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Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2012
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Significant Accounting Policies
Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation The Consolidated Financial Statements include Libbey Inc. and its majority-owned subsidiaries (collectively, Libbey or the Company). Our fiscal year end is December 31st. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ materially from management’s estimates.
Consolidated Statements of Operations Net sales in our Consolidated Statements of Operations include revenue earned when products are shipped and title and risk of loss have passed to the customer. Revenue is recorded net of returns, discounts and incentives offered to customers. Cost of sales includes cost to manufacture and/or purchase products, warehouse, shipping and delivery costs and other costs.

Revenue Recognition Revenue is recognized when products are shipped and title and risk of loss have passed to the customer. Revenue is recorded net of returns, discounts and incentives offered to customers. We estimate returns, discounts and incentives at the time of sale based on the terms of the agreements, historical experience and forecasted sales. We continually evaluate the adequacy of these methods used to estimate returns, discounts and incentives.

Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original or remaining maturity of less than three months at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents are maintained with various financial institutions.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts We record trade receivables when revenue is recorded in accordance with our revenue recognition policy and relieve accounts receivable when payments are received from customers. The allowance for doubtful accounts is established through charges to the provision for bad debts. We regularly evaluate the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical trends in collections and write-offs, our judgment as to the probability of collecting accounts and our evaluation of business risk. This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires estimates that are susceptible to revision as more information becomes available. Accounts are determined to be uncollectible when the debt is deemed to be worthless or only recoverable in part and are written off at that time through a charge against the allowance.

Inventory Valuation Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. The last-in, first-out (LIFO) method is used for our U.S. glass inventories, which represented 30.6 percent and 31.3 percent of our total inventories in 2012 and 2011, respectively. The remaining inventories are valued using either the first-in, first-out (FIFO) or average cost method. For those inventories valued on the LIFO method, the excess of FIFO cost over LIFO, was $15.0 million and $15.7 million in 2012 and 2011, respectively. Cost includes the cost of materials, direct labor, in-bound freight and the applicable share of manufacturing overhead.

Purchased Intangible Assets and Goodwill Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification™ ("FASB ASC") Topic 350 - "Intangibles-Goodwill and other" ("FASB ASC 350") requires goodwill and purchased indefinite life intangible assets to be reviewed for impairment annually, or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Intangible assets with lives restricted by contractual, legal or other means will continue to be amortized over their useful lives. As of October 1st of each year, we update our separate impairment evaluations for both goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets. In 2012, 2011 and 2010, our October 1st assessment did not indicate any impairment of goodwill or indefinite life intangibles. There were also no indicators of impairment at December 31, 2012. For further disclosure on goodwill and intangibles, see note 4.

Software We account for software in accordance with FASB ASC 350. Software represents the costs of internally developed and purchased software packages for internal use. Capitalized costs include software packages, installation and/or internal labor costs. These costs generally are amortized over a five-year period.

Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally 3 to 14 years for equipment and furnishings and 10 to 40 years for buildings and improvements. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.
Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Measurement of an impairment loss for long-lived assets that we expect to hold and use is based on the fair value of the asset. Long-lived assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. In 2010, we wrote down decorating assets in our Shreveport, Louisiana facility as a result of our decision to outsource our U.S. decorating business and certain after-processing equipment within our Glass Operations segment. Due to the announcement of the closure of our Syracuse China manufacturing facility and our Mira Loma distribution center, we wrote down the values of certain assets to fair value in 2008 and recorded adjustments to these write-downs in 2010. See notes 5 and 7 for further disclosure.
Self-Insurance Reserves Self-Insurance reserves reflect the estimated liability for group health and workers' compensation claims not covered by third-party insurance. We accrue estimated losses based on actuarial models and assumptions as well as our historical loss experience. Workers' compensation accruals are recorded at the estimated ultimate payout amounts based on individual case estimates. In addition, we record estimates of incurred-but-not-reported losses based on actuarial models.
Pension and Nonpension Postretirement Benefits We account for pension and nonpension postretirement benefits in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 758 - "Compensation-Retirement Plans" ("FASB ASC 758"). FASB ASC 758 requires recognition of the over-funded or under-funded status of pension and other postretirement benefit plans on the balance sheet. Under FASB ASC 758, gains and losses, prior service costs and credits and any remaining prior transaction amounts that have not yet been recognized through net periodic benefit cost are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax effect where appropriate.

The U.S. pension plans cover most hourly U.S.-based employees (excluding new hires at Shreveport after 2008 and at Toledo after September 30, 2010) and those salaried U.S.-based employees hired before January 1, 2006. U.S. salaried employees are not eligible for additional company contribution credits after December 31, 2012. The non-U.S. pension plans cover the employees of our wholly-owned subsidiaries in the Netherlands and Mexico. For further discussion see note 9.

We also provide certain postretirement health care and life insurance benefits covering substantially all U.S. and Canadian salaried and non-union hourly employees hired before January 1, 2004 and a majority of our union hourly employees (excluding employees hired at Shreveport after 2008 and at Toledo after September 30, 2010). Effective January 1, 2013, the existing healthcare benefit for salaried retirees age 65 and older ceased. We now provide a Retiree Health Reimbursement Arrangement (RHRA) that supports salaried retirees in purchasing a Medicare plan that meets their needs. Also effective January 1, 2013, we reduced the maximum life insurance benefit for salaried retirees to $10,000. Employees are generally eligible for benefits upon reaching a certain age and completion of a specified number of years of creditable service. Benefits for most hourly retirees are determined by collective bargaining. Under a cross-indemnity agreement, Owens-Illinois, Inc. assumed liability for the nonpension postretirement benefit of our retirees who had retired as of June 24, 1993. Therefore, the benefits related to these retirees are not included in our liability. For further discussion see note 10.
Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and tax attribute carry-forwards. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. FASB ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes,” requires that a valuation allowance be recorded when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined separately for each tax jurisdiction in which we conduct our operations or otherwise incur taxable income or losses. In the United States, Portugal and the Netherlands, we have recorded valuation allowances against our deferred income tax assets. For further discussion see note 8.
Derivatives We account for derivatives in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815 "Derivatives and Hedging" ("FASB ASC 815"). We hold derivative financial instruments to hedge certain of our interest rate risks associated with long-term debt, commodity price risks associated with forecasted future natural gas requirements and foreign exchange rate risks associated with occasional transactions denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar. These derivatives (except for the foreign currency contracts) qualify for hedge accounting since the hedges are highly effective, and we have designated and documented contemporaneously the hedging relationships involving these derivative instruments. While we intend to continue to meet the conditions for hedge accounting, if hedges do not qualify as highly effective or if we do not believe that forecasted transactions would occur, the changes in the fair value of the derivatives used as hedges would be reflected in earnings. Cash flows from fair value hedges of debt and short-term forward exchange contracts are classified as an operating activity. Cash flows of currency swaps, interest rate swaps, and commodity futures contracts are classified as operating activities. See additional discussion at note 13.
Foreign Currency Translation Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries that operate in a local currency environment, where that local currency is the functional currency, are translated to U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, with the resulting translation adjustments directly recorded to a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Income and expense accounts are translated at average exchange rates during the year. The effect of exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency is recorded in other income (expense). Gain (loss)on currency translation was $(0.8) million, $(0.3) million and $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense We account for stock-based compensation expense in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, “Compensation — Stock Compensation,” ("FASB ASC 718") and FASB ASC Topic 505-50, “Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees”("FASB ASC 505-50"). Stock-based compensation cost is measured based on the fair value of the equity instruments issued. FASB ASC Topics 718 and 505-50 apply to all of our outstanding unvested stock-based payment awards. Stock-based compensation expense charged to the Consolidated Statement of Operations was a pre-tax charge of $3.3 million, $5.0 million and $3.5 million for 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Non-cash compensation charges of $1.7 million related to accelerated vesting of previously issued equity compensation was included in 2011. See note 12 for additional information.
Research and Development Research and development costs are charged to selling, general and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations when incurred. Expenses for 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively, were $2.9 million, $3.1 million and $2.6 million.
Advertising Costs We expense all advertising costs as incurred, and the amounts were immaterial for all periods presented.
Computation of Income Per Share of Common Stock Basic net income per share of common stock is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share of common stock is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding and dilutive potential common share equivalents during the period.
Treasury Stock Treasury stock purchases are recorded at cost. During 2012, 2011 and 2010, we did not purchase any treasury stock. There were no treasury stock issuances during 2012 and 2011. During 2010, we issued 2,599,769 shares from treasury stock at an average cost of $27.04, and the shares were primarily attributable to the exercise of warrants related to our refinancing activities in 2010. See note 6 for further information.
Reclassifications Certain amounts in prior years' financial statements, including deferred tax assets and liabilities, have been reclassified to conform to the presentation used in the year ended December 31, 2012.
New Accounting Standards
In May 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2011-04, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRSs” (ASU 2011-04). ASU 2011-04 explains how to measure fair value and improves the comparability of fair value measurements presented and disclosed in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP and IFRS. ASU 2011-04 does not require additional fair value measurements, and it is not intended to establish valuation standards or affect valuation practices outside of financial reporting. The provisions of this update are effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2011. The provisions of this update did not have any impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In June 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2011-05, “Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Presentation of Comprehensive Income” (ASU 2011-05). This ASU requires companies to present items of net income, items of other comprehensive income and total comprehensive income in one continuous statement or two separate but consecutive statements. This guidance is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2011 with early adoption permitted. In December 2011, ASU 2011-05 was modified by the issuance of Accounting Standards Update 2011-12, “Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Deferral of the Effective Date for Amendments to the Presentation of Reclassifications of Items Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-05” (ASU 2011-12) which defers certain paragraphs of ASU 2011-05 that would require reclassifications of items from other comprehensive income to net income by component of net income and by component of other comprehensive income. We have made all of the required disclosures within our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In July 2012, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2012-02, “Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets for Impairment” (ASU 2012-02). ASU 2012-02 allows for an option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its carrying amount. If the qualitative factors result in the fair value exceeding the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset, then the fair value does not need to be calculated. This update is effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after September 15, 2012, with early adoption permitted. The provisions of this update did not have any impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In February 2013, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2013-02, “Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” (ASU 2013-02), which amends Topic 220 Comprehensive Income. ASU 2013-02 requires companies to present, either in a note or parenthetically on the face of the financial statements, the effect of amounts reclassified from each component of accumulated other comprehensive income based on its source and the income statement line items affected by the reclassification. This update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2012. We will include the additional disclosures in our Consolidated Financial Statements beginning on January 1, 2013.