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Retirement Benefit Plans
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS
Defined Benefit Plans
 
In connection with the February 3, 2006 purchase of all the net assets of the Gradall excavator business, the Company assumed sponsorship of two Gradall non-contributory defined benefit pension plans, both of which are frozen with respect to both future benefit accruals and future new entrants.
 
The Gradall Company Employees’ Retirement Plan covers approximately 245 former employees and 47 current employees who (i) were formerly employed by JLG Industries, Inc., (ii) were not covered by a collective bargaining agreement and (iii) first participated in the plan before December 31, 2004. An amendment ceasing future benefit accruals for certain participants was effective December 31, 2004. A second amendment discontinued all future benefit accruals for all participants effective April 24, 2006.

The Gradall Company Hourly Employees’ Pension Plan covered former employees and current employees who (i) were formerly employed by JLG Industries, Inc., (ii) were covered by a collective bargaining agreement and (iii) first participated in the plan before April 6, 1997. An amendment ceasing all future benefit accruals was effective April 6, 1997.

 The following table sets forth the change in plan assets, change in projected benefit obligation, rate assumptions and components of net periodic benefit cost as of December 31 with respect to the plan. The measurement dates of the assets and liabilities of the plan were December 31 of the respective years presented.
 
Reconciliation of Funded Status
 Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)   20232022
Change in projected benefit obligation   
Benefit obligation at beginning of year$17,271 $22,564 
Service cost2 4 
Interest cost848 604 
Liability actuarial (gain) loss (35)(4,761)
Benefits paid(1,139)(1,140)
Benefit obligation at end of year$16,947 $17,271 
Change in fair value of plan assets    
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year$18,269 $23,671 
Return on plan assets1,645 (4,262)
Employer contributions— — 
Benefits paid(1,139)(1,140)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year18,775 18,269 
Funded status $1,828 $998 
 
The Company recognizes the overfunded or underfunded status (i.e., the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligations) of defined benefit postretirement plans as an asset or liability in its consolidated balance sheet and recognizes changes in the funded status in the year in which the changes occur. The Company measures the funded status of a plan as of the date of the year-end consolidated balance sheet.
   
The accumulated benefit obligation for our pension plan represents the actuarial present value of benefits based on employee service and compensation as of a certain date and does not include an assumption about future compensation levels.
 
In determining the projected benefit obligation and the net pension cost, we used the following significant weighted-average assumptions:
 
Rates to Determine Benefit Obligation
 
Year Ended December 31,
 20232022
Discount rate4.90%5.10%
Composite rate of compensation increaseN/AN/A
 
Rates to Determine Net Periodic Benefit Cost
 Year Ended December 31,
 20232022
Discount rate5.10%2.75%
Long-term rate of return on plan assets6.00%6.00%
Composite rate of compensation increaseN/AN/A
  
The Company employs a building block approach in determining the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. Historical markets are studied and long-term historical relationships between equities and fixed income are preserved consistent with the widely accepted capital market principle that assets with higher volatility generate a greater return over the long run. Current market factors such as inflation and interest rates are evaluated before long-term market assumptions are determined. The long-term portfolio return is established via a building block approach with proper consideration of diversification and rebalancing. Peer data and historical returns are reviewed to check for reasonability and appropriateness.

The following table presents the components of net periodic benefit cost (gains are denoted with parentheses and losses are not):
Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost
 Year Ended December 31,
 (in thousands)
20232022
Service cost$2 $4 
Interest cost848 604 
Expected return on plan assets(1,058)(1,384)
Amortization of net loss1,031 182 
Net periodic benefit cost$823 $(594)

 The Company estimates that $0.8 million of unrecognized actuarial expense will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit costs during 2024.
 
The Company employs a total return investment approach whereby a mix of equities and fixed income investments are used to maximize the long-term return of plan assets for a prudent level of risk. Risk tolerance is established through careful consideration of plan liabilities, plan funded status, and corporate financial condition. The investment portfolio contains a diversified blend of equity and fixed income investments. Furthermore, equity investments are diversified across U.S. and non-U.S. stocks, as well as growth, value, and small and large capitalization. Other assets such as real estate, private equity, and hedge funds are used judiciously to enhance long-term returns while improving portfolio diversification. Derivatives may be used to gain market exposure in an efficient and timely manner; however, derivatives may not be used to leverage the portfolio beyond the market value of the underlying investments. Investment risk is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis through quarterly investment portfolio reviews, annual liability measurements, and periodic asset/liability studies. Our current asset allocations are consistent with our targeted allocations.
 
The pension plans' weighted-average asset allocation as a percentage of plan assets at December 31 is as follows:
 
Asset Allocation as a Percentage of the Plan
 
Year Ended December 31,
 20232022
Equity securities10%36%
Debt securities88%62%
Short-term investments2%2%
Other—%—%
Total100%100%
  
The following table presents the hierarchy levels for our postretirement benefit plan investments as of December 31 as described in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements:
 
 

 
 
(in thousands)		December 31, 2023
Quoted
Prices in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Mutual Funds:    
Mid Cap$148 $148 $— $— 
Large Cap106 106 — — 
International221 221 — — 
Common/Collective Trusts:
Wells Fargo Liability Driven Solution CIT I11,997 — 11,997 — 
Wells Fargo Liability Driven Solution CIT II4,501 — 4,501 — 
Wells Fargo BlackRock International Equity142 — 142 — 
Wells Fargo/Causeway International Value134 — 134 — 
Wells Fargo BlackRock Large Cap Growth Index Fund214 — 214 — 
Wells Fargo BlackRock Large Cap Value Index Fund214 — 214 — 
Wells Fargo Multi-Manager Small Cap229 — 229 — 
Wells Fargo BlackRock Russell 2000 Index Fund76 — 76 — 
Wells Fargo BlackRock S&P Mid Cap Index Fund99 — 99 — 
Wells Fargo/MFS Value CIT F106 — 106 — 
Wells Fargo/T. Rowe Price Large-Cap Growth Managed CIT106 — 106 — 
Wells Fargo/T. Rowe Price Equity Income Managed CIT106 — 106 — 
Cash & Short-term Investments376 376 — — 
Total$18,775 $851 $17,924 $— 
            
 
 
 
 
(in thousands)		December 31, 2022
Quoted
Prices in Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Mutual Funds:    
Mid Cap$512 $512 $— $— 
International743 743 — — 
Common/Collective Trusts:
Wells Fargo Liability Driven Solution CIT I7,815 — 7,815 — 
Wells Fargo Liability Driven Solution CIT II3,550 3,550 
Wells Fargo BlackRock International Equity488 — 488 — 
Wells Fargo/Causeway International Value464 — 464 — 
Wells Fargo BlackRock Large Cap Growth Index Fund724 — 724 — 
Wells Fargo BlackRock Large Cap Value Index Fund744 — 744 — 
Wells Fargo Multi-Manager Small Cap785 — 785 — 
Wells Fargo BlackRock Russell 2000 Index Fund261 — 261 — 
Wells Fargo BlackRock S&P Mid Cap Index Fund320 — 320 — 
Wells Fargo/MFS Value CIT F359 — 359 — 
Wells Fargo/T. Rowe Price Large-Cap Growth Managed CIT359 — 359 — 
Wells Fargo/T. Rowe Price Equity Income Managed CIT356 — 356 — 
Wells Fargo Voya Large Cap Growth CIT F357 — 357 — 
Cash & Short-term Investments432 432 — — 
Total$18,269 $1,687 $16,582 $— 
              
Our interests in the common collective trust investments are managed by one custodian. Consistent with our investment policy, the custodian has invested the assets across a widely diversified portfolio of U.S. and international equity and fixed income securities. Fair values of each security within the collective trust as of December 31, 2023 were obtained from the custodian and are based on quoted market prices of individual investments; however, since the fund itself does not have a quoted market price, these assets are considered Level 2.

The common collective funds noted in the above table have estimated fair value using the net asset value per share of investments. Investments can be redeemed immediately at the current net asset value per share based on the fair value of the underlying assets. Redemption frequency is daily. The categories contain investments in equity securities of smaller growing companies, medium-sized U.S. companies, large value-oriented and growth-oriented companies, and foreign companies traded on international markets.
 
Expected benefit payments are estimated using the same assumptions used in determining our benefit obligation as of December 31, 2023. The following table illustrates the estimated pension benefit payments that are projected to be paid:
 
Projected Future Benefit Payments
 
(in thousands)
Employees’
Retirement Plan
2024$1,264 
20251,282 
20261,282 
20271,279 
20281,262 
Years 2029 through 20336,021 

Supplemental Retirement Plan
 
The Board of Directors of the Company adopted the Alamo Group Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (the “SERP”), effective as of January 3, 2011. The SERP will benefit certain key management or other highly compensated employees of the Company and/or certain subsidiaries who are selected by the Compensation Committee and approved by the Board to participate.
  
The SERP is intended to provide a benefit from the Company upon retirement, death or disability, or a change in control of the Company. Accordingly, the SERP obligates the Company to pay to a participant a Retirement Benefit (as defined in the SERP) upon the occurrence of certain payment events to the extent a participant has a vested right thereto. A participant’s right to his or her Retirement Benefit becomes vested in the Company’s contributions upon 10 years of Credited Service (as defined in the SERP) or a change in control of the Company.  The Retirement Benefit is based on 20% of the final three-year average salary of each participant on or after his or her normal retirement age (65 years of age).  In the event of the participant’s death or a change in control, the participant’s vested retirement benefit will be paid in a lump sum to the participant or his or her estate, as applicable, within 90 days after the participant’s death or a change in control, as applicable. In the event that the participant is entitled to a benefit from the SERP due to disability, retirement or other termination of employment, the benefit will be paid in monthly installments over a period of fifteen years.
 
The Company records amounts relating to the SERP based on calculations that incorporate various actuarial and other assumptions, including discount rates, rate of compensation increases, retirement dates and life expectancy. The net periodic costs are recognized as employees render the services necessary to earn the SERP benefits.

In May of 2015, the Board amended the SERP to allow the Board to modify the retirement benefit percentage either higher or lower than 20%. In May of 2016, the Board added additional highly compensated employees to the plan. As of December 31, 2023, the current retirement benefit (as defined in the plan) for the participants ranges from 10% to 20%.
 
The change in the Projected Benefit Obligation (PBO) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, is shown below:
 
Reconciliation of Benefit Obligation
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)20232022
Benefit obligation at January 1,$9,552 $11,326 
Service cost204 284 
Interest cost470 278 
Liability actuarial loss (gain)386 (2,023)
Benefits paid(349)(313)
Benefit obligation at December 31,$10,263 $9,552 

The components of net periodic pension expense were as follows:
 
Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)20232022
Service cost$204 $284 
Interest cost470 278 
Amortization of prior service cost381 420 
Amortization of net (gain)/loss(2)440 
Net periodic benefit cost$1,053 $1,422 
 
The Company estimates that $0.4 million of unrecognized actuarial expense will be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income into net periodic benefit costs during 2024.

In determining the projected benefit obligation and the net pension cost, we used the following significant weighted-average assumptions:
 
Assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31:
 
Rates to Determine Benefit Obligation
 20232022
Discount rate4.80%5.05%
Composite rate of compensation increase3.00%3.00%
 
Assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31:
 
Rates to Determine Net Periodic Benefit Cost
 20232022
Discount rate5.05%2.50%
Composite rate of compensation increase3.00%3.00%
Long-term rate of return on plan assetsN/AN/A
Future estimated benefits expected to be paid from the plan over the next ten years as follows:
Projected Future Benefit Payments
(in thousands)SERP
2024$557 
2025656 
2026888 
2027890 
2028892 
Years 2029 through 20334,448 

Defined Contribution Plans
 
The Company has two defined contribution plans, The Gradall Salaried Employees’ Savings and Investment Plan (“Salary Plan”) and The International Association of Machinist and Aerospace Workers Retirement Plan (“IAM Plan”). The Company contributed $0.5 million, $0.5 million, and $0.5 million to the IAM Plan for the plan years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company converted the Salary Plan into its 401(k) retirement and savings plan and put the Hourly Plan into a separate 401(k) retirement and savings plan.
 
The Company provides a defined contribution 401(k) retirement and savings plan for eligible U.S. employees. Company matching contributions are based on a percentage of employee contributions. Company contributions to the plan during 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $4.5 million, $4.2 million, and $3.9 million, respectively.
 
Three of the Company’s international subsidiaries also participate in a defined contribution and savings plan covering eligible employees. The Company’s international subsidiaries contribute between 0% and 10% of the participant’s salary up to a specific limit. Total contributions made to the above plans were $1.1 million, $0.9 million, and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.