BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ault Alliance and its wholly owned and majority-owned subsidiaries. The consolidated financial statements also include the accounts of all entities that the Company controls as the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

The accounting guidance requires an enterprise to perform an analysis to determine whether the enterprise’s variable interest or interests give it a controlling financial interest in a variable interest entity; to require ongoing reassessments of whether an enterprise is the primary beneficiary of a VIE; to eliminate the solely quantitative approach previously required for determining the primary beneficiary of a VIE; to add an additional reconsideration event for determining whether an entity is a VIE when any changes in facts and circumstances occur such that holders of the equity investment at risk, as a group, lose the power from voting rights or similar rights of those investments to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance; and to require enhanced disclosures that will provide readers of financial statements with more transparent information about an enterprise’s involvement in a VIE.

Variable Interest Entities

Variable Interest Entities

For VIEs, the Company assesses whether it is the primary beneficiary as prescribed by the accounting guidance on the consolidation of a VIE.

The Company evaluates its business relationships with related parties to identify potential VIEs under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810, Consolidation. The Company consolidates VIEs of which the Company is considered to be the primary beneficiary. Entities are considered to be the primary beneficiary if they have both of the following characteristics: (i) the power to direct the activities that, when taken together, most significantly impact the VIE’s performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses and right to receive the returns from the VIE that would be significant to the VIE. The Company’s judgment with respect to its level of influence or control of an entity involves the consideration of various factors including the form of its ownership interest, its representation in the entity’s governance, the size of its investment, estimates of future cash flows, its ability to participate in policy making decisions and the rights of the other investors to participate in the decision making process and to replace the Company as manager and/or liquidate the joint venture, if applicable.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The core principle of ASC 606 is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The following five steps are applied to achieve that core principle:

· Step 1: Identify the contract with the customer;

· Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract;

· Step 3: Determine the transaction price;

· Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

· Step 5: Recognize revenue when the company satisfies a performance obligation.

Sales of Products

The Company generates revenues from the sale of its products through a direct and indirect sales force. The Company’s performance obligations to deliver products are satisfied at the point in time when title transfers to the customer. Generally, products are shipped FOB shipping point and title transfers to the customer at the time the products are placed on a common carrier. The Company provides standard assurance warranties, which are not separately priced, that the products function as intended. The Company primarily receives fixed consideration for sales of products. Some of the Company’s contracts with distributors include stock rotation rights after six months for slow-moving inventory, which represents variable consideration. The Company uses an expected value method to estimate variable consideration and constrains revenue for estimated stock rotations until it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. To date, returns have been insignificant. The Company’s customers generally pay within 30 days from the receipt of an invoice.

Because the Company’s product sales agreements have an expected duration of one year or less, the Company has elected to adopt the practical expedient in ASC 606-10-50-14(a) of not disclosing information about its remaining performance obligations.

Manufacturing Services

For manufacturing services, which include revenues generated by the Company’s subsidiary, Enertec Systems 2001 Ltd. (“Enertec”), and in certain instances, revenues generated by the Company’s subsidiary, Gresham Power Electronics Ltd. (“Gresham Power”), the Company’s performance obligation for manufacturing services is satisfied over time as the Company creates or enhances an asset based on criteria that are unique to the customer and that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced. Generally, the Company recognizes revenue based upon proportional performance over time using a cost-to-cost method which measures progress based on the costs incurred to total expected costs in satisfying its performance obligation. This method provides a depiction of the progress in providing the manufacturing service because there is a direct relationship between the costs incurred by the Company and the transfer of the manufacturing service to the customer. Manufacturing services that are recognized based upon the proportional performance method are considered revenue from services transferred over time and to the extent the customer has not been invoiced for these revenues, as accrued revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Revisions to the Company’s estimates may result in increases or decreases to revenues and income and are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the periods in which they are first identified.

The Company has elected the practical expedient to not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component to the extent that the period between when the Company transfers its promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays in one year or less.

Lending and Trading Activities

Lending Activities

The Fintech segment, through Ault Lending, LLC (“Ault Lending”), generates revenue from lending activities primarily through interest, origination fees and late/other fees. Interest income on these products is calculated based on the contractual interest rate and recorded as interest income as earned. The origination fees or original issue discounts are recognized over the life of the loan using the effective interest method.

Trading Activities

The Fintech segment, through Ault Lending, also generates revenue from trading activities primarily through sales of securities and unrealized gains and losses from held securities. All investment transactions are recorded on a trade date basis. Financial instruments utilized in trading activities are carried at fair value. For more information on fair value, see Note 6. Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Trading-related revenue can be volatile and is largely driven by general market conditions. Also, trading-related revenue is dependent on the volume and type of transactions, the level of risk assumed, and the volatility of price and rate movements at any given time within the ever-changing market environment. Realized and unrealized gains and losses are recognized in revenue from trading activities.

Bitcoin Mining

The Company has entered into a digital asset mining pool by executing a contract with a mining pool operator to provide hash calculation services to the mining pool. The Company’s customer, as defined in ASC 606-10-20, is the mining pool operator with which the Company has agreed to the terms of service and user service agreement. The Company supplies hash calculation services, in exchange for consideration, to the pool operator who in turn provides transaction verification services to third parties via a mining pool that includes other participants. The Company’s performance obligation is the provision of hash calculation services to the pool operator and this performance obligation is an output of the Company’s ordinary activities for which it decides when to provide services under the contract.

The Company’s enforceable right to compensation begins only when, and lasts as long as, the Company provides hash calculation services to the mining pool operator and is created as power is provided over time. The only consideration due to the Company relates to the provision of hash calculation services. The contract with the pool operator provides both parties the unilateral enforceable right to terminate the contract at any time without penalty. The customer termination option results in a contract that continuously renews throughout the day and therefore has a duration of less than 24 hours. The implied renewal option is not a material right because there are no upfront or incremental fees in the initial contract and the terms, conditions, and compensation amount for the renewal options are at the then market rates. Providing such hash calculation services is the only performance obligation in the Company’s contracts with mining pool operators.

The transaction consideration the Company receives, if any, is non-cash consideration in the form of Bitcoin. Changes in the fair value of the non-cash consideration due to form of the consideration (changes in the market price of Bitcoin) are not included in the transaction price and are therefore not included in revenue. The mining pool operator charges fees to cover the costs of maintaining the pool and are deducted from amounts the Company may otherwise earn and are treated as a reduction to the consideration received. Fees fluctuate and historically have been approximately 0.3% per reward earned, on average.

The Company participated in mining pools that used the FPPS payout method for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company is entitled to compensation once it begins to perform hash calculations for the pool operator in accordance with the operator’s specifications over a 24-hour period beginning midnight UTC and ending 23:59:59 UTC on a daily basis. The non-cash consideration that the Company is entitled to for providing hash calculations to the pool operator under the FPPS payout method is made up of block rewards and transaction fees less pool operator fees determined as follows:

· The non-cash consideration in the form of a block reward is based on the total blocks expected to be generated on the Bitcoin network for the daily 24-hour period beginning midnight UTC and ending 23:59:59 UTC in accordance with the following formula: the daily hash calculations that the Company provided to the pool operator as a percent of the Bitcoin network’s implied hash calculations as determined by the network difficulty, multiplied by the total Bitcoin network block rewards expected to be generated for the same daily period.

· The non-cash consideration in the form of transaction fees paid by transaction requestors is based on the share of standard transaction fees over the daily 24-hour period beginning midnight UTC and ending 23:59:59 UTC. The pool operator calculates the standard transaction fee during the 24-hour period using a rolling 144 block moving average of actual transaction fees.

· The block reward and transaction fees earned by the Company are reduced by mining pool fees charged by the operator for operating the pool based on a rate schedule per the mining pool contract. The mining pool fee is only incurred to the extent the Company performs hash calculations and generates revenue in accordance with the pool operator’s payout formula during the same 24-hour period beginning midnight UTC daily.

The contract is in effect until terminated by either party.

All consideration pursuant to this arrangement is variable. It is not probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will occur and the Company is able to calculate the payout based on the contractual formula, non-cash revenue is estimated and recognized based on the spot price of the Company’s principal market for Bitcoin at the inception of each contract, which is determined to be daily. Non-cash consideration is measured at fair value at contract inception. Fair value of the crypto asset consideration is determined using the midnight UTC spot price of the Company’s principal market for Bitcoin at the beginning of the contract period. This amount is estimated and recognized in revenue upon inception, which is when hash rate is provided. The Company recognizes non-cash consideration on the same day that control of the contracted service is transferred to the pool operator, which is the same day as the contract inception.

There is no significant financing component in these transactions.

Expenses associated with running the digital currencies mining business, such as equipment depreciation and electricity costs, are recorded as a component of cost of revenues.

Crane Operations - Heavy Lifting and Pump Maintenance Services

The Company generates revenue by providing heavy lifting and pump maintenance services to customers under various short-term agreements which may be hourly, daily, weekly or monthly. Each service agreement generally has one performance obligation and includes a promise to complete the service at a specified location and time and identifies the billing rate to be charged. Payment terms are identified in the terms of the contract and agreed to by both parties for each promised service within the contract prior to the commencement or performance of said services. The collectability of payment is considered probable based on management’s history with the certain type and class of customers and their ability and intention of payment. The customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits as the Company provides the hourly, daily, weekly or monthly service.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents. The Company’s cash is maintained in checking accounts, money market funds and certificates of deposits with reputable financial institutions. These balances exceed the United States (“U.S.”) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits. The Company had cash and cash equivalents of $1.5 million at both December 31, 2023 and 2022 in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”), and $1.7 million and $0.6 million, respectively, in Israel. The Company has not experienced any losses on deposits of cash and cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

Restricted Cash

As of December 31, 2023, restricted cash included $4.3 million of cash collateral for notes payable and $0.7 million of cash held in trust related to environmental contingencies related to the Michigan data center. As of December 31, 2022, restricted cash included $0.7 million of cash held in trust related to environmental contingencies related to the Michigan data center.

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash consisted of the following:

	December 31,		December 31,
	2023		2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	8,625,000	$	7,942,000
Restricted cash		4,966,000		732,000
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	13,591,000	$	8,674,000

Cash and Marketable Securities Held in Trust Account

Cash and Marketable Securities Held in Trust Account

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company held $2.2 million and $118.2 million, respectively, in cash and marketable securities in a trust account. Cash and marketable securities held in the trust account represents cash and money market funds that primarily invest in U.S. treasury bills that were purchased with funds raised through the initial public offering of Ault Disruptive, a consolidated special purpose acquisition company. The funds raised are held in a trust account that is restricted for use and may only be used for purposes of completing an initial business combination or redemption of the common stock of Ault Disruptive, as set forth in the trust agreement. The funds held in trust are included within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

Bitcoin

Bitcoin

Bitcoin awarded to the Company through its mining activities are accounted for in connection with the Company’s revenue recognition policy.

Bitcoin held are accounted for as intangible assets with indefinite useful lives. Bitcoin is sold on a first-in first-out basis and measured for impairment whenever indicators of impairment are identified based on the intraday low quoted price of Bitcoin. To the extent an impairment loss is recognized, the loss establishes the new cost basis of the Bitcoin. Subsequent reversal of impairment losses is not permitted. Bitcoin is classified on our balance sheet as a current asset due to the Company’s ability to sell it in a highly liquid marketplace and its intent to liquidate most, but not all, of its Bitcoin to support operations.

Sales of Bitcoin by the Company and Bitcoin awarded to the Company are included within cash flows from operating activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows. Realized gains or losses from sales of Bitcoin are included in loss from operations on the consolidated statements of operations.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

In accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, fair value is defined as the exit price, or the amount that would be received for the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date.

The guidance also establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs include those that market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the factors that market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability. The guidance establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

· Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

· Level 2: Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or model-derived valuations. All significant inputs used in the Company’s valuations are observable or can be derived principally from or corroborated with observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs also include quoted prices that were adjusted for security-specific restrictions which are compared to output from internally developed models such as a discounted cash flow model.

· Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The carrying amounts of financial instruments carried at cost, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivables and accounts and other receivable – related party, investments, notes receivable, trade payables and trade payables – related party approximate their fair value due to the short-term maturities of such instruments.

The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Equity Investments

The Company’s marketable equity securities are publicly traded stocks or funds measured at fair value and classified within Level 1 and 2 in the fair value hierarchy because the Company uses quoted prices for identical assets in active markets or inputs that are based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets.

For investments where little or no public market exists, management’s determination of fair value is based on the best available information which may incorporate management’s own assumptions and involves a significant degree of judgment, taking into consideration various factors including earnings history, financial condition, recent sales prices of the issuer’s securities and liquidity risks.

Other equity securities also include investments in entities that do not have a readily determinable fair value and do not report net asset value per share. These investments are accounted for using a measurement alternative under which they are measured at cost and adjusted for observable price changes and impairments. Observable price changes result from, among other things, equity transactions for the same issuer executed during the reporting period, including subsequent equity offerings or other reported equity transactions related to the same issuer. For these transactions to be considered observable price changes of the same issuer, the Company evaluates whether these transactions have similar rights and obligations, including voting rights, distribution preferences, conversion rights, and other factors, to the investments the Company holds. Any investments adjusted to their fair value by applying the measurement alternative are disclosed as nonrecurring fair value measurements, including the level in the fair value hierarchy that was used.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company’s receivables are recorded when invoiced and represent claims against third parties that will be settled in cash. The Company records accounts receivable at the invoiced amount less an allowance for any potentially uncollectible accounts under the current expected credit loss impairment model and discloses the net amount of the financial instrument expected to be collected. The Company estimates the allowance for credit losses based on an ongoing review of existing economic conditions, the financial conditions of the customers, historical trends in credit losses, and the amount and age of past due accounts. Past-due receivable balances are written off when the Company’s internal collection efforts have been unsuccessful in collecting the amount due.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and trade receivables.

Cash and cash equivalents are invested in banks in the U.S., U.K. and Israel. Such deposits in the U.S. may be in excess of insured limits and are not insured in other jurisdictions.

Trade receivables of the Company and its subsidiaries are mainly derived from sales to customers located primarily in the U.S., Europe and Israel. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and to date has not experienced any material losses. An allowance for doubtful accounts is determined with respect to those amounts that the Company and its subsidiaries have determined to be doubtful of collection.

Inventories

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventory write-offs are provided to cover risks arising from slow-moving items or technological obsolescence.

Cost of inventories is determined as follows:

Raw materials, parts and supplies - using the “first-in, first-out” method; and

Work-in-progress and finished products - on the basis of direct manufacturing costs with the addition of indirect manufacturing costs.

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out method) or net realizable value. Inbound shipping and handling costs are classified as a component of cost of revenues in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company reviews the components of its inventory and its inventory purchase commitments on a regular basis for excess and obsolete inventory based on estimated future usage and sales. Write-downs in inventory value or losses on inventory purchase commitments depend on various items, including factors related to customer demand, economic and competitive conditions, technological advances or new product introductions by the Company or its customers that vary from its current expectations. Whenever inventory is written down, a new cost basis is established and the inventory is not subsequently written up if market conditions improve. 

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not record inventory write-offs within the cost of revenue.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Gains or losses on disposals of property and equipment are recorded within income from operations. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Significant improvements or betterments are capitalized and depreciated over the estimated life of the asset. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, at the following annual rates:

	Useful lives (in years)
Bitcoin mining equipment	3
Computer, software and related equipment	3 – 5
Office furniture and equipment	5 – 10
Crane rental equipment	7 – 10
Aircraft	7
Vehicles	5 – 7
Building and building improvements	29 – 39
Leasehold improvements	Over the term of the lease or the life of the asset, whichever is shorter.

Leases

Leases

The Company accounts for its leases under ASC 842, Leases. Under this guidance, arrangements meeting the definition of a lease are classified as operating or financing leases. The Company only has operating leases. Operating leases are recognized as right-of-use assets, operating lease liability, current, and operating lease liability, non-current on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Lease assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses the Company’s incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. In certain of the Company’s lease agreements, the Company receives periods of reduced rent or free rent and other incentives. The Company recognizes lease costs on a straight-line basis over the lease term without regard to deferred payment terms, such as rent holidays, that defer the commencement date of required payments. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Leasehold improvements are capitalized at cost and amortized over the lesser of their expected useful life or the life of the lease, without assuming renewal features, if any, are exercised. The Company does not separate lease and non-lease components for the Company’s leases.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Management reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted expected future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to their fair value.

Impairment of Debt Securities

Impairment of Debt Securities

Debt securities are evaluated periodically to determine whether a decline in their value is other than temporary. The Company utilizes criteria such as the magnitude and duration of the decline, in addition to the reason underlying the decline, to determine whether the loss in value is other than temporary. The term “other than temporary” is not intended to indicate that the decline is permanent. It indicates that the prospects for a near term recovery of value are not necessarily favorable, or that there is a lack of evidence to support fair values equal to, or greater than, the carrying value of the investment. Once a decline in value is determined to be other than temporary, the value of the security is reduced and a corresponding charge to earnings is recognized.

Business Combination

Business Combination

The Company allocates the purchase price of an acquired business to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. The purchase price allocation process requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions at the acquisition date with respect to intangible assets. The allocation of the consideration transferred in certain cases may be subject to revision based on the final determination of fair values during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date. Direct transaction costs associated with the business combination are expensed as incurred. The Company includes the results of operations of the business that it has acquired in its consolidated results prospectively from the date of acquisition.

If the business combination is achieved in stages, the acquisition date carrying value of the acquirer’s previously held equity interest in the acquirer is re-measured to fair value at the acquisition date; any gains or losses arising from such re-measurement are recognized in profit or loss.

Goodwill

Goodwill

The Company evaluates its goodwill for impairment in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other. Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price paid for an acquisition exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired.

The Company tests the recorded amount of goodwill for impairment on an annual basis on December 31 or more frequently if there are indicators that the carrying amount of the goodwill exceeds its carried value.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets

The Company acquired amortizable intangibles assets as part of asset purchase agreements consisting of customer relationships, trade names and proprietary technology. The Company also has the trade names and trademarks associated with the acquisitions of Microphase Corporation (“Microphase”) and Relec Electronics Ltd. (“Relec”), which were determined to have an indefinite life.

The Company reviews intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets might not be recoverable. Factors that the Company considers in deciding when to perform an impairment review include significant underperformance of the business in relation to expectations, significant negative industry or economic trends, and significant changes or planned changes in the use of the assets. If an impairment review is performed to evaluate a long-lived asset for recoverability, the Company compares forecasts of undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the long-lived asset to its carrying value. An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of an asset are less than its carrying amount. The impairment loss would be based on the excess of the carrying value of the impaired asset over its fair value, determined based on discounted cash flows.

Common Stock Purchase Warrants and Other Derivative Financial Instruments

Common Stock Purchase Warrants and Other Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company classifies common stock purchase warrants and other free standing derivative financial instruments as equity if the contracts (i) require physical settlement or net-share settlement or (ii) give the Company a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in its own shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement). The Company classifies any contracts that (i) require net-cash settlement (including a requirement to net cash settle the contract if an event occurs and if that event is outside the control of the Company), (ii) give the counterparty a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement), or (iii) contain reset provisions, as either an asset or a liability. The Company assesses classification of its freestanding derivatives at each reporting date to determine whether a change in classification between assets and liabilities is required. The Company determined that certain freestanding derivatives, which principally consist of issuance of warrants to purchase shares of common stock in connection with convertible notes and to employees of the Company, satisfy the criteria for classification as equity instruments as these warrants do not contain cash settlement features or variable settlement provisions that cause them to not be indexed to the Company’s own stock.

Fair value option

Fair value option

The Company has elected to record the senior secured convertible promissory note, related party (“Convertible Notes”) at fair value on the date of issuance, with gains and losses arising from changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statements of operations at each period end while those are outstanding. Issuance costs are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations in the period in which they are incurred. The Company utilized a Monte-Carlo simulation at inception to value the Note. The Monte-Carlo simulation is calculated as the average present value over all simulated paths. The key inputs and assumptions used in the Monte-Carlo Simulation, including volatility, estimated market yield, risk-free rate, the probability of various scenarios, including held to maturity and subsequent preferred stock offering and various simulated paths.

The Company assesses the inputs used to measure fair value using the three-tier hierarchy based on the extent to which inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market. For instruments where little or no public market exists, management’s determination of fair value is based on the best available information which may incorporate management’s own assumptions and involves a significant degree of judgment, taking into consideration various factors including earnings history, financial condition, recent sales prices of the issuer’s securities and liquidity risks.

Convertible Instruments

Convertible Instruments

The Company accounts for hybrid contracts that feature conversion options in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging Activities (“ASC 815”). ASC 815 requires companies to bifurcate conversion options from their host instruments and account for them as freestanding derivative financial instruments according to certain criteria. The criteria include circumstances in which (a) the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative instrument are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract, (b) the hybrid instrument that embodies both the embedded derivative instrument and the host contract is not re-measured at fair value under otherwise applicable GAAP with changes in fair value reported in earnings as they occur and (c) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative instrument would be considered a derivative instrument.

Conversion options that contain variable settlement features such as provisions to adjust the conversion price upon subsequent issuances of equity or equity linked securities at exercise prices more favorable than that featured in the hybrid contract generally result in their bifurcation from the host instrument.

The Company accounts for convertible instruments, when the Company has determined that the embedded conversion options should not be bifurcated from their host instruments, in accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options (“ASC 470-20”). Under ASC 470-20, the Company records, when necessary, discounts to convertible notes for the intrinsic value of conversion options embedded in debt instruments based upon the differences between the fair value of the underlying common stock at the commitment date of the note transaction and the effective conversion price embedded in the note. The Company accounts for convertible instruments (when the Company has determined that the embedded conversion options should be bifurcated from their host instruments) in accordance with ASC 815.

Debt Discounts

Debt Discounts

The Company accounts for debt discount according to ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options. Debt discounts are amortized through periodic charges to interest expense over the term of the related financial instrument using the effective interest method.

Guarantee Liability

Guarantee Liability

The Company maintains a guarantee liability that represents its exposure related to guarantees associated with related party debt. The guarantee liability is reported in current liabilities as a separate line item on the consolidated balance sheets, and the provision for guarantee liability is reported in other income (expense) as a separate line item on the consolidated statement of operations. The guarantee liability represents management’s estimate of the Company’s exposure to losses pursuant to the Company’s related party guarantee obligations.

Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests in Equity of Subsidiary

Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests in Equity of Subsidiary

The Company records redeemable non-controlling interests in equity of subsidiaries to reflect the economic interests of the common stockholders in Ault Disruptive. These interests are presented as redeemable non-controlling interests in equity of subsidiaries within the consolidated balance sheets, outside of the permanent equity section. The common stockholders in Ault Disruptive have redemption rights that are considered to be outside of the Company’s control. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the carrying amount of the redeemable non-controlling interest in equity of subsidiaries was recorded at its redemption value of $2.2 million and $117.9 million, respectively. Remeasurements to the redemption value of the redeemable non-controlling interest in equity of subsidiaries are recorded within additional paid-in capital.

Activity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 reconciled in the following table:

Gross proceeds	$	115,000,000
Less:
Proceeds allocated to Ault Disruptive public warrants		(4,313,000	)
Issuance costs allocated to Ault Disruptive common stock		(6,867,000	)
Plus:
Remeasurement of carrying value to redemption value		14,173,000
Redeemable non-controlling interests in equity of subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022		117,993,000
Less:
Redemptions of Ault Disruptive common stock		(120,064,000	)
Plus:
Remeasurement of carrying value to redemption value		1,963,000
Extension proceeds paid by the Ault Disruptive sponsor		2,332,000
Redeemable non-controlling interests in equity of subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023	$	2,224,000

Treasury Stock

The Company records the aggregate purchase price of treasury stock at cost and includes treasury stock as a reduction to stockholders’ equity.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”).

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for determining the estimated fair value for stock-based awards. The Black-Scholes model requires the use of assumptions which determine the fair value of stock-based awards, including the option’s expected term and the price volatility of the underlying stock.

Under ASC 718:

· the Company recognizes stock-based expenses related to stock option awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting term of two to four years;

· stock-based expenses are recognized net of forfeitures as they occur;

· the expected term assumption, using the simplified method, reflects the period for which the Company believes the option will remain outstanding;

· the Company determined the volatility of its stock by looking at the historic volatility of its stock over the expected term of the grant; and

· the risk-free rate reflects the U.S. Treasury yield for a similar expected term in effect at the time of the grant.

Income Taxes

The Company determines its income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, which requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are based on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the fiscal year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to the extent management concludes it is more likely than not that the assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the fiscal years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740-10-25, which addresses the determination of whether tax benefits claimed or expected to be claimed on a tax return should be recorded in the financial statements. Under ASC 740-10-25, the Company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit to be recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amount recorded, such differences impact income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made. Interest and penalties, if any, related to accrued liabilities for potential tax assessments are included in income tax expense. ASC 740-10-25 also requires management to evaluate tax positions taken by the Company and recognize a liability if the Company has taken uncertain tax positions that more likely than not would not be sustained upon examination by applicable taxing authorities. Management of the Company has evaluated tax positions taken by the Company and has concluded that as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no uncertain tax positions taken, or expected to be taken, that would require recognition of a liability that would require disclosure in the financial statements.

Foreign Currency Translation

A substantial portion of the Company’s revenues are generated in U.S. dollars. In addition, a substantial portion of the Company’s costs are incurred in U.S. dollars. Company management has determined that the U.S. dollar is the functional currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates.

Accordingly, monetary accounts maintained in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are re-measured into U.S. dollars in accordance with FASB issued ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters (“ASC 830”). All transaction gains and losses from the re-measurement of monetary balance sheet items are reflected in the statements of operations as financial income or expenses as appropriate.

The financial statements of Gresham Power, Relec, and Enertec, whose functional currencies have been determined to be their local currencies, the British Pound (“GBP”), GBP, and the Israeli Shekel, respectively, have been translated into U.S. dollars in accordance with ASC 830. All balance sheet accounts have been translated using the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Statement of operations amounts have been translated using the average exchange rate in effect for the reporting period. The resulting translation adjustments are reported as other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss and accumulated comprehensive loss in statement of changes in stockholders’ equity.

Comprehensive Loss

The Company reports comprehensive loss in accordance with ASC 220, Comprehensive Income. This statement establishes standards for the reporting and presentation of comprehensive loss and its components in a full set of general purpose financial statements. Comprehensive loss generally represents all changes in equity during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to, stockholders. The Company determined that its items of other comprehensive loss relate to changes in foreign currency translation adjustments and impairment of debt securities.

Accounting Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Estimates are used when accounting for certain items such as valuation of securities, reserves for trade receivables and inventories, the fair value of loans receivables, intangible assets and goodwill, useful lives and the recoverability of long-lived assets, stock-based arrangements, contingent consideration, and deferred income taxes and related valuation allowance. Estimates are based on historical experience, where applicable, and assumptions that management believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved with estimates, actual results may differ.

Preferred Stock Liabilities

The Company follows ASC 480-10, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, in its evaluation of the accounting for preferred stock liabilities. ASC 480-10-25-14 requires liability accounting for certain financial instruments, including shares that embody an unconditional obligation to transfer a variable number of shares, provided that the monetary value of the obligation is based solely or predominantly on one of the following three characteristics:

· A fixed monetary amount known at inception;

· Variations in something other than the fair value of the issuer’s shares; or

· Variations in the fair value of the issuer’s equity shares, but the monetary value to the counterparty moves in the opposite direction as the value of the issuer’s shares.

The number of shares delivered is determined on the basis of (1) the fixed monetary amount determined as the stated value and (2) the current stock price at settlement, so that the aggregate fair value of the shares delivered equals the monetary value of the obligation, which is fixed or predominantly fixed. Accordingly, the holder is not significantly exposed to gains and losses attributable to changes in the fair value of the Company’s equity shares. Instead, the Company is using its own equity shares as currency to settle a monetary obligation.

Discontinued Operations

The Company records discontinued operations when the disposal of a separately identified business unit constitutes a strategic shift in the Company’s operations, as defined in ASC Topic 205-20, Discontinued Operations (“ASC Topic 205-20”).

Reclassifications

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for comparative purposes to conform to the current-year financial statement presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported results of operations. The impact on any prior period disclosures was immaterial.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendments included in ASU 2016-13 require the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Although the new standard, known as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model, has a greater impact on financial institutions, most other organizations with financial instruments or other assets (trade receivables, contract assets, lease receivables, financial guarantees, loans and loan commitments, and held-to-maturity debt securities) are subject to the CECL model and will need to use forward-looking information to better evaluate their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2023. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires an acquirer in a business combination to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in accordance with ASC Topic 606. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2023. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company continually assesses any new accounting pronouncements to determine their applicability. When it is determined that a new accounting pronouncement may affect the Company’s financial reporting, the Company undertakes an analysis to determine any required changes to its consolidated financial statements.

On December 14, 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires entities to disclose specific rate reconciliations, amount of income taxes separated by federal and individual jurisdiction, and the amount of income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (benefit) disaggregated between federal, state, and foreign. The new standard is effective for the Company for its fiscal year beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the standard.

On December 13, 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-08, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Crypto Assets (Topic 350-60): Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets (“ASU 2023-08”). ASU 2023-08 requires entities to measure crypto assets that meet specific criteria at fair value with changes recognized in net income each reporting period. Additionally, ASU 2023-08 requires an entity to present crypto assets measured at fair value separately from other intangible assets in the balance sheets and record changes from remeasurement of crypto assets separately from changes in the carrying amounts of other intangible assets in the income statement. The new standard is effective for the Company for its fiscal year beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted ASU 2023-08 effective as of January 1, 2024, which, at the time of adoption, did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

On November 27, 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 is designed to improve the reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. The new standard is effective for the Company for its fiscal year beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the standard.

Treasury Stock

Treasury Stock

The Company records the aggregate purchase price of treasury stock at cost and includes treasury stock as a reduction to stockholders’ equity.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”).

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for determining the estimated fair value for stock-based awards. The Black-Scholes model requires the use of assumptions which determine the fair value of stock-based awards, including the option’s expected term and the price volatility of the underlying stock.

Under ASC 718:

· the Company recognizes stock-based expenses related to stock option awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting term of two to four years;

· stock-based expenses are recognized net of forfeitures as they occur;

· the expected term assumption, using the simplified method, reflects the period for which the Company believes the option will remain outstanding;

· the Company determined the volatility of its stock by looking at the historic volatility of its stock over the expected term of the grant; and

· the risk-free rate reflects the U.S. Treasury yield for a similar expected term in effect at the time of the grant.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company determines its income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, which requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are based on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the fiscal year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to the extent management concludes it is more likely than not that the assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the fiscal years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740-10-25, which addresses the determination of whether tax benefits claimed or expected to be claimed on a tax return should be recorded in the financial statements. Under ASC 740-10-25, the Company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit to be recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amount recorded, such differences impact income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made. Interest and penalties, if any, related to accrued liabilities for potential tax assessments are included in income tax expense. ASC 740-10-25 also requires management to evaluate tax positions taken by the Company and recognize a liability if the Company has taken uncertain tax positions that more likely than not would not be sustained upon examination by applicable taxing authorities. Management of the Company has evaluated tax positions taken by the Company and has concluded that as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no uncertain tax positions taken, or expected to be taken, that would require recognition of a liability that would require disclosure in the financial statements.

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign Currency Translation

A substantial portion of the Company’s revenues are generated in U.S. dollars. In addition, a substantial portion of the Company’s costs are incurred in U.S. dollars. Company management has determined that the U.S. dollar is the functional currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates.

Accordingly, monetary accounts maintained in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are re-measured into U.S. dollars in accordance with FASB issued ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters (“ASC 830”). All transaction gains and losses from the re-measurement of monetary balance sheet items are reflected in the statements of operations as financial income or expenses as appropriate.

The financial statements of Gresham Power, Relec, and Enertec, whose functional currencies have been determined to be their local currencies, the British Pound (“GBP”), GBP, and the Israeli Shekel, respectively, have been translated into U.S. dollars in accordance with ASC 830. All balance sheet accounts have been translated using the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Statement of operations amounts have been translated using the average exchange rate in effect for the reporting period. The resulting translation adjustments are reported as other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss and accumulated comprehensive loss in statement of changes in stockholders’ equity.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive Loss

The Company reports comprehensive loss in accordance with ASC 220, Comprehensive Income. This statement establishes standards for the reporting and presentation of comprehensive loss and its components in a full set of general purpose financial statements. Comprehensive loss generally represents all changes in equity during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to, stockholders. The Company determined that its items of other comprehensive loss relate to changes in foreign currency translation adjustments and impairment of debt securities.

Accounting Estimates

Accounting Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Estimates are used when accounting for certain items such as valuation of securities, reserves for trade receivables and inventories, the fair value of loans receivables, intangible assets and goodwill, useful lives and the recoverability of long-lived assets, stock-based arrangements, contingent consideration, and deferred income taxes and related valuation allowance. Estimates are based on historical experience, where applicable, and assumptions that management believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved with estimates, actual results may differ.

Preferred Stock Liabilities

Preferred Stock Liabilities

The Company follows ASC 480-10, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, in its evaluation of the accounting for preferred stock liabilities. ASC 480-10-25-14 requires liability accounting for certain financial instruments, including shares that embody an unconditional obligation to transfer a variable number of shares, provided that the monetary value of the obligation is based solely or predominantly on one of the following three characteristics:

· A fixed monetary amount known at inception;

· Variations in something other than the fair value of the issuer’s shares; or

· Variations in the fair value of the issuer’s equity shares, but the monetary value to the counterparty moves in the opposite direction as the value of the issuer’s shares.

The number of shares delivered is determined on the basis of (1) the fixed monetary amount determined as the stated value and (2) the current stock price at settlement, so that the aggregate fair value of the shares delivered equals the monetary value of the obligation, which is fixed or predominantly fixed. Accordingly, the holder is not significantly exposed to gains and losses attributable to changes in the fair value of the Company’s equity shares. Instead, the Company is using its own equity shares as currency to settle a monetary obligation.

Discontinued Operations

Discontinued Operations

The Company records discontinued operations when the disposal of a separately identified business unit constitutes a strategic shift in the Company’s operations, as defined in ASC Topic 205-20, Discontinued Operations (“ASC Topic 205-20”).

Reclassifications

Reclassifications

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for comparative purposes to conform to the current-year financial statement presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported results of operations. The impact on any prior period disclosures was immaterial.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendments included in ASU 2016-13 require the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Although the new standard, known as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model, has a greater impact on financial institutions, most other organizations with financial instruments or other assets (trade receivables, contract assets, lease receivables, financial guarantees, loans and loan commitments, and held-to-maturity debt securities) are subject to the CECL model and will need to use forward-looking information to better evaluate their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied today will still be permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will change to reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2023. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires an acquirer in a business combination to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in accordance with ASC Topic 606. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2023. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company continually assesses any new accounting pronouncements to determine their applicability. When it is determined that a new accounting pronouncement may affect the Company’s financial reporting, the Company undertakes an analysis to determine any required changes to its consolidated financial statements.

On December 14, 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires entities to disclose specific rate reconciliations, amount of income taxes separated by federal and individual jurisdiction, and the amount of income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (benefit) disaggregated between federal, state, and foreign. The new standard is effective for the Company for its fiscal year beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the standard.

On December 13, 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-08, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Crypto Assets (Topic 350-60): Accounting for and Disclosure of Crypto Assets (“ASU 2023-08”). ASU 2023-08 requires entities to measure crypto assets that meet specific criteria at fair value with changes recognized in net income each reporting period. Additionally, ASU 2023-08 requires an entity to present crypto assets measured at fair value separately from other intangible assets in the balance sheets and record changes from remeasurement of crypto assets separately from changes in the carrying amounts of other intangible assets in the income statement. The new standard is effective for the Company for its fiscal year beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted ASU 2023-08 effective as of January 1, 2024, which, at the time of adoption, did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

On November 27, 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 is designed to improve the reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. The new standard is effective for the Company for its fiscal year beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting the standard.