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Stockholders' Equity (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Jul. 31, 2018
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]  
Total share-based compensation expense The following table summarizes the total share-based compensation expense that we recorded in operating income from continuing operations for the periods shown.
 
Twelve Months Ended July 31,
(In millions except per share amounts)
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Cost of product revenue
$
3

 
$
—

 
$
—

Cost of service and other revenue
40

 
8

 
8

Selling and marketing
101

 
88

 
77

Research and development
133

 
122

 
90

General and administrative
105

 
108

 
103

Total share-based compensation expense from continuing operations
382

 
326

 
278

Income tax benefit
(199
)
 
(179
)
 
(86
)
Decrease in net income from continuing operations
$
183

 
$
147

 
$
192

 
 
 
 
 
 
Decrease in net income per share from continuing operations:
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
0.71

 
$
0.57

 
$
0.73

Diluted
$
0.70

 
$
0.56

 
$
0.72
Assumptions to estimate the fair value of stock options granted and shares purchased under Employee Stock Purchase Plan We used the following assumptions to estimate the fair value of stock options granted and shares purchased under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan for the periods indicated:
 
Twelve Months Ended July 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Assumptions for stock options:
 
 
 
 
 
Expected volatility (range)
25
%
 
22% - 23%

 
22% - 26%

Weighted average expected volatility
25
%
 
23
%
 
22
%
Risk-free interest rate (range)
2.84
%
 
1.65% - 1.70%

 
0.98% - 1.49%

Expected dividend yield
0.72
%
 
0.97% - 1.17%

 
1.06% - 1.36%

 
 
 
 
 
 
Assumptions for ESPP:
 
 
 
 
 
Expected volatility (range)
20% - 25%

 
18% - 21%

 
23% - 26%

Weighted average expected volatility
23
%
 
20
%
 
25
%
Risk-free interest rate (range)
1.05% - 1.96%

 
0.30% - 0.89%

 
0.06% - 0.47%

Expected dividend yield
0.87% - 1.10%

 
1.09% - 1.10%

 
1.13% - 1.34%


Share-Based Awards Available for Grant
Share-based awards available for grant A summary of share-based awards available for grant under our 2005 Equity Incentive Plan for the fiscal periods indicated was as follows:
(Shares in thousands)
Shares
Available
for Grant
Balance at July 31, 2015
17,183

Options granted
(2,553
)
Restricted stock units granted (1)
(9,364
)
Share-based awards canceled/forfeited/expired (1)(2)
3,724

Balance at July 31, 2016
8,990

Additional shares authorized
23,110

Options granted
(1,786
)
Restricted stock units granted (1)
(9,160
)
Share-based awards canceled/forfeited/expired (1)(2)
4,010

Balance at July 31, 2017
25,164

Options granted
(455
)
Restricted stock units granted (1)
(6,504
)
Share-based awards canceled/forfeited/expired (1)(2)
4,586

Balance at July 31, 2018
22,791

________________________________
(1)
RSUs granted from the pool of shares available for grant under our 2005 Equity Incentive Plan reduce the pool by 2.3 shares for each share granted. RSUs forfeited and returned to the pool of shares available for grant increase the pool by 2.3 shares for each share forfeited.
(2)
Stock options and RSUs canceled, expired or forfeited under our 2005 Equity Incentive Plan are returned to the pool of shares available for grant. Shares withheld for income taxes upon vesting of RSUs that were granted on or after July 21, 2016 are also returned to the pool of shares available for grant. Stock options and RSUs canceled, expired or forfeited under older expired plans are not returned to the pool of shares available for grant.
Stock option activity A summary of stock option activity for the periods indicated was as follows:
 
Options Outstanding
(Shares in thousands)
Number of
Shares
 
Weighted Average
Exercise Price
Per Share
Balance at July 31, 2015
8,713

 

$69.13

Granted
2,553

 
113.08

Exercised
(2,566
)
 
48.93

Canceled or expired
(354
)
 
74.56

Balance at July 31, 2016
8,346

 
88.55

Granted
1,786

 
135.24

Exercised
(2,213
)
 
69.12

Canceled or expired
(431
)
 
104.78

Balance at July 31, 2017
7,488

 
104.50

Granted
455

 
216.64

Exercised
(2,416
)
 
89.41

Canceled or expired
(373
)
 
121.31

Balance at July 31, 2018
5,154

 

$120.26
Stock options outstanding Information regarding stock options outstanding as of July 31, 2018 is summarized below:
 
Number
of Shares
(in thousands)
 
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life
(in Years)    
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price per
Share      
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in millions)    
Options outstanding
5,154

 
4.82
 

$120.26

 

$493

Options exercisable
2,933

 
4.01
 

$101.40

 

$336
Additional information regarding stock options and ESPP shares Additional information regarding our stock options and ESPP shares is shown in the table below.
 
Twelve Months Ended July 31,
(In millions except per share amounts)
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Weighted average fair value of options granted (per share)
$
50.77

 
$
25.54

 
$
20.35

 
 
 
 
 
 
Total grant date fair value of options vested
$
38

 
$
37

 
$
32

 
 
 
 
 
 
Aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised
$
188

 
$
126

 
$
134

 
 
 
 
 
 
Share-based compensation expense for stock options and ESPP
$
56

 
$
52

 
$
48

 
 
 
 
 
 
Total tax benefit for stock option and ESPP share-based compensation
$
56

 
$
49

 
$
13

 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash received from option exercises
$
216

 
$
153

 
$
126

 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash tax benefits realized related to tax deductions for non-qualified option exercises and disqualifying dispositions under all share-based payment arrangements
$
53

 
$
46

 
$
47
Summary of restricted stock unit activity A summary of restricted stock unit (RSU) activity for the periods indicated was as follows:
(Shares in thousands)
Number
of Shares
 
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Nonvested at July 31, 2015
8,916

 

$72.48

Granted
4,072

 
99.30

Vested
(2,392
)
 
78.07

Forfeited
(1,557
)
 
77.03

Nonvested at July 31, 2016
9,039

 
82.30

Granted
3,983

 
119.84

Vested
(3,121
)
 
86.93

Forfeited
(1,265
)
 
76.75

Nonvested at July 31, 2017
8,636

 
98.76

Granted
2,828

 
185.53

Unregistered restricted stock granted in connection with acquisitions
75

 
163.00

Vested
(2,960
)
 
105.71

Forfeited
(1,196
)
 
88.59

Nonvested at July 31, 2018
7,383

 

$131.50
Additional information regarding RSUs Additional information regarding our RSUs is shown in the table below.
 
Twelve Months Ended July 31,
(In millions)
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Total fair market value of shares vested
$
527

 
$
388

 
$
288

 
 
 
 
 
 
Share-based compensation for RSUs
$
326

 
$
274

 
$
230

 
 
 
 
 
 
Total tax benefit related to RSU share-based compensation expense
$
143

 
$
130

 
$
73

 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash tax benefits realized for tax deductions for RSUs
$
142

 
$
130

 
$
92
Components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes The following table shows the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes, in the stockholders’ equity section of our balance sheets at the dates indicated.
 
July 31,
(In millions)
2018
 
2017
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities
$
(2
)
 
$
—

Foreign currency translation adjustments
(33
)
 
(22
)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss
$
(35
)
 
$
(22
)