Commercial and industrial
Pass	$	189,643	$	83,233	$	66,837	$	62,367	$	31,859	$	14,879	$	83,522	$	532,340
Special mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		464		4,844		236		6,328		94		2,513		15,361		29,840
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	190,107	$	88,077	$	67,073	$	68,695	$	31,953	$	17,392	$	98,883	$	562,180
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	39	$	—	$	49	$	11	$	247	$	90	$	—	$	436
CRE − Construction, land and development
Pass	$	29,902	$	57,944	$	14,326	$	122	$	—	$	952	$	121	$	103,367
Special mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		20,667		—		—		—		—		—		20,667
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	29,902	$	78,611	$	14,326	$	122	$	—	$	952	$	121	$	124,034
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
CRE − Multifamily
Pass	$	71,994	$	67,368	$	16,637	$	48,643	$	24,581	$	15,435	$	135	$	244,793
Special mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		310		—		310
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	71,994	$	67,368	$	16,637	$	48,643	$	24,581	$	15,745	$	135	$	245,103
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
CRE − Non-owner occupied
Pass	$	154,813	$	127,550	$	79,046	$	62,857	$	69,269	$	69,680	$	5,121	$	568,336
Special mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		875		143		—		1,018
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	154,813	$	127,550	$	79,046	$	62,857	$	70,144	$	69,823	$	5,121	$	569,354
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
CRE − Owner occupied
Pass	$	39,030	$	55,337	$	41,623	$	36,339	$	22,340	$	66,574	$	2,538	$	263,781
Special mention		—		—		—		—		—		262		—		262
Substandard		—		587		2,872		—		2,815		1,306		—		7,580
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	39,030	$	55,924	$	44,495	$	36,339	$	25,155	$	68,142	$	2,538	$	271,623
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Agricultural − Land
Pass	$	6,424	$	15,294	$	4,721	$	5,958	$	672	$	7,763	$	—	$	40,832
Special mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	6,424	$	15,294	$	4,721	$	5,958	$	672	$	7,763	$	—	$	40,832
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Agricultural − Production
Pass	$	7,890	$	5,858	$	854	$	1,904	$	2,744	$	174	$	16,717	$	36,141
Special mention		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	7,890	$	5,858	$	854	$	1,904	$	2,744	$	174	$	16,717	$	36,141
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Residential real estate − First lien
Performing	$	61,201	$	190,749	$	217,146	$	108,100	$	33,102	$	87,213	$	284	$	697,795
Nonperforming		—		—		—		—		—		105		—		105
Subtotal	$	61,201	$	190,749	$	217,146	$	108,100	$	33,102	$	87,318	$	284	$	697,900
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	9	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9
Residential real estate − Construction
Performing	$	10,978	$	16,428	$	1,573	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	28,979
Nonperforming		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	10,978	$	16,428	$	1,573	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	28,979
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Residential real estate − HELOC
Performing	$	7,470	$	6,835	$	789	$	1,184	$	308	$	1,341	$	100,388	$	118,315
Nonperforming		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	7,470	$	6,835	$	789	$	1,184	$	308	$	1,341	$	100,388	$	118,315
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	40	$	—	$	40
Residential real estate − Junior lien
Performing	$	10,938	$	8,820	$	5,157	$	3,673	$	1,461	$	3,939	$	50	$	34,038
Nonperforming		—		—		—		—		—		—		1,781		1,781
Subtotal	$	10,938	$	8,820	$	5,157	$	3,673	$	1,461	$	3,939	$	1,831	$	35,819
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	77	$	—	$	77
Other consumer
Performing	$	5,320	$	6,395	$	980	$	4,489	$	1,554	$	952	$	9,613	$	29,303
Nonperforming		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Subtotal	$	5,320	$	6,395	$	980	$	4,489	$	1,554	$	952	$	9,613	$	29,303
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	4	$	2	$	—	$	31	$	6	$	8	$	—	$	51
Total loans	$	596,067	$	667,909	$	452,797	$	341,964	$	191,674	$	273,541	$	235,631	$	2,759,583
Gross charge-offs for the year ended	$	43	$	2	$	58	$	42	$	253	$	215	$	—	$	613

Past Due and Nonaccrual Loans

The Company closely monitors the performance of its loan portfolio. A loan is placed on non-accrual when the financial condition of the borrower is deteriorating, payment in full of both principal and interest is not expected as scheduled or principal or interest has been in default for 90 days or more. Exceptions may be made if the asset is secured by collateral sufficient to satisfy both the principal and accrued interest in full and collection is reasonably assured. When one loan to a borrower is placed on non-accrual, all other loans to the borrower are re-evaluated to determine if they should also be placed on non-accrual. All previously accrued and unpaid interest is reversed at that time. A loan will return to accrual when collection of principal and interest is assured and the borrower has demonstrated timely payments of principal and interest for a reasonable period, generally at least six months.

The following tables present past due aging analysis of total loans outstanding, by portfolio segment, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

	*December 31, 2024*
							*90 Days*
	*Accruing*		*30 - 59 Days*		*60 - 89 Days*		*or More*				*Total*
(dollars in thousands)	*Current*		*Past Due*		*Past Due*		*Past Due*		*Nonaccrual*		*Loans*
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	654,073	$	903	$	133	$	8,400	$	3,218	$	666,727
Commercial real estate
Construction, land and development		264,633		—		—		—		30,044		294,677
Multifamily		363,123		—		—		—		—		363,123
Non-owner occupied		961,808		—		—		—		5,217		967,025
Owner occupied		369,176		225		—		—		2,017		371,418
Total commercial real estate		1,958,740		225		—		—		37,278		1,996,243
Agricultural
Land		60,690		—		—		—		609		61,299
Production		62,269		87		—		—		652		63,008
Total agricultural		122,959		87		—		—		1,261		124,307
Total commercial		2,735,772		1,215		133		8,400		41,757		2,787,277
Consumer
Residential real estate
First lien		915,167		2,104		707		53		2,988		921,019
Construction		28,867		—		—		—		4,680		33,547
HELOC		160,430		169		450		—		1,460		162,509
Junior lien		40,454		396		—		—		3,210		44,060
Total residential real estate		1,144,918		2,669		1,157		53		12,338		1,161,135
Other consumer		43,651		103		30		—		338		44,122
Total consumer		1,188,569		2,772		1,187		53		12,676		1,205,257
Total	$	3,924,341	$	3,987	$	1,320	$	8,453	$	54,433	$	3,992,534

	*December 31, 2023*
							*90 Days*
	*Accruing*		*30 - 59 Days*		*60 - 89 Days*		*or More*				*Total*
(dollars in thousands)	*Current*		*Past Due*		*Past Due*		*Past Due*		*Nonaccrual*		*Loans*
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	554,602	$	844	$	—	$	139	$	6,595	$	562,180
Commercial real estate
Construction, land and development		124,034		—		—		—		—		124,034
Multifamily		245,103		—		—		—		—		245,103
Non-owner occupied		569,267		87		—		—		—		569,354
Owner occupied		270,467		41		—		—		1,115		271,623
Total commercial real estate		1,208,871		128		—		—		1,115		1,210,114
Agricultural
Land		40,832		—		—		—		—		40,832
Production		36,061		80		—		—		—		36,141
Total agricultural		76,893		80		—		—		—		76,973
Total commercial		1,840,366		1,052		—		139		7,710		1,849,267
Consumer
Residential real estate
First lien		695,807		901		554		—		638		697,900
Construction		28,979		—		—		—		—		28,979
HELOC		117,540		597		—		—		178		118,315
Junior lien		35,680		69		—		—		70		35,819
Total residential real estate		878,006		1,567		554		—		886		881,013
Other consumer		29,086		170		47		—		—		29,303
Total consumer		907,092		1,737		601		—		886		910,316
Total	$	2,747,458	$	2,789	$	601	$	139	$	8,596	$	2,759,583

In calculating expected credit losses, the Company includes loans on nonaccrual status and loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing. The following table presents the amortized cost basis on nonaccrual status loans and loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	*As of December 31, 2024*
					*90 Days*
	*Nonaccrual*				*or More*
	*with no Allowance*				*Past Due*
(dollars in thousands)	*for Credit Losses*		*Nonaccrual*		*and Accruing*
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	2,952	$	3,218	$	8,400
Commercial real estate
Construction, land and development		24,638		30,044		—
Multifamily		—		—		—
Non-owner occupied		5,217		5,217		—
Owner occupied		1,706		2,017		—
Total commercial real estate		31,561		37,278		—
Agricultural
Land		609		609		—
Production		652		652		—
Total agricultural		1,261		1,261		—
Total commercial		35,774		41,757		8,400
Consumer
Residential real estate
First lien		2,614		2,988		53
Construction		4,680		4,680		—
HELOC		—		1,460		—
Junior lien		2,696		3,210		—
Total residential real estate		9,990		12,338		53
Other consumer		—		338		—
Total consumer		9,990		12,676		53
Total	$	45,764	$	54,433	$	8,453

	*December 31, 2023*
					*90 Days*
	*Nonaccrual*				*or More*
	*with no Allowance*				*Past Due*
(dollars in thousands)	*for Credit Losses*		*Nonaccrual*		*and Accruing*
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	79	$	6,595	$	139
Commercial real estate
Construction, land and development		—		—		—
Multifamily		—		—		—
Non-owner occupied		—		—		—
Owner occupied		95		1,115		—
Total commercial real estate		95		1,115		—
Agricultural
Land		—		—		—
Production		—		—		—
Total agricultural		—		—		—
Total commercial		174		7,710		139
Consumer
Residential real estate
First lien		632		638		—
Construction		—		—		—
HELOC		115		178		—
Junior lien		70		70		—
Total residential real estate		817		886		—
Other consumer		—		—		—
Total consumer		817		886		—
Total	$	991	$	8,596	$	139

Interest income that would have been recognized if loans on nonaccrual status had been current in accordance with their original terms for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 is estimated to have been $4.8 million, $0.5 million, and $0.2 million, respectively.

The Company’s policy is to reverse previously recorded interest income when a loan is placed on nonaccrual. As a result, the Company did not record any interest income on its nonaccrual loans for the years ended years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, total accrued interest receivable on loans, which had been excluded from reported amortized cost basis on loans; was $16.4 million and $12.2 million, respectively, and was reported within accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statements of condition. An allowance was not carried on the accrued interest receivable at either date.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral dependent loans, by the primary collateral type, which are individually evaluated to determine credit losses, and the related ACL allocated to these loans, as of December 31, 2024:

	*As of December 31, 2024*
	*Primary Type of Collateral*
									*Allowance for*
(dollars in thousands)	*Real estate*		*Equipment*		*Other*		*Total*		*Credit Losses*
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	2,885	$	275	$	—	$	3,160	$	4
Commercial real estate
Construction, land and development		30,044		—		—		30,044		4,984
Multifamily		—		—		—		—		—
Non-owner occupied		5,217		—		—		5,217		—
Owner occupied		1,936		—		—		1,936		9
Total commercial real estate		37,197		—		—		37,197		4,993
Agricultural
Land		609		—		—		609		—
Production		—		652		—		652		—
Total agricultural		609		652		—		1,261		—
Total commercial		40,691		927		—		41,618		4,997
Consumer
Residential real estate
First lien		2,514		—		—		2,514		7
Construction		4,680		—		—		4,680		—
HELOC		1,366		—		—		1,366		252
Junior lien		3,105		—		—		3,105		330
Total residential real estate		11,665		—		—		11,665		589
Other consumer		—		—		289		289		50
Total consumer		11,665		—		289		11,954		639
Total	$	52,356	$	927	$	289	$	53,572	$	5,636

	*As of December 31, 2023*
	*Primary Type of Collateral*
									*Allowance for*
(dollars in thousands)	*Real estate*		*Equipment*		*Other*		*Total*		*Credit Losses*
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	6,124	$	—	$	—	$	6,124	$	2,384
Commercial real estate
Construction, land and development		—		—		—		—		—
Multifamily		—				—		—		—
Non-owner occupied		—				—		—		—
Owner occupied		695				96		791		601
Total commercial real estate		695		—		96		791		601
Agricultural
Land		—		—		—		—		—
Production		—		—		—		—		—
Total agricultural		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial		6,819		—		96		6,915		2,985
Consumer
Residential real estate
First lien		638		—		—		638		3
Construction		—				—		—		—
HELOC		64		22		—		86		—
Junior lien		70		—		93		163		6
Total residential real estate		772		22		93		887		9
Other consumer		—		—		—		—		—
Total consumer		772		22		93		887		9
Total	$	7,591	$	22	$	189	$	7,802	$	2,994

Collateral dependent loans are loans for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially by the underlying collateral and there are no other available and reliable sources of repayment.

Loan Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company evaluates all loan modifications in accordance with ASU 2022-02. Under ASU 2022-02, a loan is evaluated to consider whether the loan, as modified, represents a new loan or is a continuation of an existing loan.

In cases where a borrower experiences financial difficulty, the Company may make certain concessions for which the terms of the loan are modified with the intention to minimize future losses and improve collectability. Loans experiencing financial difficulty can include modifications for an interest rate reduction below current market rates, a forgiveness of principal balance, an extension of the loan term, an-other than significant payment delay, or some combination of similar types of modifications.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans as of December 31, 2024, by class of type of modification, that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the year ended December 31, 2024. There were no loans that were modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the year ended December 31, 2023. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable as of December 31, 2024, is also presented below:

									Combination Term		Combination Term
	*Interest Rate*		*Principal*		*Term*		*Payment*		*Extension and*		*Extension and Interest*		*Total %*
(dollars in thousands)	*Reduction*		*Forgiveness*		*Extension*		*Delay*		*Principal Forgiveness*		*Rate Reduction*		*of Portfolio*
CRE − Construction, land and development	$	24,638	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,840		9.7	%

The following table presents the financial effect of the loan modifications presented above to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the year ended December 31, 2024:

Weighted Average

Interest Rate

Principal

Term Extension

(dollars in thousands)

Reduction

Forgiveness

(Years)

CRE − Construction, land and development

2.4

—

1.4

The Company closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts and relevant factors are considered while assessing the adequacy of the ACL. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no modified loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were past due or for which the borrower subsequently defaulted.