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Stock-Based Compensation
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
The 2006 Employee Plan authorizes the Board of Directors, or a committee of the Board of Directors, to issue or transfer up to an aggregate of 71,100,000 shares of common stock, plus any shares relating to awards that expire, are forfeited or canceled. The Company issues new shares upon exercise of option rights and vesting of restricted stock units (RSUs). The 2006 Employee Plan permits the granting of option rights, appreciation rights, restricted stock, RSUs, performance shares and performance units to eligible employees. At December 31, 2021, no appreciation rights, performance shares or performance units had been granted under the 2006 Employee Plan. Shares available for future grants under the 2006 Employee Plan were 9,923,164 at December 31, 2021.
The 2006 Stock Plan for Nonemployee Directors (Nonemployee Director Plan) authorizes the Board of Directors, or a committee of the Board of Directors, to issue or transfer up to an aggregate of 600,000 shares of common stock, plus any shares relating to awards that expire, are forfeited or canceled. The Nonemployee Director Plan permits the granting of option rights, appreciation rights, restricted stock and RSUs to members of the Board of Directors who are not employees of the Company. At December 31, 2021, no option rights or appreciation rights had been granted under the Nonemployee Director Plan. Shares available for future grants under the Nonemployee Director Plan were 229,123 at December 31, 2021.
The cost of the Company’s stock-based compensation is recorded in accordance with the Stock Compensation Topic of the ASC. At December 31, 2021, the Company had total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $149.8 million that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.06 years. Stock-based compensation expense during 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $97.7 million, $95.9 million and $101.7 million, respectively. The related tax benefit was $24.1 million, $23.6 million and $25.1 million during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Excess tax benefits from share-based payments are recognized as an income tax benefit in the statement of consolidated income when options are exercised and RSUs vest. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s excess tax benefit from options exercised and RSUs vested reduced the income tax provision by $108.7 million, $94.7 million, and $65.2 million respectively.
Option Rights
The fair value of the Company’s option rights was estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions for all options granted:
202120202019
Risk-free interest rate1.11 %.39 %1.64 %
Expected life of option rights5.05 years5.05 years5.05 years
Expected dividend yield of stock.75 %.88 %.87 %
Expected volatility of stock26.8 %26.7 %23.2 %
The risk-free interest rate is based upon the U.S. Treasury yield curve at the time of grant. The expected life of option rights was calculated using a scenario analysis model. Historical data was used to aggregate the holding period from actual exercises, post-vesting cancellations and hypothetical assumed exercises on all outstanding option rights. The expected dividend yield of stock is the Company’s best estimate of the expected future dividend yield. Expected volatility of stock was calculated using historical and implied volatilities.
Grants of option rights for non-qualified and incentive stock options have been awarded to certain officers and key employees under the 2006 Employee Plan. The option rights generally become exercisable to the extent of one-third of the optioned shares for each full year following the date of grant and generally expire ten years after the date of grant. Unrecognized compensation expense with respect to option rights granted to eligible employees amounted to $79.5 million at December 31, 2021. The unrecognized compensation expense is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the three-year vesting period, net of estimated forfeitures based on historical activity, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.09 years.
The weighted-average per share grant date fair value of options granted during 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $68.63, $46.56 and $38.80, respectively. The total intrinsic value of option rights exercised during 2021, 2020, and 2019 was $485.8 million, $407.9 million and $285.8 million, respectively. The total fair value of options vested during 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $53.2 million, $51.0 million and $43.2 million, respectively. There were no outstanding option rights for nonemployee directors at December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.
A summary of the Company’s non-qualified and incentive stock option right activity is shown in the following table:
 202120202019
 Optioned
Shares		Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
Per Share		Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in millions)		Optioned
Shares		Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
Per Share		Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in millions)		Optioned
Shares		Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
Per Share		Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in millions)
Outstanding at
beginning of year
10,503,378 $120.34 12,119,187 $96.82 13,455,747 $79.51 
Granted972,575 292.15 1,373,793 213.39 1,496,658 183.11 
Exercised(2,362,173)82.50 (2,872,836)63.63 (2,706,498)57.12 
Forfeited(124,967)195.90 (113,715)170.80 (120,936)126.71 
Expired(5,878)141.27 (3,051)139.55 (5,784)115.23 
Outstanding at
end of year
8,982,935 $147.83 $1,835.5 10,503,378 $120.34 $1,309.1 12,119,187 $96.82 $1,184.0 
Exercisable at
end of year
6,713,727 $116.32 $1,583.4 7,681,440 $95.07 $1,151.5 8,920,968 $75.50 $1,061.7 
The weighted-average remaining term for options outstanding at the end of 2021, 2020 and 2019 was 6.09, 6.12 and 6.02 years, respectively. The weighted-average remaining term for options exercisable at the end of 2021, 2020 and 2019 was 5.12, 5.06 and 4.95 years, respectively.
RSUs
Grants of RSUs, which generally require three years of continuous employment from the date of grant before vesting and receiving the stock without restriction, have been awarded to certain officers and key employees under the 2006 Employee Plan. The February 2021, 2020 and 2019 grants consisted of performance-based awards that vest at the end of a three-year period based on the Company’s achievement of specified financial and operating performance goals relating to earnings per share and return on net assets employed.
Unrecognized compensation expense with respect to grants of RSUs to eligible employees amounted to $68.6 million at December 31, 2021 and is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.91 years.
Grants of RSUs have been awarded to nonemployee directors under the Nonemployee Director Plan. These grants generally vest and stock is received without restriction to the extent of one-third of the RSUs for each year following the date of grant. Unrecognized compensation expense with respect to grants of RSUs to nonemployee directors amounted to $1.7 million at December 31, 2021 and is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the three-year vesting period and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.94 years.
A summary of the Company’s RSU activity for the years ended December 31 is shown in the following table:
202120202019
Outstanding at beginning of year625,383 744,516 871,206 
Granted 196,526 287,919 393,825 
Vested(276,948)(386,685)(506,190)
Forfeited(34,281)(20,367)(14,325)
Outstanding at end of year510,680  625,383 744,516 
The weighted-average per share fair value of RSUs granted during 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $238.89, $193.79 and $144.18, respectively.