Significant Accounting Policies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

(2) Significant Accounting Policies

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, or Topic 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of Topic 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. For a complete discussion of accounting for net product revenue and licensing revenue, see Note 7—Revenue Recognition.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash, deposits with banks and short-term highly liquid money market instruments with original maturities at the date of purchase of 90 days or less. Restricted cash represents cash and cash equivalents pledged to guarantee repayment of certain expenses which may be incurred for business travel under corporate credit cards held by employees.

Accounts Receivable, net

Accounts receivable, net, comprised of trade receivables, are generally due within 45 days and are stated at amounts due from customers. The Company recognizes an allowance for losses on accounts receivable in an amount equal to the estimated probable credit losses net of any recoveries. The allowance is based primarily on assessment of specific identifiable customer accounts considered at risk or uncollectible, as well as an analysis of current receivables aging and expected future write-offs. The expense associated with the allowance for doubtful accounts is recognized as selling, general, and administrative expense. The Company has not historically experienced any significant credit losses. All customer accounts are actively managed and no losses in excess of amounts reserved are currently expected.

The following table summarizes the impact of accounts receivable reserves on the gross trade accounts receivable balances as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:


In thousands	September 30, 2025			December 31, 2024
Gross trade accounts receivable	$	141,296		$	133,072
Trade allowances		(12,774	)		(9,433	)
Chargebacks		(1,213	)		(1,360	)
Accounts receivable, net	$	127,309		$	122,279

Inventory

The Company states inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined based on actual cost using the average cost method. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The Company classifies inventory as long-term inventory when consumption of the inventory is expected beyond the next 12 months. The Company classifies finished goods expected to be sold within the next 12 months, and all of VASCEPA's active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, as current inventory. An allowance is established when management determines that certain inventories may not be saleable. If inventory cost exceeds expected net realizable value due to obsolescence, damage or quantities in excess of expected demand, changes in price levels or other causes, the Company will reduce the carrying value of such inventory to net realizable value and recognize the difference as a component of cost of goods sold in the period in which it occurs. The Company capitalizes inventory purchases of saleable product from approved suppliers while inventory purchases from suppliers prior to regulatory approval are included as a component of research and development expense. The Company expenses inventory identified for use as marketing samples when they are packaged. The average cost reflects the actual purchase price of VASCEPA API.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences of differences between the carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities and operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes using enacted rates expected to be in effect when those differences reverse. Valuation allowances are provided against deferred tax assets that are not more likely than not to be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The Company provides reserves for potential payments of tax to various tax authorities and does not recognize tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions and other issues. Tax benefits for uncertain tax positions are based on a determination of whether a tax benefit taken by the Company in its tax filings or positions is more likely than not to be realized, assuming that the matter in question will be decided based on its technical merits. The Company’s policy is to record interest and penalties in the benefit from (provision for) income taxes, as applicable.

The Company regularly assesses its ability to realize deferred tax assets. Changes in historical earnings performance, future earnings projections, and changes in tax laws, among other factors, may cause the Company to adjust its valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, which would impact the Company’s income tax expense in the period in which it is determined that these factors have changed.

Excess tax benefits and deficiencies that arise upon vesting or exercise of stock-based payments are recognized as an income tax benefit and expense, respectively, in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. Excess income tax benefits are classified as cash flows from operating activities and cash paid to taxing authorities arising from the withholding of Ordinary Shares from employees are classified as cash flows from financing activities.

The Company’s and its subsidiaries’ income tax returns are periodically examined by various tax authorities, including the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, and state tax authorities. The Company is currently under audit by the IRS for its 2018 and 2019 U.S. income tax returns. Although the outcome of tax audits is always uncertain and could result in significant cash tax payments, the Company does not believe the outcome of these audits will have a material adverse effect on its condensed consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share is determined by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of Ordinary Shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is determined by dividing net loss by diluted weighted average number of Ordinary Shares outstanding. Diluted weighted average shares reflects the dilutive effect, if any, of potentially dilutive Ordinary Shares, such as from the exercise of stock options and vesting of RSUs calculated using the treasury stock method. In periods with reported net losses, all stock options and RSUs outstanding are deemed anti-dilutive such that basic and diluted net loss per share are equal.

The calculation of net loss and the number of Ordinary Shares and ADSs used to compute basic and diluted net loss per Ordinary Share and ADS for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
In thousands	2025			2024			2025			2024
Net loss—basic and diluted	$	(7,738	)	$	(25,134	)	$	(37,574	)	$	(33,565	)
Weighted average Ordinary Shares outstanding—basic and diluted		415,531			411,150			414,607			410,786
Loss per Ordinary Share—basic and diluted (1)	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.06	)	$	(0.09	)	$	(0.08	)

Weighted average ADS outstanding—basic and diluted		20,776			20,557			20,730			20,539
Loss per ADS—basic and diluted (1)	$	(0.37	)	$	(1.22	)	$	(1.81	)	$	(1.63	)

(1) Excluding the licensing revenue change in estimates, discussed in Note 7 – Revenue Recognition, net loss per ordinary share, basic and diluted, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 would have been net loss per share of $(0.09) and net loss per ADS, basic and diluted for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 would have been net loss per share of $(1.84).

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the following potentially dilutive securities were not included in the computation of net loss per share because the effect would be anti-dilutive or because performance criteria were not yet met for awards contingent upon such measures:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
In thousands	2025		2024		2025		2024
Stock options		30,769		29,071		30,769		29,071
Restricted stock units		14,726		14,926		14,726		14,926

Stock options are anti-dilutive during periods of net earnings when the exercise price of the stock options exceeds the market price of the underlying securities on the last day of the reporting period. RSUs are anti-dilutive during periods of net earnings when underlying performance-based vesting requirements were not achieved as of the last day of the reporting period.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, and accounts receivable. The Company maintains substantially all of its cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments in financial institutions believed to be of high credit quality.

A significant portion of the Company’s sales are to wholesalers in the pharmaceutical industry. The Company monitors the creditworthiness of customers to whom it grants credit terms and has not experienced any credit losses. The Company does not require collateral or any other security to support credit sales. Three customers individually accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s gross product sales. Customers A, B, and C accounted for 31%, 29%, and 28%, respectively, of gross product sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and represented 40%, 23%, and 15%, respectively, of the gross accounts receivable balance as of September 30, 2025. Customers A, B, and C accounted for 29%, 34%, and 28%, respectively, of gross product sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and represented 41%, 30%, and 17%, respectively, of the gross accounts receivable balance as of September 30, 2024. The Company has not experienced any significant write-offs of its accounts receivable. All customer accounts are actively managed and no losses in excess of amounts reserved are currently expected.

Concentration of Suppliers

The Company has contractual freedom to source the API for VASCEPA and to procure other services supporting its supply chain and has entered into supply agreements with multiple suppliers. The Company’s supply of product for commercial sale and clinical trials is dependent upon relationships with third-party manufacturers and suppliers.

The Company cannot provide assurance that its efforts to procure uninterrupted supply of VASCEPA to meet market demand will continue to be successful or that it will be able to renew current supply agreements on favorable terms or at all. Significant alteration to or disruption or termination of the Company’s current supply chain or the Company’s failure to enter into new and similar agreements in a timely fashion, if needed, could have a material adverse effect on its business, condition (financial and other), prospects or results of operations.

The Company currently has manufacturing agreements with multiple independent API manufacturers and several independent API encapsulators and packagers for VASCEPA manufacturing. Each of these API manufacturers, encapsulators and packagers is U.S. FDA-approved and certain of these API manufacturers, encapsulators and packagers are also approved by the European Regulatory Authorities for manufacturing VAZKEPA in Europe. These suppliers are also used by the Company to source supply to meet the clinical trial and commercial demands of its partners in other countries. Each of these suppliers has qualified and validated its manufacturing processes. There can be no guarantee that these or other suppliers with which the Company may contract in the future to manufacture VASCEPA or VASCEPA API will remain qualified to do so to its specifications or that these and any future suppliers will have the manufacturing capacity to meet potential global demand for VASCEPA.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company provides disclosure of financial assets and financial liabilities that are carried at fair value based on the price that would be received upon sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements may be classified based on the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs to fair valuation of these assets and liabilities using the following three levels:

Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2—Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (e.g., interest rates, yield curves) and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs).

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The Company develops these inputs based on the best information available, including its own data.

The following tables present information about the estimated fair value of the Company’s assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques the Company utilized to determine such fair value:


	September 30, 2025
In thousands	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Asset:
U.S. Treasury Securities	$	172,822	$	172,822	$	—	$	—
Money Market Fund		38,765		38,765		—		—
Repo Securities		5,000		—		5,000		—
Total	$	216,587	$	211,587	$	5,000	$	—


	December 31, 2024
In thousands	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Asset:
U.S. Treasury Securities	$	174,722	$	174,722	$	—	$	—
Money Market Fund		67,456		67,456		—		—
Repo Securities		5,000		—		5,000		—
Total	$	247,178	$	242,178	$	5,000	$	—

The carrying amount of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value because of their short-term nature. The cash and cash equivalents consist of cash, deposits with banks and short-term highly liquid money market instruments with remaining maturities at the date of purchase of 90 days or less.

The Company’s investments are stated at amortized cost, which approximates fair value. The Company does not intend to sell these investment securities and the contractual maturities are not greater than 12 months. Those with original maturities greater than 90 days and maturities less than 12 months are included in short-term investments on its condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Unrealized gains or losses are not recognized until maturity, except other-than-temporary unrealized losses, which are recognized in earnings in the period incurred. The Company evaluates securities with unrealized losses to determine whether such losses are other than temporary. The unrealized gain for both the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively. Interest on investments is reported in interest income in our condensed consolidated statement of operations. Interest receivable in investment securities is reported in prepaid and other current assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The carrying amounts of accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate fair value because of their short-term nature.

Segment and Geographical Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated on a regular basis by the chief operating decision-maker, or CODM, in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance of the segment. The Company currently operates in two business segments, U.S. and Europe, which are aggregated into a single reportable segment, for the development and commercialization of VASCEPA. A single management team that reports to the Company’s CODM, who is the Chief Executive Officer, comprehensively manages the business on an integrated basis for the purpose of allocating resources. The Company’s CODM does not currently assess segment performance or allocate resources based on a measure of total assets nor is it practical for the Company to disaggregate assets based on geography. Accordingly, a total asset measure has not been provided for segment disclosure. Therefore, the Company does not have separate reportable segments.

The table below is a summary of the reportable segment profit or loss, including significant reportable segment expenses:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
In thousands	2025			2024			2025			2024
US product revenue, net	$	40,866		$	30,601		$	113,028		$	122,471
Europe product revenue, net		4,095			4,332			16,060			9,732
RoW product revenue, net		3,597			6,919			7,122			12,319
Total product revenue, net		48,558			41,852			136,210			144,522
Licensing and royalty revenue		1,112			446			28,217			21,786
Total revenue, net		49,670			42,298			164,427			166,308
Less: Cost of goods sold		27,462			26,022			66,728			75,359
Gross margin		22,208			16,276			97,699			90,949
Operating expenses:
Selling		2,722			9,107			18,582			29,579
General and administrative		9,012			9,693			32,185			28,498
Research and development		1,289			1,425			5,216			5,268
Payroll and payroll related expense		8,528			16,521			43,250			52,576
Non-cash stock-based compensation expense		2,354			4,698			10,146			14,303
Restructuring		9,406			—			32,165			—
Total operating expenses		33,311			41,444			141,544			130,224
Operating loss		(11,103	)		(25,168	)		(43,845	)		(39,275	)
Interest income, net		2,783			3,374			8,277			10,028
Other income, net		205			265			372			1,954
Loss from operations before taxes		(8,115	)		(21,529	)		(35,196	)		(27,293	)
Benefit from (provision for) income taxes		377			(3,605	)		(2,378	)		(6,272	)
Segment & consolidated net loss	$	(7,738	)	$	(25,134	)	$	(37,574	)	$	(33,565	)

Restructuring

The Company identifies a restructuring event as a program that is planned and controlled by management, and materially changes either the scope of the Company's business or the manner in which that business is conducted. The accounting for involuntary

termination benefits that are provided pursuant to a one-time benefit arrangement are accounted for under ASC 420 – Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations, whereas involuntary termination benefits that are part of an ongoing written or substantive plan are accounted for under ASC 712 – Compensation – Nonretirement Postemployment Benefits. The Company accrues a liability for termination benefits under ASC 712 when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated and under ASC 420 when the termination benefits are communicated.

On June 24, 2025, the Company announced a global restructuring plan, the Global Restructuring Plan, in connection with the execution of an exclusive long-term license and supply agreement with Recordati, with the vast majority of estimated cost savings to come from the elimination of commercial roles in the Company’s European operations. The Company anticipates that it will incur between approximately $30.0 million and $37.0 million in charges related to the Global Restructuring Plan, substantially all of which will be cash expenditures. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized approximately $9.4 million and $32.2 million, respectively, of restructuring expense reflected on the condensed consolidated statement of operations related to the reduction in force, substantially all of which are cash expenditures.

The following table sets forth the components of the Company's restructuring charges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 (none in 2024):


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,			For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
In thousands	2025			2025
Restructuring expense	$	10,714		$	23,428
Vendor contract charges		(1,308	)		8,737
Total restructuring expense		9,406			32,165
Forfeited (accelerated) stock vesting		399			(2,176	)
Total restructuring costs incurred	$	9,805		$	29,989

The following table shows the change in restructuring liability, which is included within accrued expenses and other current liabilities:


In thousands	Restructuring Liability
Balance at December 31, 2024	$	—
Costs incurred		29,989
Payments		(17,190	)
Balance at September 30, 2025	$	12,799

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, and are adopted early by the Company or adopted as of the specified effective date.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740)—Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which provides more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. This change is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company expects adoption of this ASU will result in additional annual disclosures in line with the requirements of ASU 2023-09.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), which requires a public business entity to disclose specific information about certain costs and expenses in the notes to its financial statements for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2024-03 will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company believes that the impact of other recently issued but not yet adopted accounting pronouncements will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows, or do not apply to the Company’s operations.