Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Note 7 Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The hierarchy for inputs used in determining fair value maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Assets and liabilities recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position at fair value are categorized in the fair value hierarchy based on the observability of inputs to the valuation techniques as follows:

Level 1:    Assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that the Company can access.

Level 2:    Assets and liabilities whose values are based on the following:

(a)Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

(b)Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or

(c)Valuation models whose inputs are observable, directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3:    Assets and liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in valuing the assets and liabilities.

The availability of observable inputs varies by instrument. In situations where fair value is based on internally developed pricing models or inputs that are unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. The degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is typically greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. In many instances, valuation inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. The category level in the fair value hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market disruption. In periods of market disruption, the ability to observe prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments.

The Company is responsible for the determination of fair value and the supporting assumptions and methodologies. The Company gains assurance that assets and liabilities are appropriately valued through the execution of various processes and controls designed to ensure the overall reasonableness and consistent application of valuation methodologies, including inputs and assumptions, and compliance with

accounting standards. For fair values received from third parties or internally estimated, the Company’s processes and controls are designed to ensure that the valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistently applied, the inputs and assumptions are reasonable and consistent with the objective of determining fair value, and the fair values are accurately recorded. For example, on a continuing basis, the Company assesses the reasonableness of individual fair values that have stale security prices or that exceed certain thresholds as compared to previous fair values received from valuation service providers or brokers or derived from internal models. The Company performs procedures to understand and assess the methodologies, processes and controls of valuation service providers. In addition, the Company may validate the reasonableness of fair values by comparing information obtained from valuation service providers or brokers to other third-party valuation sources for selected securities. The Company performs ongoing price validation procedures such as back-testing of actual sales, which corroborate the various inputs used in internal models to market observable data. When fair value determinations are expected to be more variable, the Company validates them through reviews by members of management who have relevant expertise and who are independent of those charged with executing investment transactions.

The Company has two types of situations where investments are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy:

(1)Specific inputs significant to the fair value estimation models are not market observable. This primarily occurs in the Company’s use of broker quotes to value certain securities where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable, and the use of valuation models that use significant non-market observable inputs.

(2)Quotes continue to be received from independent third-party valuation service providers and all significant inputs are market observable; however, there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset when compared to normal market activity such that the degree of market observability has declined to a point where categorization as a Level 3 measurement is considered appropriate. The indicators considered in determining whether a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for a specific asset has occurred include the level of new issuances in the primary market, trading volume in the secondary market, the level of credit spreads over historical levels, applicable bid-ask spreads, and price consensus among market participants and other pricing sources.

Certain assets are not carried at fair value on a recurring basis, including mortgage loans, bank loans, real estate and policy loans and are only included in the fair value hierarchy disclosure when the individual investment is reported at fair value.

In determining fair value, the Company principally uses the market approach which generally utilizes market transaction data for the same or similar instruments. To a lesser extent, the Company uses the income approach which involves determining fair values from discounted cash flow methodologies. For the majority of Level 2 and Level 3 valuations, a combination of the market and income approaches is used.

Summary of significant inputs and valuation techniques for Level 2 and Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

Level 2 measurements

•Fixed income securities:

U.S. government and agencies, municipal, corporate - public and foreign government: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

Corporate - privately placed: Privately placed securities are valued using a discounted cash flow model that is widely accepted in the financial services industry and uses market observable inputs and inputs derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data. The primary inputs to the discounted cash flow model include an interest rate yield curve, as well as published credit spreads for similar assets in markets that are not active that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer.

Corporate - privately placed also includes redeemable preferred stock that are valued using quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, underlying stock prices and credit spreads.

ABS: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields, collateral performance, and credit spreads. Certain ABS are valued based on non-binding broker quotes whose inputs have been corroborated to be market observable. Residential mortgage-backed securities, included in ABS, also use prepayment speeds as a primary input for valuation.

•Equity securities: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices or quoted net asset values for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active.

•Short-term: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads.

•Other investments: Free-standing exchange listed derivatives that are not actively traded are valued based on quoted prices for identical instruments in markets that are not active.

Over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives, including interest rate swaps, foreign currency swaps, total return swaps, foreign exchange forward contracts, certain options and certain credit default swaps, are valued using models that rely on inputs such as interest rate yield curves, implied volatilities, index price levels, currency rates, and credit spreads that are observable for substantially the full term of the contract. The valuation techniques underlying the models are widely accepted in the financial services industry and do not involve significant judgment.

•Assets held for sale: Comprise U.S. government and agencies, municipal, corporate and MBS fixed income securities. The significant inputs and valuation techniques are based on the respective asset type as described above.

Level 3 measurements

•Fixed income securities:

Municipal: Comprise municipal bonds that are not rated by third-party credit rating agencies. The primary inputs to the valuation of these municipal bonds include quoted prices for identical or similar assets that are not market observable, contractual cash flows, benchmark yields and credit spreads. Also included are municipal bonds valued based on non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable and municipal bonds in default valued based on the present value of expected cash flows.

Corporate - public and privately placed: Primarily valued using a discounted cash flow model that is widely accepted in the financial services industry using inputs that have not been corroborated to be market observable. In certain situations, non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable are used. Other inputs for corporate fixed income securities include expected cash flows, an interest rate yield curve, as well as published credit spreads for similar assets that incorporate the credit quality and industry sector of the issuer.

ABS: The primary inputs to the valuation include expected cash flows, benchmark yields, collateral performance and credit spreads. Residential mortgage-backed securities, included in ABS, also use prepayment speeds as a primary input for valuation.

•Equity securities: The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices or quoted net asset values for identical or similar assets that are not market observable.

•Short-term: For certain short-term investments, amortized cost is used as the best estimate of fair value.

•Other investments: Certain options (including swaptions), are valued using models that are widely accepted in the financial services industry. These are categorized as Level 3 as a result of the significance of non-market observable inputs such

as volatility. Other primary inputs include interest rate yield curves and quoted prices for identical or similar assets in markets that exhibit less liquidity relative to those markets supporting Level 2 fair value measurements.

•Other assets: Includes the contingent consideration provision in the sale agreement for Allstate Life Insurance Company (“ALIC”) which meets the definition of a derivative. This derivative is valued internally using a model that includes stochastically determined cash flows and inputs that include spot and forward interest rates, volatility, corporate credit spreads and a liquidity discount. This derivative is categorized as Level 3 due to the significance of non-market observable inputs.

•Assets held for sale: Comprise corporate fixed income securities. The significant inputs and valuation techniques are based on the respective asset type as described above.

Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis

Comprise long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale, including real estate, that are written down to fair value less costs to sell and bank loans written down to fair value in connection with recognizing credit losses.

Investments excluded from the fair value hierarchy

Investments reported at net asset value (“NAV”)

Limited partnerships carried at fair value, which do not have readily determinable fair values, use NAV provided by the investees and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy. These investments are generally not redeemable by the investees and generally cannot be sold without approval of the general partner. The Company receives distributions of income and proceeds from the liquidation of the underlying assets of the investees, which usually takes place in years 4-9 of the typical contractual life of 10-12 years. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has commitments to invest $158 million in limited partnership interests that are reported at net asset value.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value
	December 31, 2024
($ in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Counterparty and cash collateral netting			Total
Assets
Fixed income securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	11,099		$	9		$	—					$	11,108
Municipal	—			8,840			2						8,842
Corporate - public	—			21,211			22						21,233
Corporate - privately placed	—			8,849			110						8,959
Foreign government	—			1,364			—						1,364
ABS	—			1,127			114						1,241
Total fixed income securities	11,099			41,400			248						52,747
Equity securities (1)	3,600			306			407						4,313
Short-term investments	2,016			2,516			5						4,537
Other investments	—			21			1			$	(19)		3
Other assets	—			—			134						134
Assets held for sale	241			1,536			7						1,784
Total recurring basis assets	16,956			45,779			802			(19)			63,518
Non-recurring basis	—			—			3						3
Total assets at fair value	$	16,956		$	45,779		$	805		$	(19)		$	63,521
% of total assets at fair value	26.7		%	72.0		%	1.3		%	—		%	100.0		%
Investments reported at NAV													1,096
Total													$	64,617
Liabilities
Other liabilities	$	(1)		$	(1)		$	—		$	1		$	(1)
Total recurring basis liabilities	(1)			(1)			—			1			(1)
Total liabilities at fair value	$	(1)		$	(1)		$	—		$	1		$	(1)
% of total liabilities at fair value	100.0		%	100.0		%	—		%	(100.0)		%	100.0		%

(1)Excludes $150 million of preferred stock measured at cost.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value
	December 31, 2023
($ in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)			Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)			Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)			Counterparty and cash collateral netting			Total
Assets
Fixed income securities:
U.S. government and agencies	$	8,606		$	13		$	—					$	8,619
Municipal	—			5,995			11						6,006
Corporate - public	—			23,272			26						23,298
Corporate - privately placed	—			7,849			58						7,907
Foreign government	—			1,290			—						1,290
ABS	—			1,687			58						1,745
Total fixed income securities	8,606			40,106			153						48,865
Equity securities (1)	1,656			203			402						2,261
Short-term investments	1,676			3,467			1						5,144
Other investments	—			3			2			$	(2)		3
Other assets	3			—			118						121
Total recurring basis assets	11,941			43,779			676			(2)			56,394
Non-recurring basis	—			—			15						15
Total assets at fair value	$	11,941		$	43,779		$	691		$	(2)		$	56,409
% of total assets at fair value	21.2		%	77.6		%	1.2		%	—		%	100.0		%
Investments reported at NAV													1,165
Total													$	57,574
Liabilities
Other liabilities	$	(2)		$	(10)		$	—		$	8		$	(4)
Total recurring basis liabilities	(2)			(10)			—			8			(4)
Total liabilities at fair value	$	(2)		$	(10)		$	—		$	8		$	(4)
% of total liabilities at fair value	50.0		%	250.0		%	—		%	(200.0)		%	100.0		%

(1)Excludes $150 million of preferred stock measured at cost.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Level 3 fair value measurements of fixed income securities totaled $248 million and $153 million, respectively, and included $87 million and zero, respectively, of securities valued based on third-party discounted cash flow pricing models where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable, $22 million and $26 million, respectively, of securities valued based on non-binding broker quotes where the inputs have not been corroborated to be market observable and $2 million and $11 million, respectively, of municipal fixed income securities that are not rated by third-party credit rating agencies.

An increase (decrease) in credit spreads for fixed income securities valued based on third-party discounted cash flow pricing models or non-binding broker quotes would result in a lower (higher) fair value, and an increase (decrease) in the credit rating of municipal bonds that are not rated by third-party credit rating agencies would result in a higher (lower) fair value.

Rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value during the year ended December 31, 2024
	Balance as of December 31, 2023		Total gains (losses) included in:				Transfers				Transfers (to) from held for sale										Balance as of December 31, 2024
($ in millions)			Net income		OCI		Into Level 3		Out of Level 3				Purchases		Sales		Issues		Settlements
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	11	$	(2)	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(5)	$	—	$	(3)	$	2
Corporate - public	26		1		—		—		—		(7)		16		(14)		—		—		22
Corporate - privately placed	58		(6)		(2)		—		—		—		64		(2)		—		(2)		110
ABS	58		—		—		—		—		—		59		—		—		(3)		114
Total fixed income securities	153		(7)		(1)		—		—		(7)		139		(21)		—		(8)		248
Equity securities	402		8		—		—		—		—		25		(28)		—		—		407
Short-term investments	1		—		—		—		—		—		27		(20)		—		(3)		5
Other investments	2		6		—		—		—		—		—		(7)		—		—		1
Other assets	118		16		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		134
Assets held for sale	—		—		—		—		—		7		—		—		—		—		7
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	676	$	23	$	(1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	191	$	(76)	$	—	$	(11)	$	802

Rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value during the year ended December 31, 2023
	Balance as of December 31, 2022		Total gains (losses) included in:				Transfers												Balance as of December 31, 2023
($ in millions)			Net income		OCI		Into Level 3		Out of Level 3		Purchases		Sales		Issues		Settlements
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	21	$	3	$	(1)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(10)	$	—	$	(2)	$	11
Corporate - public	69		(1)		2		—		—		—		(44)		—		—		26
Corporate - privately placed	55		(12)		1		16		—		1		(3)		—		—		58
ABS	28		—		—		—		—		31		—		—		(1)		58
Total fixed income securities	173		(10)		2		16		—		32		(57)		—		(3)		153
Equity securities	333		36		—		—		—		77		(44)		—		—		402
Short-term investments	6		—		—		—		—		13		—		—		(18)		1
Other investments	3		(1)		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		2
Other assets	103		15		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		118
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	618	$	40	$	2	$	16	$	—	$	122	$	(101)	$	—	$	(21)	$	676

Rollforward of Level 3 assets and liabilities held at fair value during the year ended December 31, 2022
	Balance as of December 31, 2021		Total gains (losses) included in:				Transfers												Balance as of December 31, 2022
($ in millions)			Net income		OCI		Into Level 3		Out of Level 3		Purchases		Sales		Issues		Settlements
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	18	$	—	$	1	$	2	$	—	$	2	$	—	$	—	$	(2)	$	21
Corporate - public	20		—		(5)		—		—		66		(10)		—		(2)		69
Corporate - privately placed	66		19		2		—		—		34		(65)		—		(1)		55
ABS	40		1		—		—		(28)		17		—		—		(2)		28
Total fixed income securities	144		20		(2)		2		(28)		119		(75)		—		(7)		173
Equity securities	349		16		—		—		—		13		(45)		—		—		333
Short-term investments	5		—		—		—		—		23		—		—		(22)		6
Other investments	2		2		—		—		—		—		(1)		—		—		3
Other assets	65		38		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		103
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	565	$	76	$	(2)	$	2	$	(28)	$	155	$	(121)	$	—	$	(29)	$	618

Total Level 3 gains (losses) included in net income
	For the years ended December 31,
($ in millions)	2024		2023		2022
Net investment income	$	(8)	$	(1)	$	15
Net gains (losses) on investments and derivatives (1)	15		26		23
Operating costs and expenses (1)	16		15		38

(1)Prior to 2024, Level 3 gains (losses) included in operating costs and expenses were reported in this table within net gains (losses) on investments and derivatives. Historical results have been updated to conform with this presentation.

There were no transfers into Level 3 during 2024. Transfers into Level 3 during 2023 included situations where securities were written down utilizing an internal price where the inputs had not been corroborated to be market observable resulting in the security being classified as Level 3. Transfers into Level 3 during 2022 included situations where a quote was not provided by the Company’s independent third-party valuation service provider and as a result the price was stale or had been replaced with a broker quote where the inputs had not been corroborated to be market observable resulting in the security being classified as Level 3.

There were no transfers out of Level 3 during 2024 and 2023. Transfers out of Level 3 during 2022 included situations where a broker quote was used in the prior period and a quote became available from the Company’s independent third-party valuation service provider in the current period. A quote utilizing the new pricing source was not available as of the prior period, and any gains or losses related to the change in valuation source for individual securities were not significant.

Valuation changes included in net income and OCI for Level 3 assets and liabilities held as of December 31,
($ in millions)	2024		2023		2022
Assets
Fixed income securities:
Municipal	$	(2)	$	—	$	—
Corporate - public	1		—		—
Corporate - privately placed	(6)		(12)		1
Total fixed income securities	(7)		(12)		1
Equity securities	13		35		14
Other investments	—		(1)		2
Other assets	16		15		38
Total recurring Level 3 assets	$	22	$	37	$	55
Total included in net income	$	22	$	37	$	55
Components of net income
Net investment income	$	(8)	$	(1)	$	14
Net gains (losses) on investments and derivatives	14		23		3
Operating costs and expenses	16		15		38
Total included in net income	$	22	$	37	$	55
Assets
Municipal	$	—	$	—	$	1
Corporate - public	—		1		(5)
Corporate - privately placed	(1)		2		—
Changes in unrealized net capital gains and losses reported in OCI	$	(1)	$	3	$	(4)

Financial instruments not carried at fair value
($ in millions)		December 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
Financial assets	Fair value level	Amortized cost, net (2)		Fair value		Amortized cost, net		Fair value
Mortgage loans	Level 3	$	784	$	746	$	822	$	769
Bank loans	Level 3	201		207		224		238
Financial liabilities	Fair value level	Carrying value (2)		Fair value		Carrying value (2)		Fair value
Contractholder funds on investment contracts (1)	Level 3	$	—	$	—	$	46	$	46
Debt	Level 2	8,085		7,740		7,942		7,655
Liability for collateral	Level 2	2,041		2,041		1,891		1,891
Liabilities held for sale	Level 3	40		40		—		—

(1)As of December 31, 2024, all contractholder funds on investment contracts are held for sale.

(2)Represents the amounts reported on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.