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Stock-based Compensation
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2012
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]  
Stock-based Compensation

15.       Stock-based Compensation

 

 

Our Omnibus Share Plan (the “Plan”), which was approved in May 2010, provides the Compensation Committee of the Board (the “Committee”) the ability to grant incentive and non-qualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted Operating Partnership units and out-performance plan rewards to certain of our employees and officers. Under the Plan, awards may be granted up to a maximum of 6,000,000 shares, if all awards granted are Full Value Awards, as defined, and up to 12,000,000 shares, if all of the awards granted are Not Full Value Awards, as defined, plus shares in respect of awards forfeited after May 2010 that were issued pursuant to our 2002 Omnibus Share Plan. Full Value Awards are awards of securities, such as restricted shares, that, if all vesting requirements are met, do not require the payment of an exercise price or strike price to acquire the securities. Not Full Value Awards are awards of securities, such as options, that do require the payment of an exercise price or strike price. This means, for example, if the Committee were to award only restricted shares, it could award up to 6,000,000 restricted shares. On the other hand, if the Committee were to award only stock options, it could award options to purchase up to 12,000,000 shares (at the applicable exercise price). The Committee may also issue any combination of awards under the Plan, with reductions in availability of future awards made in accordance with the above limitations. As of December 31, 2012, we have approximately 5,136,000 shares available for future grants under the Plan, if all awards granted are Full Value Awards, as defined.

 

On March 30, 2012, the Committee approved the 2012 formulaic annual incentive program for our senior executive management team.  Under the program, our senior executive management team, including our Chairman and our President and Chief Executive Officer, will have the ability to earn annual incentive payments (cash or equity) if and only if we achieve comparable funds from operations (“Comparable FFO”) of at least 80% or more of the prior year Comparable FFO.  Moreover, even if we achieve the stipulated Comparable FFO performance requirement, the Committee retains the right, consistent with best practices, to elect to make no payments under the program.  Comparable FFO excludes the impact of certain non-recurring items such as income or loss from discontinued operations, the sale or mark-to-market of marketable securities or derivatives and early extinguishment of debt, restructuring costs and non-cash impairment losses, among others, and thus the Committee believes provides a better metric than total FFO for assessing management's performance for the year. Aggregate incentive awards earned under the program are subject to a cap of 1.25% of Comparable FFO for the year, with individual award allocations determined by the Committee based on an assessment of individual and overall performance.

 

In the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, we recognized an aggregate of $30,588,000, $28,853,000 and $34,614,000, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense, which is included as a component of “general and administrative expenses on our consolidated statements of income. The details of the various components of our stock-based compensation are discussed below.

 

 

Out-Performance Plans (“OPP Units”)

 

On March 30, 2012, the Committee also approved the 2012 Out-Performance Plan, a multi-year, performance-based equity compensation plan (the “2012 OPP”).  The aggregate notional amount of the 2012 OPP is $40,000,000. Under the 2012 OPP, participants, including our Chairman and our President and Chief Executive Officer, have the opportunity to earn compensation payable in the form of equity awards if and only if we outperform a predetermined total shareholder return (“TSR”) and/or outperform the market with respect to a relative TSR in any year during a three-year performance period.   Specifically, awards under our 2012 OPP may be earned if we (i) achieve a TSR above that of the SNL US REIT Index (the “Index”) over a one-year, two-year or three-year performance period (the “Relative Component”), and/or (ii) achieve a TSR level greater than 7% per annum, or 21% over the three-year performance period (the “Absolute Component”).  To the extent awards would be earned under the Absolute Component of the 2012 OPP but we underperform the Index, such awards would be reduced (and potentially fully negated) based on the degree to which we underperform the Index.  In certain circumstances, in the event we outperform the Index but awards would not otherwise be earned under the Absolute Component, awards may still be earned under the Relative Component. To the extent awards would otherwise be earned under the Relative Component but we fail to achieve at least a 6% per annum absolute TSR level, such awards would be reduced based on our absolute TSR performance, with no awards being earned in the event our TSR during the applicable measurement period is 0% or negative, irrespective of the degree to which we may outperform the Index.  If the designated performance objectives are achieved, OPP Units are also subject to time-based vesting requirements. Dividends on awards issued accrue during the performance period and are paid to participants if and only if awards are ultimately earned based on the achievement of the designated performance objectives. Awards earned under the 2012 OPP vest 33% in year three, 33% in year four and 34% in year five. The fair value of the 2012 OPP on the date of grant, as adjusted for estimated forfeitures, was $12,250,000, and is being amortized into expense over a five-year period from the date of grant, using a graded vesting attribution model.

 

In the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, we recognized $2,826,000, $740,000 and $5,062,000, respectively, of compensation expense related to OPP Units. As of December 31, 2012, there was $9,435,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to OPP Units, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years. Distributions paid on unvested OPP Units are charged to “net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership” on our consolidated statements of income and amounted to $8,000, $32,000 and $815,000 in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.

15.       Stock-based Compensation - continued

 

 

Stock Options       

 

Stock options are granted at an exercise price equal to the average of the high and low market price of our common shares on the NYSE on the date of grant, generally vest over four years and expire 10 years from the date of grant. Compensation expense related to stock option awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. In the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, we recognized $8,638,000, $8,794,000 and $7,916,000, respectively, of compensation expense related to stock options that vested during each year. As of December 31, 2012, there was $12,300,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years.

         Weighted-     
     Weighted-  Average     
     Average  Remaining Aggregate  
     Exercise   Contractual Intrinsic   
   Shares Price  Term Value  
 Outstanding at January 1, 2012 4,514,341 $60.96        
 Granted 47,720  82.86        
 Exercised (1,120,193)  42.34        
 Cancelled or expired (81,796)  74.39        
 Outstanding at December 31, 2012 3,360,072 $67.16  6.1 $ 56,414,000  
 Options vested and expected to vest at             
  December 31, 2012 3,353,953 $67.16  6.1 $ 56,313,000  
 Options exercisable at December 31, 2012 1,970,247 $68.02  5.4 $ 32,914,000  

The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using an option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions for grants in the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010.

  December 31,  
  2012 2011 2010  
 Expected volatility 36.00%  35.00%  35.00%  
 Expected life 5.0years  7.1years  7.9years  
 Risk free interest rate 1.05%  2.90%  3.60%  
 Expected dividend yield 4.30%  4.40%  4.90%  

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 was $17.50, $21.42 and $16.96, respectively. Cash received from option exercises for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 was $9,546,000, $23,736,000 and $25,338,000, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 was $40,887,000, $39,348,000 and $60,923,000, respectively.

15.       Stock-based Compensation - continued

 

 

Restricted Stock

 

Restricted stock awards are granted at the average of the high and low market price of our common shares on the NYSE on the date of grant and generally vest over four years. Compensation expense related to restricted stock awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. In the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, we recognized $1,604,000, $1,814,000 and $1,432,000, respectively, of compensation expense related to restricted stock awards that vested during each year. As of December 31, 2012, there was $2,823,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.6 years. Dividends paid on unvested restricted stock are charged directly to retained earnings and amounted to $200,000, $185,000 and $115,000 for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.

Below is a summary of our restricted stock activity under the Plan for the year ended December 31, 2012.

      Weighted-Average  
      Grant-Date   
 Unvested Shares Shares Fair Value  
  Unvested at January 1, 2012  61,228 $ 79.28  
  Granted  11,060   83.96  
  Vested  (22,297)   83.61  
  Cancelled or expired  (1,971)   72.97  
  Unvested at December 31, 2012  48,020   78.61  

Restricted stock awards granted in 2012, 2011 and 2010 had a fair value of $929,000, $1,042,000 and $3,922,000, respectively. The fair value of restricted stock that vested during the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 was $1,864,000, $2,031,000 and $2,186,000, respectively.

 

Restricted Operating Partnership Units (“OP Units”)

 

OP Units are granted at the average of the high and low market price of our common shares on the NYSE on the date of grant, vest ratably over four years and are subject to a taxable book-up event, as defined. Compensation expense related to OP Units is recognized ratably over the vesting period using a graded vesting attribution model. In the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, we recognized $17,520,000, $17,505,000 and $20,204,000, respectively, of compensation expense related to OP Units that vested during each year. As of December 31, 2012, there was $16,853,000 of total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested OP Units, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years. Distributions paid on unvested OP Units are charged to “net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership” on our consolidated statements of income and amounted to $3,203,000, $2,567,000 and $2,285,000 in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively.

 

Below is a summary of restricted OP unit activity under the Plan for the year ended December 31, 2012.

 

          
      Weighted-Average  
      Grant-Date  
 Unvested Units Units Fair Value  
  Unvested at January 1, 2012  699,659 $ 65.29  
  Granted  209,663   78.52  
  Vested  (235,245)   63.82  
  Cancelled or expired  (33,407)   75.93  
  Unvested at December 31, 2012  640,670   69.61  

OP Units granted in 2012, 2011 and 2010 had a fair value of $16,464,000, $18,727,000 and $31,437,000, respectively. The fair value of OP Units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 was $15,014,000, $10,260,000 and $14,087,000, respectively.