Fair value measurements

a) Fair value hierarchy

Fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities is estimated based on the framework established in the fair value accounting guidance. The guidance defines fair value as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants and establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data.

The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:


•	Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets;


•	Level 2 – Includes, among other items, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability such as interest rates and yield curves, quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; and


•	Level 3 – Inputs that are unobservable and reflect management’s judgments about assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

We categorize financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy at the balance sheet date based upon the lowest level of inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement. Accordingly, transfers between levels within the valuation hierarchy occur when there are significant changes to the inputs, such as increases or decreases in market activity, changes to the availability of current prices, changes to the transparency to underlying inputs, and whether there are significant variances in quoted prices. Transfers in and/or out of any level are assumed to occur at the end of the period.

We use pricing services to obtain fair value measurements for the majority of our investment securities. Based on management’s understanding of the methodologies used, these pricing services only produce an estimate of fair value if there is observable market information that would allow them to make a fair value estimate. Based on our understanding of the market inputs used by the pricing services, all applicable investments have been valued in accordance with GAAP. We do not typically adjust prices obtained from pricing services. The following is a description of the valuation techniques and inputs used to determine fair values for financial instruments carried at fair value, as well as the general classification of such financial instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Fixed maturities

We use pricing services to estimate fair value measurements for the majority of our fixed maturities. The pricing services use market quotations for fixed maturities that have quoted prices in active markets; such securities are classified within Level 1. For fixed maturities other than U.S. Treasury securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements using their pricing applications, which include available relevant market information, benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing. Additional valuation factors that can be taken into account are nominal spreads, dollar basis, and liquidity adjustments. The pricing services evaluate each asset class based on relevant market and credit information, perceived market movements, and sector news. The market inputs used in the pricing evaluation, listed in the approximate order of priority include: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, reference data, and industry and economic events. The extent of the use of each input is dependent on the asset class and the market conditions. Given the asset class, the priority of the use of inputs may change or some market inputs may not be relevant. Additionally, fixed maturities valuation is more subjective when markets are less liquid due to the lack of market based inputs (i.e., stale pricing), which may increase the potential that an investment's estimated fair value is not reflective of the price at which an actual transaction would occur. The overwhelming majority of fixed maturities are classified within Level 2 because the most significant inputs used in the pricing techniques are observable. For a small number of fixed maturities, we obtain a quote from a broker (typically a market maker). Due to the disclaimers on the quotes that indicate that the price is indicative only, we include these fair value estimates in Level 3.

Equity securities

Equity securities with active markets are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. For equity securities in markets which are less active, fair values are based on market valuations and are classified within Level 2. Equity securities for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3.

Short-term investments

Short-term investments, which comprise securities due to mature within one year of the date of purchase that are traded in active markets, are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. Securities such as commercial paper and discount notes are classified within Level 2 because these securities are typically not actively traded due to their approaching maturity and, as such, their cost approximates fair value. Short-term investments for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3.

Other investments

Fair values for the majority of Other investments including investments in partially-owned investment companies, investment funds, and limited partnerships are based on their respective net asset values or equivalent (NAV). The majority of these investments, for which NAV was used as a practical expedient to measure fair value, are classified within Level 3 because either ACE will never have the contractual option to redeem the investments or will not have the contractual option to redeem the investments in the near term. The remainder of such investments is classified within Level 2. Certain of our long-duration contracts are supported by assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. These assets comprise mutual funds classified within Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities traded in active markets. Other investments also includes equity securities and fixed maturities held in rabbi trusts maintained by ACE for deferred compensation plans, which are classified within the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities and fixed maturities.

Securities lending collateral

The underlying assets included in Securities lending collateral in the consolidated balance sheets are fixed maturities which are classified in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other fixed maturities. Excluded from the valuation hierarchy is the corresponding liability related to ACE’s obligation to return the collateral plus interest as it is reported at contract value and not fair value in the consolidated balance sheets.

Investment derivative instruments

Actively traded investment derivative instruments, including futures, options, and forward contracts are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. The fair value of cross-currency swaps are based on market valuations and are classified within Level 2. Investment derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Other derivative instruments

We maintain positions in other derivative instruments including exchange-traded equity futures contracts and option contracts designed to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and, therefore, reserves for our guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) and guaranteed living benefits (GLB) reinsurance business. Our position in exchange-traded equity futures contracts is classified within Level 1. The fair value of the majority of the remaining positions in other derivative instruments is based on significant observable inputs including equity security and interest rate indices. Accordingly, these are classified within Level 2. Our position in credit default swaps is typically included within Level 3. Other derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Separate account assets

Separate account assets represent segregated funds where investment risks are borne by the customers, except to the extent of certain guarantees made by ACE. Separate account assets comprise mutual funds classified in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities traded in active markets and are classified within Level 1. Separate account assets also include fixed maturities classified within Level 2 because the most significant inputs used in the pricing techniques are observable. Excluded from the valuation hierarchy are the corresponding liabilities as they are reported at contract value and not fair value in the consolidated balance sheets. Separate account assets are recorded in Other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

Guaranteed living benefits

The GLB arises from life reinsurance programs covering living benefit guarantees whereby we assume the risk of guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB) and guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (GMAB) associated with variable annuity contracts. GLB’s are recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities and Future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheets. For GLB reinsurance, ACE estimates fair value using an internal valuation model which includes current market information and estimates of policyholder behavior. All of the treaties contain claim limits, which are factored into the valuation model. The fair value depends on a number of inputs, including changes in interest rates, changes in equity markets, credit risk, current account value, changes in market volatility, expected annuitization rates, changes in policyholder behavior, and changes in policyholder mortality.

The most significant policyholder behavior assumptions include lapse rates and the GMIB annuitization rates. Assumptions regarding lapse rates and GMIB annuitization rates differ by treaty, but the underlying methodologies to determine rates applied to each treaty are comparable. The assumptions regarding lapse and GMIB annuitization rates determined for each treaty are based on a dynamic calculation that uses several underlying factors.

A lapse rate is the percentage of in-force policies surrendered in a given calendar year. All else equal, as lapse rates increase, ultimate claim payments will decrease. In general, the base lapse function assumes low lapse rates (ranging from about 1 percent to 6 percent per annum) during the surrender charge period of the GMIB contract, followed by a “spike” lapse rate (ranging from about 10 percent to 30 percent per annum) in the year immediately following the surrender charge period, and then reverting to an ultimate lapse rate (generally around 10 percent per annum), typically over a 2-year period. This base rate is adjusted downward for policies with more valuable guarantees (policies with guaranteed values far in excess of their account values) by multiplying the base lapse rate by a factor ranging from 8 percent to 68 percent. Additional lapses due to partial withdrawals and older policyholders with tax-qualified contracts (due to required minimum distributions) are also included.

GMIB annuitization rate is the percentage of policies for which the policyholder will elect to annuitize using the guaranteed benefit provided under the GMIB. All else equal, as GMIB annuitization rates increase, ultimate claim payments will increase, subject to treaty claim limits. All GMIB reinsurance treaties include claim limits to protect ACE in the event that actual annuitization behavior is significantly higher than expected. In general, ACE assumes that GMIB annuitization rates will be higher for policies with more valuable guarantees (policies with guaranteed values far in excess of their account values). In addition, we also assume that GMIB annuitization rates are higher in the first year immediately following the waiting period (the first year the policies are eligible to annuitize using the GMIB) in comparison to all subsequent years. We do not yet have fully credible annuitization experience for all clients.

•

For clients representing about 37 percent of the total GMIB guaranteed value, we have credible annuitization experience for both the first year and also subsequent years of GMIB eligibility. The annuitization function reflects the actual experience: the maximum annuitization rates for the first year of GMIB eligibility vary from 7 percent to 12 percent per annum; the maximum annuitization rates for subsequent years of GMIB eligibility vary from 7 percent to 10 percent per annum.

•

For clients representing about 37 percent of the total GMIB guaranteed value, we have credible annuitization experience only for the first year of GMIB eligibility. The annuitization function reflects the actual experience for the first year only: the maximum annuitization rates for the first year of GMIB eligibility vary from 14 percent to 55 percent per annum. The annuitization function for subsequent years of GMIB eligibility is a weighted average (with a heavier weighting on credible experience from other clients) of three different annuitization functions with maximum per annum annuitization rates of 7 percent, 15 percent, and 30 percent.

•

For clients representing about 26 percent of the total GMIB guaranteed value, we do not have any credible annuitization experience. The annuitization function for the first year of GMIB eligibility is a weighted average (with a heavier weighting on credible observed experience from other clients) of three different annuitization functions with maximum per annum annuitization rates of 7 percent, 15 percent, and 55 percent. For subsequent years of GMIB eligibility, these three functions have maximum per annum annuitization rates of 7 percent, 12 percent, and 30 percent.

The effect of changes in key market factors on assumed lapse and annuitization rates reflect emerging trends using data available from cedants. For treaties with limited experience, rates are established in line with data received from other ceding companies adjusted, as appropriate, with industry estimates. The model and related assumptions are continuously re-evaluated by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon additional experience obtained related to policyholder behavior and availability of more information, such as market conditions, market participant assumptions, and demographics of in-force annuities.

During the fourth quarter of 2013, we completed an in-depth review of actual policyholder lapse and annuitization behavior by treaty for our variable annuity reinsurance business. As a greater percentage of our clients’ policyholders have reached the ultimate lapse rate period and have become eligible to annuitize in the past year, we determined that experience was now credible enough to warrant a more robust evaluation of our assumptions compared to actual experience. As a result of our review, we made several adjustments to our lapse assumptions, the most significant of which was a reduction in lapses for most large, in-the-money, GMIB policies. The change in lapse assumptions increased the fair value of GLB liabilities and generated a realized loss of $104 million. We also made several adjustments to our annuitization assumptions, which generally lowered the utilization rates for most clients, while raising it for one client. The change in annuitization assumptions decreased the fair value of GLB liabilities and generated a realized gain of $64 million. We will continue to monitor actual policyholder behavior against our assumptions and make adjustments as appropriate. Also, during the fourth quarter of 2013, we realized a gain of $92 million related to an out-of-period adjustment for an error in a market valuation model. We evaluated the quantitative and qualitative aspects of this correction and concluded that the impact of recognizing this adjustment is not material to the consolidated financial statements and all prior period consolidated financial statements.

For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011, we made minor technical refinements to the model with a favorable net income impact of approximately $9 million, $49 million, and $14 million, respectively.

We view the variable annuity reinsurance business as having a similar risk profile to that of catastrophe reinsurance, with the probability of a cumulative long-term economic net loss relatively small at the time of pricing. However, adverse changes in market factors and policyholder behavior will have an adverse impact on net income, which may be material. Because of the significant use of unobservable inputs including policyholder behavior, GLB reinsurance is classified within Level 3.

The following tables present, by valuation hierarchy, the financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:



December 31, 2013	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Fixed maturities available for sale
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	1,626	$	1,323	$	—	$	2,949
Foreign	223		14,324		44		14,591
Corporate securities	—		17,304		166		17,470
Mortgage-backed securities	—		10,886		8		10,894
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	—		3,350		—		3,350
	1,849		47,187		218		49,254
Equity securities	373		460		4		837
Short-term investments	953		803		7		1,763
Other investments	305		231		2,440		2,976
Securities lending collateral	—		1,632		—		1,632
Investment derivative instruments	19		—		—		19
Other derivative instruments	—		6		—		6
Separate account assets	1,145		81		—		1,226
Total assets measured at fair value	$	4,644	$	50,400	$	2,669	$	57,713
Liabilities:
Investment derivative instruments	$	6	$	—	$	—	$	6
Other derivative instruments	60		2		—		62
GLB⁽¹⁾	—		—		193		193
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	66	$	2	$	193	$	261


⁽¹⁾	Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 5 c) for additional information.



December 31, 2012	Level 1			Level 2		Level 3		Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Level 1			Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Fixed maturities available for sale
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	2,050		$	1,685	$	—	$	3,735
Foreign	222			13,431		60		13,713
Corporate securities	20			16,586		102		16,708
Mortgage-backed securities	—			10,460		13		10,473
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	—			2,677		—		2,677
	2,292			44,839		175		47,306
Equity securities	253			488		3		744
Short-term investments	1,503			725		—		2,228
Other investments	268			196		2,252		2,716
Securities lending collateral	—			1,791		—		1,791
Investment derivative instruments	11			—		—		11
Other derivative instruments	(6		)	30		—		24
Separate account assets	872			71		—		943
Total assets measured at fair value	$	5,193		$	48,140	$	2,430	$	55,763
Liabilities:
GLB⁽¹⁾	$	—		$	—	$	1,119	$	1,119


⁽¹⁾	Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 5 c) for additional information.

The transfers from Level 1 to Level 2 were $19 million and there were no transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 during the year ended December 31, 2013. The transfers from Level 1 to Level 2 were $40 million and the transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 were $15 million during the year ended December 31, 2012. The transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the year ended December 31, 2011 were not material.

Fair value of alternative investments

Included in Other investments in the fair value hierarchy at December 31, 2013 and 2012 are investment funds, limited partnerships, and partially-owned investment companies measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient. At December 31, 2013, there were no probable or pending sales related to any of the investments measured at fair value using NAV.

The following table presents, by investment category, the expected liquidation period, fair value, and maximum future funding commitments of alternative investments:



		December 31				December 31
		2013				2012
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Expected Liquidation Period of Underlying Assets	Fair Value		Maximum Future Funding Commitments		Fair Value		Maximum Future Funding Commitments
Financial	5 to 9 Years	$	256	$	129	$	225	$	111
Real estate	3 to 9 Years	322		92		292		62
Distressed	6 to 9 Years	180		230		192		152
Mezzanine	6 to 9 Years	276		252		284		279
Traditional	3 to 8 Years	813		456		711		587
Vintage	1 to 3 Years	13		—		14		—
Investment funds	Not Applicable	428		—		395		—
		$	2,288	$	1,159	$	2,113	$	1,191

Included in all categories in the above table except for Investment funds are investments for which ACE will never have the contractual option to redeem but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets. Further, for all categories except for Investment funds, ACE does not have the ability to sell or transfer the investments without the consent from the general partner of individual funds.



Investment Category		Consists of investments in private equity funds:
Financial		targeting financial services companies such as financial institutions and insurance services worldwide
Real estate		targeting global distress opportunities, value added U.S. properties, and global mezzanine debt securities in the commercial real estate market
Distressed		targeting distressed debt/credit and equity opportunities in the U.S
Mezzanine		targeting private mezzanine debt of large-cap and mid-cap companies in the U.S. and worldwide
Traditional		employing traditional private equity investment strategies such as buyout and venture with different geographical focuses including Brazil, Asia, Europe, and the U.S.
Vintage		made before 2002 and where the funds’ commitment periods had already expired

Investment funds

ACE’s investment funds employ various investment strategies such as long/short equity and arbitrage/distressed. Included in this category are investments for which ACE has the option to redeem at agreed upon value as described in each investment fund’s subscription agreement. Depending on the terms of the various subscription agreements, investment fund investments may be redeemed monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually. If ACE wishes to redeem an investment fund investment, it must first determine if the investment fund is still in a lock-up period (a time when ACE cannot redeem its investment so that the investment fund manager has time to build the portfolio). If the investment fund is no longer in its lock-up period, ACE must then notify the investment fund manager of its intention to redeem by the notification date prescribed by the subscription agreement. Subsequent to notification, the investment fund can redeem ACE’s investment within several months of the notification. Notice periods for redemption of the investment funds range between 5 and 120 days. ACE can redeem its investment funds without consent from the investment fund managers.

Level 3 financial instruments

The fair values of assets and liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) consist of various inputs and assumptions that management makes when determining fair value. Management analyzes changes in fair value measurements classified within Level 3 by comparing pricing and returns of our investments to benchmarks, including month-over-month movements, investment credit spreads, interest rate movements, and credit quality of securities.

The following table presents the significant unobservable inputs used in the Level 3 liability valuations. Excluded from the table below are inputs used to determine the fair value of Level 3 assets which are based on single broker quotes or net asset value and contain no quantitative unobservable inputs developed by management.



(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	Fair Value at December 31, 2013		Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Inputs	Ranges
GLB⁽¹⁾	$	193	Actuarial model	Lapse rate	1% – 30%
				Annuitization rate	0% – 55%


⁽¹⁾	Discussion of the most significant inputs used in the fair value measurement of GLB and the sensitivity of those assumptions is included within Note 4 a) Guaranteed living benefits.

The following tables present a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of financial instruments measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):



	Assets																		Liabilities
	Available-for-Sale Debt Securities									Equity securities			Short-term investments			Other investments			GLB⁽¹⁾
Year Ended December 31, 2013	Foreign			Corporate securities			MBS
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Foreign			Corporate securities			MBS
Balance, beginning of year	$	60		$	102		$	13		$	3		$	—		$	2,252		$	1,119
Transfers into Level 3	36			47			—			8			8			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3	(54		)	(31		)	—			(1		)	(2		)	—			—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI	—			—			—			(6		)	—			45			—
Net Realized Gains/Losses	1			(2		)	—			4			—			(2		)	(926		)
Purchases	24			75			—			2			3			551			—
Sales	(21		)	(7		)	(3		)	(6		)	(1		)	(10		)	—
Settlements	(2		)	(18		)	(2		)	—			(1		)	(396		)	—
Balance, end of year	$	44		$	166		$	8		$	4		$	7		$	2,440		$	193
Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date	$	—		$	(2	)	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	(2	)	$	(926	)


⁽¹⁾	Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 5 c) for additional information.



	Assets																								Liabilities
	Available-for-Sale Debt Securities															Equity securities			Other investments			Other derivative instruments			GLB⁽¹⁾
Year Ended December 31, 2012	U.S. Treasury and Agency			Foreign			Corporate securities			MBS			States, municipalities, and political subdivisions
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	U.S. Treasury and Agency			Foreign			Corporate securities			MBS			States, municipalities, and political subdivisions
Balance, beginning of year	$	5		$	33		$	134		$	28		$	1		$	13		$	1,877		$	3		$	1,319
Transfers into Level 3	—			49			37			22			1			2			53			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3	(4		)	(13		)	(46		)	(35		)	(1		)	(11		)	—			—			—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI	—			(1		)	6			—			—			—			55			—			—
Net Realized Gains/Losses	—			—			(1		)	—			—			—			(7		)	(4		)	(200		)
Purchases	—			46			24			9			—			4			520			3			—
Sales	—			(53		)	(19		)	(7		)	—			(5		)	(9		)	—			—
Settlements	(1		)	(1		)	(33		)	(4		)	(1		)	—			(237		)	(2		)	—
Balance, end of year	$	—		$	60		$	102		$	13		$	—		$	3		$	2,252		$	—		$	1,119
Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	(7	)	$	—		$	(200	)

⁽¹⁾

Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheets. The liability for GLB reinsurance was $1.4 billion at December 31, 2012 and $1.5 billion at December 31, 2011, which includes a fair value derivative adjustment of $1.1 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively.



			Assets																					Liabilities
			Available-for-Sale Debt Securities																					GLB⁽¹⁾
Year Ended December 31, 2011	U.S. Treasury and Agency		Foreign			Corporate securities			MBS			States, municipalities, and political subdivisions			Equity securities			Other investments			Other derivative instruments
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	U.S. Treasury and Agency		Foreign			Corporate securities			MBS			States, municipalities, and political subdivisions			Equity securities			Other investments			Other derivative instruments
Balance, beginning of year	$	—	$	26		$	115		$	39		$	2		$	13		$	1,432		$	4		$	507
Transfers into Level 3	—		9			42			4			—			—			—			—			—
Transfers out of Level 3	—		(18		)	(4		)	(48		)	—			—			—			—			—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI	—		(1		)	(2		)	—			—			(1		)	93			—			—
Net Realized Gains/Losses	—		—			(3		)	—			—			4			(3		)	2			812
Purchased	5		23			32			59			—			5			602			—			—
Sales	—		(3		)	(27		)	(17		)	—			(8		)	(55		)	—			—
Settlements	—		(3		)	(19		)	(9		)	(1		)	—			(192		)	(3		)	—
Balance, end of year	$	5	$	33		$	134		$	28		$	1		$	13		$	1,877		$	3		$	1,319
Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	(3	)	$	(1	)	$	812

⁽¹⁾

Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheets. The liability for GLB reinsurance was $1.5 billion at December 31, 2011 and $648 million at December 31, 2010, which includes a fair value derivative adjustment of $1.3 billion and $507 million, respectively.

b) Financial instruments disclosed, but not measured, at fair value

ACE uses various financial instruments in the normal course of its business. Our insurance contracts are excluded from fair value of financial instruments accounting guidance, and therefore, are not included in the amounts discussed below.

The carrying values of cash, other assets, other liabilities, and other financial instruments not included below approximated their fair values.

Investments in partially-owned insurance companies

Fair values for investments in partially-owned insurance companies are based on ACE’s share of the net assets based on the financial statements provided by those companies.

Short- and long-term debt and trust preferred securities

Where practical, fair values for short-term debt, long-term debt, and trust preferred securities are estimated using discounted cash flow calculations based principally on observable inputs including incremental borrowing rates, which reflect ACE’s credit rating, for similar types of borrowings with maturities consistent with those remaining for the debt being valued.

The following tables present fair value, by valuation hierarchy, and carrying value of the financial instruments not measured at fair value:



December 31, 2013	Fair Value								Carrying Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Carrying Value
Assets:
Fixed maturities held to maturity
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	596	$	236	$	—	$	832	$	820
Foreign	—		897		—		897		864
Corporate securities	—		1,990		15		2,005		1,922
Mortgage-backed securities	—		1,379		—		1,379		1,341
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	—		1,150		—		1,150		1,151
	596		5,652		15		6,263		6,098
Partially-owned insurance companies	—		—		470		470		470
Total assets	$	596	$	5,652	$	485	$	6,733	$	6,568
Liabilities:
Short-term debt	$	—	$	1,913	$	—	$	1,913	$	1,901
Long-term debt	—		4,088		—		4,088		3,807
Trust preferred securities	—		438		—		438		309
Total liabilities	$	—	$	6,439	$	—	$	6,439	$	6,017



December 31, 2012	Fair Value								Carrying Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Carrying Value
Assets:
Fixed maturities held to maturity
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	619	$	464	$	—	$	1,083	$	1,044
Foreign	—		964		—		964		910
Corporate securities	—		2,257		18		2,275		2,133
Mortgage-backed securities	—		2,116		—		2,116		2,028
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	—		1,195		—		1,195		1,155
	619		6,996		18		7,633		7,270
Partially-owned insurance companies	—		—		454		454		454
Total assets	$	619	$	6,996	$	472	$	8,087	$	7,724
Liabilities:
Short-term debt	$	—	$	1,401	$	—	$	1,401	$	1,401
Long-term debt	—		3,916		—		3,916		3,360
Trust preferred securities	—		446		—		446		309
Total liabilities	$	—	$	5,763	$	—	$	5,763	$	5,070