XML 118 R14.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v2.4.0.8
Investments
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2013
Investments  
Investments

6.    Investments

Fair values

       The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value for fixed income securities are as follows:


 
    
   Gross unrealized    
  
  Amortized
cost		   Fair
value		  
($ in millions)
 
   Gains   Losses  

December 31, 2013

                          

U.S. government and agencies

   $ 2,791   $ 129   $ (7 ) $ 2,913  

Municipal

     8,446     364     (87 )   8,723  

Corporate

     39,331     1,659     (387 )   40,603  

Foreign government

     1,736     99     (11 )   1,824  

ABS

     4,491     71     (44 )   4,518  

RMBS

     1,403     101     (30 )   1,474  

CMBS

     788     48     (7 )   829  

Redeemable preferred stock

     22     4     —     26  
                   
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total fixed income securities

   $ 59,008   $ 2,475   $ (573 ) $ 60,910  
                   
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
                   

December 31, 2012

    
 		    
 		    
 		    
 		  

U.S. government and agencies

   $ 4,387   $ 326   $ —   $ 4,713  

Municipal

     12,139     1,038     (108 )   13,069  

Corporate

     44,943     3,721     (127 )   48,537  

Foreign government

     2,290     228     (1 )   2,517  

ABS

     3,623     108     (107 )   3,624  

RMBS

     3,000     142     (110 )   3,032  

CMBS

     1,510     65     (77 )   1,498  

Redeemable preferred stock

     23     4     —     27  
                   
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total fixed income securities

   $ 71,915   $ 5,632   $ (530 ) $ 77,017  
                   
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
                   

Scheduled maturities

       The scheduled maturities for fixed income securities are as follows as of December 31, 2013:

($ in millions)
 
   Amortized
cost		   Fair
value		  

Due in one year or less

   $ 2,661   $ 2,699  

Due after one year through five years

     24,065     24,781  

Due after five years through ten years

     16,770     17,293  

Due after ten years

     8,830     9,316  
           
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

 

     52,326     54,089  

ABS, RMBS and CMBS

     6,682     6,821  
           
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total

   $ 59,008   $ 60,910  
           
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
           

       Actual maturities may differ from those scheduled as a result of calls and make-whole payments by the issuers. ABS, RMBS and CMBS are shown separately because of the potential for prepayment of principal prior to contractual maturity dates.

Net investment income

       Net investment income for the years ended December 31 is as follows:

($ in millions)
   2013   2012   2011  

Fixed income securities

   $ 2,921   $ 3,234   $ 3,484  

Equity securities

     149     127     122  

Mortgage loans

     372     374     359  

Limited partnership interests (1)

     541     348     88  

Short-term investments

     5     6     6  

Other

     161     132     95  
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Investment income, before expense

     4,149     4,221     4,154  

Investment expense

     (206 )   (211 )   (183 )
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Net investment income

   $ 3,943   $ 4,010   $ 3,971  
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
               
(1)
Income from EMA limited partnerships is reported in net investment income in 2013 and 2012 and realized capital gains and losses in 2011.

Realized capital gains and losses

       Realized capital gains and losses by asset type for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

($ in millions)
   2013   2012   2011  

Fixed income securities

   $ 262   $ 107   $ 712  

Equity securities

     327     183     63  

Mortgage loans

     20     8     (27 )

Limited partnership interests (1)

     (5 )   13     159  

Derivatives

     (10 )   23     (397 )

Other

     —     (7 )   (7 )
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Realized capital gains and losses

   $ 594   $ 327   $ 503  
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
               
(1)
Income from EMA limited partnerships is reported in net investment income in 2013 and 2012 and realized capital gains and losses in 2011.

       Realized capital gains and losses by transaction type for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

($ in millions)
   2013   2012   2011  

Impairment write-downs

   $ (72 ) $ (185 ) $ (496 )

Change in intent write-downs

     (143 )   (48 )   (100 )
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Net other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in earnings

     (215 )   (233 )   (596 )

Sales

     819     536     1,336  

Valuation of derivative instruments

     (6 )   (11 )   (291 )

Settlements of derivative instruments

     (4 )   35     (105 )

EMA limited partnership income

     —     —     159  
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Realized capital gains and losses

   $ 594   $ 327   $ 503  
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
               

       Gross gains of $432 million, $564 million and $1.27 billion and gross losses of $103 million, $322 million and $240 million were realized on sales of fixed income securities during 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

       Other-than-temporary impairment losses by asset type for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

($ in millions)
   2013   2012   2011  
 
   Gross   Included
in OCI		   Net   Gross   Included
in OCI		   Net   Gross   Included
in OCI		   Net  

Fixed income securities:

                                                        

Municipal

   $ (24 ) $ (5 ) $ (29 ) $ (42 ) $ 9   $ (33 ) $ (59 ) $ (3 ) $ (62 )

Corporate

     —     —     —     (21 )   (2 )   (23 )   (30 )   6     (24 )

Foreign government

     —     —     —     —     —     —     (1 )   —     (1 )

ABS

     —     (2 )   (2 )   —     —     —     (9 )   2     (7 )

RMBS

     (3 )   2     (1 )   (65 )   (4 )   (69 )   (196 )   (39 )   (235 )

CMBS

     (32 )   (3 )   (35 )   (22 )   3     (19 )   (66 )   1     (65 )
                                       
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total fixed income securities

     (59 )   (8 )   (67 )   (150 )   6     (144 )   (361 )   (33 )   (394 )

Equity securities

     (137 )   —     (137 )   (75 )   —     (75 )   (139 )   —     (139 )

Mortgage loans

     11     —     11     5     —     5     (37 )   —     (37 )

Limited partnership interests

     (18 )   —     (18 )   (8 )   —     (8 )   (6 )   —     (6 )

Other

     (4 )   —     (4 )   (11 )   —     (11 )   (20 )   —     (20 )
                                       
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Other-than-temporary impairment losses

   $ (207 ) $ (8 ) $ (215 ) $ (239 ) $ 6   $ (233 ) $ (563 ) $ (33 ) $ (596 )
                                       
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
                                       

       The total amount of other-than-temporary impairment losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income at the time of impairment for fixed income securities, which were not included in earnings, are presented in the following table. The amount excludes $260 million and $219 million as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, of net unrealized gains related to changes in valuation of the fixed income securities subsequent to the impairment measurement date.

($ in millions)
   December 31,
2013		   December 31,
2012		  

Municipal

   $ (9 ) $ (20 )

Corporate

     —     (1 )

ABS

     (10 )   (14 )

RMBS

     (152 )   (182 )

CMBS

     (12 )   (19 )
           
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total

   $ (183 ) $ (236 )
           
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
           

       Rollforwards of the cumulative credit losses recognized in earnings for fixed income securities held as of December 31 are as follows:

($ in millions)
   2013   2012   2011  

Beginning balance

   $ (617 ) $ (944 ) $ (1,046 )

Additional credit loss for securities previously other-than-temporarily impaired

     (30 )   (58 )   (152 )

Additional credit loss for securities not previously other-than-temporarily impaired

     (19 )   (50 )   (150 )

Reduction in credit loss for securities disposed or collected

     150     427     379  

Reduction in credit loss for securities the Company has made the decision to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell

     2     7     15  

Change in credit loss due to accretion of increase in cash flows

     1     1     10  
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Ending balance (1)

   $ (513 ) $ (617 ) $ (944 )
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
               
(1)
The December 31, 2013 ending balance includes $60 million of cumulative credit losses recognized in earnings for fixed income securities that are classified as held for sale.

       The Company uses its best estimate of future cash flows expected to be collected from the fixed income security, discounted at the security's original or current effective rate, as appropriate, to calculate a recovery value and determine whether a credit loss exists. The determination of cash flow estimates is inherently subjective and methodologies may vary depending on facts and circumstances specific to the security. All reasonably available information relevant to the collectability of the security, including past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable assumptions and forecasts, are considered when developing the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected. That information generally includes, but is not limited to, the remaining payment terms of the security, prepayment speeds, foreign exchange rates, the financial condition and future earnings potential of the issue or issuer, expected defaults, expected recoveries, the value of underlying collateral, vintage, geographic concentration, available reserves or escrows, current subordination levels, third party guarantees and other credit enhancements. Other information, such as industry analyst reports and forecasts, sector credit ratings, financial condition of the bond insurer for insured fixed income securities, and other market data relevant to the realizability of contractual cash flows, may also be considered. The estimated fair value of collateral will be used to estimate recovery value if the Company determines that the security is dependent on the liquidation of collateral for ultimate settlement. If the estimated recovery value is less than the amortized cost of the security, a credit loss exists and an other-than-temporary impairment for the difference between the estimated recovery value and amortized cost is recorded in earnings. The portion of the unrealized loss related to factors other than credit remains classified in accumulated other comprehensive income. If the Company determines that the fixed income security does not have sufficient cash flow or other information to estimate a recovery value for the security, the Company may conclude that the entire decline in fair value is deemed to be credit related and the loss is recorded in earnings.

Unrealized net capital gains and losses

       Unrealized net capital gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income are as follows:

 
    
   Gross unrealized    
  
 
   Fair
value		   Unrealized net
gains (losses)		  
($ in millions)
December 31, 2013
   Gains   Losses  

Fixed income securities

   $ 60,910   $ 2,475   $ (573 ) $ 1,902  

Equity securities

     5,097     658     (34 )   624  

Short-term investments

     2,393     —     —     —  

Derivative instruments (1)

     (13 )   1     (19 )   (18 )

EMA limited partnerships (2)

                       (3 )

Investments classified as held for sale

                       190  
                         
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax

                       2,695  

Amounts recognized for:

                          

Insurance reserves (3)

                       —  

DAC and DSI (4)

                       (158 )
                         
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Amounts recognized

                       (158 )

Deferred income taxes

                       (891 )
                         
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax

                     $ 1,646  
                         
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
                         
(1)
Included in the fair value of derivative instruments are $1 million classified as assets and $14 million classified as liabilities.
(2)
Unrealized net capital gains and losses for limited partnership interests represent the Company's share of EMA limited partnerships' other comprehensive income. Fair value and gross gains and losses are not applicable.
(3)
The insurance reserves adjustment represents the amount by which the reserve balance would increase if the net unrealized gains in the applicable product portfolios were realized and reinvested at current lower interest rates, resulting in a premium deficiency. Although the Company evaluates premium deficiencies on the combined performance of life insurance and immediate annuities with life contingencies, the adjustment primarily relates to structured settlement annuities with life contingencies, in addition to annuity buy-outs and certain payout annuities with life contingencies.
(4)
The DAC and DSI adjustment balance represents the amount by which the amortization of DAC and DSI would increase or decrease if the unrealized gains or losses in the respective product portfolios were realized.

 
    
   Gross unrealized    
  
 
   Fair
value		   Unrealized net
gains (losses)		  
($ in millions)
December 31, 2012
   Gains   Losses  

Fixed income securities

   $ 77,017   $ 5,632   $ (530 ) $ 5,102  

Equity securities

     4,037     494     (34 )   460  

Short-term investments

     2,336     —     —     —  

Derivative instruments (1)

     (17 )   2     (24 )   (22 )

EMA limited partnerships

                       7  
                         
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Unrealized net capital gains and losses, pre-tax

                       5,547  

Amounts recognized for:

                          

Insurance reserves

                       (771 )

DAC and DSI

                       (412 )
                         
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Amounts recognized

                       (1,183 )

Deferred income taxes

                       (1,530 )
                         
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax

                     $ 2,834  
                         
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
                         
(1)
Included in the fair value of derivative instruments are $2 million classified as assets and $19 million classified as liabilities.

Change in unrealized net capital gains and losses

       The change in unrealized net capital gains and losses for the years ended December 31 is as follows:

($ in millions)
   2013   2012   2011  

Fixed income securities

   $ (3,200 ) $ 2,368   $ 1,908  

Equity securities

     164     300     (423 )

Derivative instruments

     4     (5 )   5  

EMA limited partnerships

     (10 )   5     2  

Investments classified as held for sale

     190     —     —  
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total

     (2,852 )   2,668     1,492  

Amounts recognized for:

                    

Insurance reserves

     771     (177 )   (585 )

DAC and DSI

     254     (288 )   (209 )
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Amounts recognized

     1,025     (465 )   (794 )

Deferred income taxes

     639     (769 )   (246 )
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

(Decrease) increase in unrealized net capital gains and losses, after-tax

   $ (1,188 ) $ 1,434   $ 452  
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
               

Portfolio monitoring

       The Company has a comprehensive portfolio monitoring process to identify and evaluate each fixed income and equity security whose carrying value may be other-than-temporarily impaired.

       For each fixed income security in an unrealized loss position, the Company assesses whether management with the appropriate authority has made the decision to sell or whether it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of the amortized cost basis for reasons such as liquidity, contractual or regulatory purposes. If a security meets either of these criteria, the security's decline in fair value is considered other than temporary and is recorded in earnings.

       If the Company has not made the decision to sell the fixed income security and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the fixed income security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the Company evaluates whether it expects to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. The Company calculates the estimated recovery value by discounting the best estimate of future cash flows at the security's original or current effective rate, as appropriate, and compares this to the amortized cost of the security. If the Company does not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the fixed income security, the credit loss component of the impairment is recorded in earnings, with the remaining amount of the unrealized loss related to other factors recognized in other comprehensive income.

       For equity securities, the Company considers various factors, including whether it has the intent and ability to hold the equity security for a period of time sufficient to recover its cost basis. Where the Company lacks the intent and ability to hold to recovery, or believes the recovery period is extended, the equity security's decline in fair value is considered other than temporary and is recorded in earnings.

       For fixed income and equity securities managed by third parties, either the Company has contractually retained its decision making authority as it pertains to selling securities that are in an unrealized loss position or it recognizes any unrealized loss at the end of the period through a charge to earnings.

       The Company's portfolio monitoring process includes a quarterly review of all securities to identify instances where the fair value of a security compared to its amortized cost (for fixed income securities) or cost (for equity securities) is below established thresholds. The process also includes the monitoring of other impairment indicators such as ratings, ratings downgrades and payment defaults. The securities identified, in addition to other securities for which the Company may have a concern, are evaluated for potential other-than-temporary impairment using all reasonably available information relevant to the collectability or recovery of the security. Inherent in the Company's evaluation of other-than-temporary impairment for these fixed income and equity securities are assumptions and estimates about the financial condition and future earnings potential of the issue or issuer. Some of the factors that may be considered in evaluating whether a decline in fair value is other than temporary are: 1) the financial condition, near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer, including relevant industry specific market conditions and trends, geographic location and implications of rating agency actions and offering prices; 2) the specific reasons that a security is in an unrealized loss position, including overall market conditions which could affect liquidity; and 3) the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost or cost.

       The following table summarizes the gross unrealized losses and fair value of fixed income and equity securities by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

($ in millions)
   Less than 12 months   12 months or more    
  
 
   Number
of issues		   Fair
value		   Unrealized
losses		   Number
of issues		   Fair
value		   Unrealized
losses		   Total
unrealized
losses		  

December 31, 2013

                                            

Fixed income securities

                                            

U.S. government and agencies

     22   $ 700   $ (7 )   —   $ —   $ —   $ (7 )

Municipal

     315     2,065     (41 )   38     208     (46 )   (87 )

Corporate

     796     10,375     (308 )   54     550     (79 )   (387 )

Foreign government

     36     262     (9 )   1     18     (2 )   (11 )

ABS

     85     1,715     (10 )   43     429     (34 )   (44 )

RMBS

     134     149     (4 )   175     247     (26 )   (30 )

CMBS

     8     22     —     7     52     (7 )   (7 )
                               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total fixed income securities

     1,396     15,288     (379 )   318     1,504     (194 )   (573 )

Equity securities

     158     982     (34 )   1     —     —     (34 )
                               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total fixed income and equity securities

     1,554   $ 16,270   $ (413 )   319   $ 1,504   $ (194 ) $ (607 )
                               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
                               

Investment grade fixed income securities

     1,217   $ 14,019   $ (340 )   221   $ 975   $ (116 ) $ (456 )

Below investment grade fixed income securities

     179     1,269     (39 )   97     529     (78 )   (117 )
                               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total fixed income securities

     1,396   $ 15,288   $ (379 )   318   $ 1,504   $ (194 ) $ (573 )
                               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
                               

December 31, 2012

                                            

Fixed income securities

                                            

U.S. government and agencies

     6   $ 85   $ —     —   $ —   $ —   $ —  

Municipal

     130     1,012     (13 )   80     717     (95 )   (108 )

Corporate

     133     1,989     (33 )   70     896     (94 )   (127 )

Foreign government

     22     190     (1 )   —     —     —     (1 )

ABS

     12     145     (1 )   77     794     (106 )   (107 )

RMBS

     117     50     (1 )   336     638     (109 )   (110 )

CMBS

     11     68     —     44     357     (77 )   (77 )

Redeemable preferred stock

     —     —     —     1     —     —     —  
                               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total fixed income securities

     431     3,539     (49 )   608     3,402     (481 )   (530 )

Equity securities

     803     284     (27 )   96     69     (7 )   (34 )
                               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total fixed income and equity securities

     1,234   $ 3,823   $ (76 )   704   $ 3,471   $ (488 ) $ (564 )
                               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
                               

Investment grade fixed income securities

     387   $ 3,141   $ (39 )   409   $ 2,172   $ (217 ) $ (256 )

Below investment grade fixed income securities

     44     398     (10 )   199     1,230     (264 )   (274 )
                               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total fixed income securities

     431   $ 3,539   $ (49 )   608   $ 3,402   $ (481 ) $ (530 )
                               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
                               

       As of December 31, 2013, $504 million of unrealized losses are related to securities with an unrealized loss position less than 20% of amortized cost or cost, the degree of which suggests that these securities do not pose a high risk of being other-than-temporarily impaired. Of the $504 million, $383 million are related to unrealized losses on investment grade fixed income securities. Investment grade is defined as a security having a rating of Aaa, Aa, A or Baa from Moody's, a rating of AAA, AA, A or BBB from S&P, Fitch, Dominion, Kroll or Realpoint, a rating of aaa, aa, a or bbb from A.M. Best, or a comparable internal rating if an externally provided rating is not available. Unrealized losses on investment grade securities are principally related to increasing risk-free interest rates or widening credit spreads since the time of initial purchase.

       As of December 31, 2013, the remaining $103 million of unrealized losses are related to securities in unrealized loss positions greater than or equal to 20% of amortized cost or cost. Investment grade fixed income securities comprising $73 million of these unrealized losses were evaluated based on factors such as discounted cash flows and the financial condition and near-term and long-term prospects of the issue or issuer and were determined to have adequate resources to fulfill contractual obligations. Of the $103 million, $25 million are related to below investment grade fixed income securities and $5 million are related to equity securities. Of these amounts, $17 million are related to below investment grade fixed income securities that had been in an unrealized loss position greater than or equal to 20% of amortized cost for a period of twelve or more consecutive months as of December 31, 2013.

       ABS, RMBS and CMBS in an unrealized loss position were evaluated based on actual and projected collateral losses relative to the securities' positions in the respective securitization trusts, security specific expectations of cash flows, and credit ratings. This evaluation also takes into consideration credit enhancement, measured in terms of (i) subordination from other classes of securities in the trust that are contractually obligated to absorb losses before the class of security the Company owns, (ii) the expected impact of other structural features embedded in the securitization trust beneficial to the class of securities the Company owns, such as overcollateralization and excess spread, and (iii) for ABS and RMBS in an unrealized loss position, credit enhancements from reliable bond insurers, where applicable. Municipal bonds in an unrealized loss position were evaluated based on the quality of the underlying securities. Unrealized losses on equity securities are primarily related to temporary equity market fluctuations of securities that are expected to recover.

       As of December 31, 2013, the Company has not made the decision to sell and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell fixed income securities with unrealized losses before recovery of the amortized cost basis. As of December 31, 2013, the Company had the intent and ability to hold equity securities with unrealized losses for a period of time sufficient for them to recover.

Limited partnerships

       As of both December 31, 2013 and 2012, the carrying value of equity method limited partnerships totaled $3.52 billion. The Company recognizes an impairment loss for equity method limited partnerships when evidence demonstrates that the loss is other than temporary. Evidence of a loss in value that is other than temporary may include the absence of an ability to recover the carrying amount of the investment or the inability of the investee to sustain a level of earnings that would justify the carrying amount of the investment. The Company had write-downs related to equity method limited partnerships of $1 million and $2 million in 2013 and 2011, respectively. The Company had no write-downs related to equity method limited partnerships in 2012.

       As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the carrying value for cost method limited partnerships was $1.44 billion and $1.41 billion, respectively. To determine if an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred, the Company evaluates whether an impairment indicator has occurred in the period that may have a significant adverse effect on the carrying value of the investment. Impairment indicators may include: significantly reduced valuations of the investments held by the limited partnerships; actual recent cash flows received being significantly less than expected cash flows; reduced valuations based on financing completed at a lower value; completed sale of a material underlying investment at a price significantly lower than expected; or any other adverse events since the last financial statements received that might affect the fair value of the investee's capital. Additionally, the Company's portfolio monitoring process includes a quarterly review of all cost method limited partnerships to identify instances where the net asset value is below established thresholds for certain periods of time, as well as investments that are performing below expectations, for further impairment consideration. If a cost method limited partnership is other-than-temporarily impaired, the carrying value is written down to fair value, generally estimated to be equivalent to the reported net asset value of the underlying funds. In 2013, 2012 and 2011, the Company had write-downs related to cost method limited partnerships of $17 million, $8 million and $4 million, respectively.

Mortgage loans

       The Company's mortgage loans are commercial mortgage loans collateralized by a variety of commercial real estate property types located throughout the United States and totaled, net of valuation allowance, $4.72 billion and $6.57 billion as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Substantially all of the commercial mortgage loans are non-recourse to the borrower. The following table shows the principal geographic distribution of commercial real estate represented in the Company's mortgage loan portfolio. No other state represented more than 5% of the portfolio as of December 31.

(% of mortgage loan portfolio carrying value)
   2013   2012  

California

     23.0 %   23.6 %

Illinois

     10.0     8.1  

New Jersey

     6.8     6.2  

Texas

     6.3     6.4  

New York

     6.0     6.4  

Florida

     5.7     4.7  

District of Columbia

     5.3     3.8  

       The types of properties collateralizing the mortgage loans as of December 31 are as follows:

(% of mortgage loan portfolio carrying value)
   2013   2012  

Office buildings

     26.5 %   26.6 %

Apartment complex

     23.2     20.6  

Retail

     21.0     22.7  

Warehouse

     18.0     19.7  

Other

     11.3     10.4  
           
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total

     100.0 %   100.0 %
           
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
           

       The contractual maturities of the mortgage loan portfolio as of December 31, 2013 are as follows:

($ in millions)
 
   Number of
loans		   Carrying
value		   Percent  

2014

     23   $ 336     7.1 %

2015

     38     628     13.3  

2016

     46     548     11.6  

2017

     42     475     10.1  

Thereafter

     204     2,734     57.9  
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total

     353   $ 4,721     100.0 %
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
               

       Mortgage loans are evaluated for impairment on a specific loan basis through a quarterly credit monitoring process and review of key credit quality indicators. Mortgage loans are considered impaired when it is probable that the Company will not collect the contractual principal and interest. Valuation allowances are established for impaired loans to reduce the carrying value to the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell or the present value of the loan's expected future repayment cash flows discounted at the loan's original effective interest rate. Impaired mortgage loans may not have a valuation allowance when the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell is higher than the carrying value. Valuation allowances are adjusted for subsequent changes in the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell. Mortgage loans are charged off against their corresponding valuation allowances when there is no reasonable expectation of recovery. The impairment evaluation is non-statistical in respect to the aggregate portfolio but considers facts and circumstances attributable to each loan. It is not considered probable that additional impairment losses, beyond those identified on a specific loan basis, have been incurred as of December 31, 2013.

       Accrual of income is suspended for mortgage loans that are in default or when full and timely collection of principal and interest payments is not probable. Cash receipts on mortgage loans on nonaccrual status are generally recorded as a reduction of carrying value.

       Debt service coverage ratio is considered a key credit quality indicator when mortgage loans are evaluated for impairment. Debt service coverage ratio represents the amount of estimated cash flows from the property available to the borrower to meet principal and interest payment obligations. Debt service coverage ratio estimates are updated annually or more frequently if conditions are warranted based on the Company's credit monitoring process.

       The following table reflects the carrying value of non-impaired fixed rate and variable rate mortgage loans summarized by debt service coverage ratio distribution as of December 31:

($ in millions)
   2013   2012  
Debt service coverage ratio distribution
   Fixed rate
mortgage
loans		   Variable rate
mortgage
loans		   Total   Fixed rate
mortgage
loans		   Variable rate
mortgage
loans		   Total  

Below 1.0

   $ 153   $ —   $ 153   $ 267   $ —   $ 267  

1.0 - 1.25

     613     —     613     1,208     20     1,228  

1.26 - 1.50

     1,233     2     1,235     1,458     46     1,504  

Above 1.50

     2,562     77     2,639     3,268     148     3,416  
                           
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total non-impaired mortgage loans

   $ 4,561   $ 79   $ 4,640   $ 6,201   $ 214   $ 6,415  
                           
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
                           

       Mortgage loans with a debt service coverage ratio below 1.0 that are not considered impaired primarily relate to instances where the borrower has the financial capacity to fund the revenue shortfalls from the properties for the foreseeable term, the decrease in cash flows from the properties is considered temporary, or there are other risk mitigating circumstances such as additional collateral, escrow balances or borrower guarantees.

       The net carrying value of impaired mortgage loans as of December 31 is as follows:

($ in millions)
   2013   2012  

Impaired mortgage loans with a valuation allowance

   $ 81   $ 147  

Impaired mortgage loans without a valuation allowance

     —     8  
           
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total impaired mortgage loans

   $ 81   $ 155  
           
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
           

Valuation allowance on impaired mortgage loans

   $ 21   $ 42  

       The average balance of impaired loans was $88 million, $202 million and $210 million during 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

       The rollforward of the valuation allowance on impaired mortgage loans for the years ended December 31 is as follows:

($ in millions)
   2013   2012   2011  

Beginning balance

   $ 42   $ 63   $ 84  

Net (decrease) increase in valuation allowance

     (11 )   (5 )   37  

Charge offs

     (8 )   (16 )   (58 )

Mortgage loans classified as held for sale

     (2 )   —     —  
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Ending balance

   $ 21   $ 42   $ 63  
               
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
               

       The carrying value of past due mortgage loans as of December 31 is as follows:

($ in millions)
   2013   2012  

Less than 90 days past due

   $ —   $ 21  

90 days or greater past due

     —     4  
           
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total past due

     —     25  

Current loans

     4,721     6,545  
           
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Total mortgage loans

   $ 4,721   $ 6,570  
           
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​
           

Municipal bonds

       The Company maintains a diversified portfolio of municipal bonds. The following table shows the principal geographic distribution of municipal bond issuers represented in the Company's portfolio as of December 31. No other state represents more than 5% of the portfolio.

(% of municipal bond portfolio carrying value)
   2013   2012  

Texas

     8.7 %   8.2 %

California

     8.0     8.1  

Florida

     6.3     6.5  

New York

     6.3     5.9  

Concentration of credit risk

       As of December 31, 2013, the Company is not exposed to any credit concentration risk of a single issuer and its affiliates greater than 10% of the Company's shareholders' equity.

Securities loaned

       The Company's business activities include securities lending programs with third parties, mostly large banks. As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, fixed income and equity securities with a carrying value of $590 million and $760 million, respectively, were on loan under these agreements. Interest income on collateral, net of fees, was $2 million in each of 2013, 2012 and 2011.

Other investment information

       Included in fixed income securities are below investment grade assets totaling $6.44 billion and $6.62 billion as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

       As of December 31, 2013, fixed income securities and short-term investments with a carrying value of $258 million were on deposit with regulatory authorities as required by law.

       As of December 31, 2013, the carrying value of fixed income securities that were non-income producing was $48 million.