The Company currently has equity incentive plans under which it grants nonqualified stock options, restricted stock units and performance stock awards to certain employees and directors of the Company.


Equity awards
($ in millions)	2021		2020		2019
Compensation expense	$	120	$	124	$	105
Income tax benefits	18		18		17
Cash received from exercise of options	151		111		154
Tax benefit realized on options exercised and release of stock restrictions	37		53		43

The Company records compensation expense related to awards under these plans over the shorter of the period in which the requisite service is rendered or retirement eligibility is attained. Compensation expense for performance stock awards with no market condition is based on the probable number of awards expected to vest using the performance level most likely to be achieved at the end of the performance period. Compensation expense for performance stock awards with a market condition is based on the number of awards expected to vest as estimated at the grant date and does not change if the market condition is not met.


Nonvested awards as of December 31, 2021
($ in millions)	Unrecognized compensation		Weighted average vesting period
Nonqualified stock options	$	16	1.61
Restricted stock units	44		1.87
Performance stock awards	30		1.65
Total	$	90

Options are granted to employees with exercise prices equal to the closing share price of the Company’s common stock on the applicable grant date. Options granted to employees vest ratably over a three-year period. Vesting is subject to continued service, except for employees who are retirement eligible and in certain other limited circumstances. Options may be exercised once vested and will expire no later than ten years after the date of grant.

Restricted stock units for directors vest immediately and convert into shares of stock on the earlier of the day of the third anniversary of the grant date or the date the director’s service terminates, unless a deferred period of restriction is elected.

Restricted stock units granted to directors prior to June 1, 2016 convert upon leaving the board. Restricted stock units granted to employees prior to February 19, 2020 vest on the day prior to the third anniversary of the grant date. Restricted stock units granted to employees on or after February 19, 2020 vest ratably over a three-year period. Restricted stock units granted to employees subsequently convert into shares of stock on the day of the respective anniversary of the grant date. Vesting is subject to continued service, except for employees who are retirement eligible and in certain other limited circumstances.

Performance stock awards vest into shares of stock based on achieving established company-specific performance goals. Performance stock awards granted prior to February 19, 2020 vest into shares of stock on the day prior to the third anniversary of the grant date. Performance stock awards granted on or after February 19, 2020 vest into shares of stock on the third anniversary of the grant date.

The numbers of shares earned upon vesting of the performance stock awards is based on the attainment of performance goals for each of the performance periods, subject to continued service, except for employees who are retirement eligible and in certain other limited circumstances.

Since 2001, a total of 110.8 million shares of common stock were authorized to be used for awards under the plans, subject to adjustment in accordance with the plans’ terms. As of December 31, 2021, 17.0 million shares were reserved and remained available for future issuance under these plans. The Company uses its treasury shares for these issuances.

The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using a binomial lattice model. The Company uses historical data to estimate option exercise and employee termination within the valuation model. In addition, separate groups of employees that have similar historical exercise behavior are considered separately for valuation purposes. The expected term of options granted is derived from the output of the binomial lattice model and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The expected volatility of the price of the underlying shares is implied based on traded options and historical volatility of the Company’s common stock. The expected dividends were based on the current dividend yield of the Company’s stock as of the date of the grant. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.


Option grant assumptions
	2021		2020		2019
Weighted average expected term	7.5 years		6.1 years		5.8 years
Expected volatility	16.5% - 28.8%		16.3% - 37.1%		15.6% - 28.9%
Weighted average volatility	23.0	%	17.6	%	18.4	%
Expected dividends	2.0% - 3.0%		1.6% - 2.4%		1.9% - 2.2%
Weighted average expected dividends	3.1	%	1.8	%	2.2	%
Risk-free rate	—% - 1.7%		0.1% - 1.8%		1.3% - 2.7%


Summary of option activity
	For the year ended December 31, 2021
	Number (in 000s)	Weighted average exercise price		Aggregate intrinsic value (in 000s)		Weighted average remaining contractual term (years)
Outstanding as of January 1, 2021	10,617	$	83.65
Granted	1,738	105.45
Exercised	(2,167)	74.05
Forfeited	(319)	106.33
Expired	(15)	104.22
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021	9,854	88.84		$	292,514	5.8
Outstanding, net of expected forfeitures	9,791	88.71		291,849		5.8
Outstanding, exercisable (“vested”)	6,654	79.96		253,563		4.6

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted was $15.61, $18.17 and $14.96 during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The intrinsic value, which is the difference between the fair value and the exercise price, of options exercised was $112 million, $119 million and $114 million during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.


Changes in restricted stock units
	For the year ended December 31, 2021
	Number (in 000s)	Weighted average grant date fair value
Nonvested as of January 1, 2021	948	$	98.61
Granted	552	108.99
Vested	(322)	102.45
Forfeited	(140)	105.68
Nonvested as of December 31, 2021	1,038	101.98

The fair value of restricted stock units is based on the market value of the Company’s stock as of the date of the grant. The market value in part reflects the payment of future dividends expected. The weighted average grant date fair value of restricted stock units granted was $108.99, $118.61 and $92.97 during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The total fair value of restricted stock units vested was $35 million, $32 million and $29 million during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.


Changes in performance stock awards
	For the year ended December 31, 2021
	Number (in 000s)	Weighted average grant date fair value
Nonvested as of January 1, 2021	951	$	100.89
Granted	442	107.14
Adjustment for performance achievement	338	92.88
Vested	(676)	92.88
Forfeited	(81)	107.91
Nonvested as of December 31, 2021	974	105.92

The change in performance stock awards comprises those initially granted in 2021 and the adjustment to previously granted performance stock awards for performance achievement.

The fair value of performance stock awards that do not include a market condition is based on the market value of the Company’s stock as of the date of the grant.

Starting with the February 2020 award, the fair value of performance stock awards includes a component with market-based condition measured on the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Market-based condition measures the Company’s total shareholder return (“TSR”) relative to the TSR of peer companies, expressed in terms of the Company’s TSR percentile rank among the peer companies, over a three-calendar-year performance period. The Monte Carlo simulation model uses a risk-neutral framework to model future stock price movements based upon the risk-free rate of return at the time of grant,

volatilities of the Company and the peer companies, and expected term assumed to be equal to the remaining measurement period. The market value in part reflects the payment of future dividends expected.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the 2021 performance stock awards with market-based condition assumes a risk-free rate of 0.2%, volatility of 29.9%, average peer volatility of 37.4% and an expected term of 2.9 years.

The weighted average grant date fair value of performance stock awards granted was $107.14, $123.48 and $92.49 during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The total fair value of performance stock awards vested was $70 million, $101 million and $65 million during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The Company recognizes all tax effects related to share-based payments at settlement or expiration through the income statement.