RISK MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

RISK MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

RISK MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

MARKET RISK

Our earnings, cash flows and OCI are subject to movements in foreign exchange rates, interest rates, commodity prices and our share price (collectively, market risks). Formal risk management policies, processes and systems have been designed to mitigate these risks.

The following summarizes the types of market risks to which we are exposed and the risk management instruments used to mitigate them. We use a combination of qualifying and non-qualifying derivative instruments to manage the risks noted below.

Foreign Exchange Risk

We generate certain revenues, incur expenses and hold a number of investments and subsidiaries that are denominated in currencies other than Canadian dollars. As a result, our earnings, cash flows and OCI are exposed to fluctuations resulting from foreign exchange rate variability.

We employ financial derivative instruments to hedge foreign currency denominated earnings exposure. A combination of qualifying and non-qualifying derivative instruments is used to hedge anticipated foreign currency denominated revenues and expenses and to manage variability in cash flows. We hedge certain net investments in US dollar denominated investments and subsidiaries using foreign currency derivatives and US dollar denominated debt.

Interest Rate Risk

Our earnings and cash flows are exposed to short-term interest rate variability due to the regular repricing of our variable rate debt, primarily commercial paper. We monitor our debt portfolio mix of fixed and variable rate debt instruments to manage a consolidated portfolio of floating rate debt within the Board of Directors approved policy limit of a maximum of 30% of floating rate debt as a percentage of total debt outstanding. We primarily use qualifying derivative instruments to manage interest rate risk. Pay fixed-receive floating interest rate swaps may be used to hedge against the effect of future interest rate movements. We have implemented a program to mitigate the impact of short-term interest rate volatility on interest expense via execution of floating to fixed interest rate swaps with an average swap rate of 3.9%.

We are exposed to changes in the fair value of fixed rate debt that arise as a result of changes in market interest rates. Pay floating-receive fixed interest rate swaps are used, when applicable, to hedge against future changes to the fair value of fixed rate debt which mitigates the impact of fluctuations in fair value via execution of fixed to floating interest rate swaps. As at December 31, 2021, we do not have any pay floating-receive fixed interest rate swaps outstanding.

Our earnings and cash flows are also exposed to variability in longer term interest rates ahead of anticipated fixed rate term debt issuances. Forward starting interest rate swaps are used to hedge against the effect of future interest rate movements. We have established a program including some of our subsidiaries to mitigate our exposure to long-term interest rate variability on select forecast term debt issuances via execution of floating to fixed interest rate swaps with an average swap rate of 2.0%.

Commodity Price Risk

Our earnings and cash flows are exposed to changes in commodity prices as a result of our ownership interests in certain assets and investments, as well as through the activities of our energy services subsidiaries. These commodities include natural gas, crude oil, power and NGL. We employ financial and physical derivative instruments to fix a portion of the variable price exposures that arise from physical transactions involving these commodities. We use primarily non-qualifying derivative instruments to manage commodity price risk.

Equity Price Risk

Equity price risk is the risk of earnings fluctuations due to changes in our share price. We have exposure to our own common share price through the issuance of various forms of stock-based compensation, which affect earnings through revaluation of the outstanding units every period. We use equity derivatives to manage the earnings volatility derived from one form of stock-based compensation, restricted share units. We use a combination of qualifying and non-qualifying derivative instruments to manage equity price risk.

TOTAL DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

The following table summarizes the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position location and carrying value of our derivative instruments.

We generally have a policy of entering into individual International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. agreements, or other similar derivative agreements, with the majority of our financial derivative counterparties. These agreements provide for the net settlement of derivative instruments outstanding with specific counterparties in the event of bankruptcy or other significant credit events and reduce our credit risk exposure on financial derivative asset positions outstanding with the counterparties in those circumstances.

The following table summarizes the maximum potential settlement amounts in the event of these specific circumstances. All amounts are presented gross in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

December 31, 2021	Derivative Instruments Used as Cash Flow Hedges	Derivative Instruments Used as Net Investment Hedges	Derivative Instruments Used as Fair Value Hedges	Non- Qualifying Derivative Instruments	Total Gross Derivative Instruments as Presented	Amounts Available for Offset	Total Net Derivative Instruments
(millions of Canadian dollars)
Accounts receivable and other
Foreign exchange contracts	—	—	—	259	259	(41)	218
Interest rate contracts	64	—	—	—	64	—	64
Commodity contracts	—	—	—	204	204	(129)	75
Other contracts	—	—	—	2	2	—	2
	64	—	—	465	529	(170)	359
Deferred amounts and other assets
Foreign exchange contracts	—	—	—	240	240	(61)	179
Interest rate contracts	88	—	—	—	88	(1)	87
Commodity contracts	—	—	—	29	29	(13)	16
Other contracts	—	—	—	3	3	—	3
	88	—	—	272	360	(75)	285
Accounts payable and other
Foreign exchange contracts	(15)	—	(112)	(176)	(303)	41	(262)
Interest rate contracts	(150)	—	—	—	(150)	—	(150)
Commodity contracts	(14)	—	—	(250)	(264)	129	(135)
Other contracts	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	(179)	—	(112)	(426)	(717)	170	(547)
Other long-term liabilities
Foreign exchange contracts	—	—	—	(423)	(423)	61	(362)
Interest rate contracts	(1)	—	—	(23)	(24)	1	(23)
Commodity contracts	(17)	—	—	(67)	(84)	13	(71)
Other contracts	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	(18)	—	—	(513)	(531)	75	(456)
Total net derivative asset/(liability)
Foreign exchange contracts	(15)	—	(112)	(100)	(227)	—	(227)
Interest rate contracts	1	—	—	(23)	(22)	—	(22)
Commodity contracts	(31)	—	—	(84)	(115)	—	(115)
Other contracts	—	—	—	5	5	—	5
	(45)	—	(112)	(202)	(359)	—	(359)

December 31, 2020	Derivative Instruments Used as Cash Flow Hedges	Derivative Instruments Used as Net Investment Hedges	Derivative Instruments Used as Fair Value Hedges	Non- Qualifying Derivative Instruments	Total Gross Derivative Instruments as Presented	Amounts Available for Offset	Total Net Derivative Instruments
(millions of Canadian dollars)
Accounts receivable and other
Foreign exchange contracts	—	—	—	180	180	(28)	152
Interest rate contracts	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Commodity contracts	—	—	—	143	143	(81)	62
Other contracts	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	—	—	—	323	323	(109)	214
Deferred amounts and other assets
Foreign exchange contracts	14	—	—	452	466	(218)	248
Interest rate contracts	56	—	—	—	56	(25)	31
Commodity contracts	—	—	—	39	39	(9)	30
Other contracts	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	70	—	—	491	561	(252)	309
Accounts payable and other
Foreign exchange contracts	(5)	—	(29)	(151)	(185)	28	(157)
Interest rate contracts	(423)	—	—	(2)	(425)	—	(425)
Commodity contracts	(2)	—	—	(278)	(280)	81	(199)
Other contracts	(1)	—	—	(3)	(4)	—	(4)
	(431)	—	(29)	(434)	(894)	109	(785)
Other long-term liabilities
Foreign exchange contracts	—	—	(87)	(673)	(760)	218	(542)
Interest rate contracts	(218)	—	—	(23)	(241)	25	(216)
Commodity contracts	(1)	—	—	(57)	(58)	9	(49)
Other contracts	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	(219)	—	(87)	(753)	(1,059)	252	(807)
Total net derivative asset/(liability)
Foreign exchange contracts	9	—	(116)	(192)	(299)	—	(299)
Interest rate contracts	(585)	—	—	(25)	(610)	—	(610)
Commodity contracts	(3)	—	—	(153)	(156)	—	(156)
Other contracts	(1)	—	—	(3)	(4)	—	(4)
	(580)	—	(116)	(373)	(1,069)	—	(1,069)

The following table summarizes the maturity and notional principal or quantity outstanding related to our derivative instruments.

	2021								2020
As at December 31,	2022	2023	2024	2025	2026	Thereafter	Total		Total
Foreign exchange contracts - US dollar forwards - purchase (millions of US dollars)	2,508	—	—	—	—	—	2,508		3,522
Foreign exchange contracts - US dollar forwards - sell (millions of US dollars)	9,245	5,596	4,346	3,174	2,574	492	25,427		17,859
Foreign exchange contracts - British pound (GBP) forwards - sell (millions of GBP)	28	29	30	30	28	32	177		265
Foreign exchange contracts - Euro forwards - sell (millions of Euro)	104	92	91	86	85	343	801		885
Foreign exchange contracts - Japanese yen forwards - purchase (millions of yen)	72,500	—	—	—	—	—	72,500		72,500
Interest rate contracts - short-term pay fixed rate (millions of Canadian dollars)	395	47	35	30	26	64	597		4,635
Interest rate contracts - long-term pay fixed rate (millions of Canadian dollars)	2,363	1,784	1,132	—	—	—	5,279		5,396
Equity contracts (millions of Canadian dollars)	20	26	21	—	—	—	67		62
Commodity contracts - natural gas (billions of cubic feet)	165	18	5	11	—	—	199		173
Commodity contracts - crude oil (millions of barrels)	12	—	—	—	—	—	12		15
Commodity contracts - power (megawatt per hour (MW/H)	(43)	(43)	(43)	(43)	—	—	(43)	1	(35)	1

1Total is an average net purchase/(sell) of power.

The Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Statements of Earnings and Comprehensive Income

The following table presents the effect of cash flow hedges and net investment hedges on our consolidated earnings and consolidated comprehensive income, before the effect of income taxes:

	2021	2020	2019
(millions of Canadian dollars)
Amount of unrealized gain/(loss) recognized in OCI
Cash flow hedges
Foreign exchange contracts	(29)	(1)	(19)
Interest rate contracts	252	(595)	(559)
Commodity contracts	(28)	2	(25)
Other contracts	1	(3)	10
Fair value hedges
Foreign exchange contracts	(5)	5	—
Net investment hedges
Foreign exchange contracts	—	13	2
	191	(579)	(591)
Amount of (gain)/loss reclassified from AOCI to earnings
Foreign exchange contracts1	5	5	5
Interest rate contracts2	296	253	157
Commodity contracts3	1	—	(1)
Other contracts4	2	(2)	(3)
	304	256	158

1Reported within Transportation and other services revenues and Net foreign currency gain/(loss) in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

2Reported within Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

3Reported within Transportation and other services revenue, Commodity sales revenues, Commodity costs and Operating and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

4Reported within Operating and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

We estimate that a loss of $47 million from AOCI related to cash flow hedges will be reclassified to earnings in the next 12 months. Actual amounts reclassified to earnings depend on the foreign exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices in effect when derivative contracts that are currently outstanding mature. For all forecasted transactions, the maximum term over which we are hedging exposures to the variability of cash flows is 36 months as at December 31, 2021.

Fair Value Derivatives

For interest rate derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges, the gain or loss on the derivative as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk is included in Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

Year ended December 31,	2021	2020
(millions of Canadian dollars)
Unrealized gain/(loss) on derivative	8	(116)
Unrealized gain/(loss) on hedged item	(15)	133
Realized loss on derivative	(41)	(12)
Realized gain on hedged item	45	—

Non-Qualifying Derivatives

The following table presents the unrealized gains and losses associated with changes in the fair value of our non-qualifying derivatives:

Year ended December 31,	2021	2020	2019
(millions of Canadian dollars)
Foreign exchange contracts1	92	902	1,626
Interest rate contracts2	2	(25)	178
Commodity contracts3	71	(114)	(62)
Other contracts4	8	(7)	9
Total unrealized derivative fair value gain/(loss), net	173	756	1,751

1For the respective annual periods, reported within Transportation and other services revenue (2021 - $98 million gain; 2020 - $533 million gain; 2019 - $930 million gain) and Net foreign currency gain/(loss) (2021 - $6 million loss; 2020 - $369 million gain; 2019 - $696 million gain) in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

2Reported as an increase within Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

3For the respective annual periods, reported within Transportation and other services revenue (2021 - $9 million gain; 2020 - $2 million loss; 2019 - $26 million loss), Commodity sales (2021 - $160 million gain; 2020 - $321 million loss; 2019 - $544 million loss), Commodity costs (2021 - $105 million loss; 2020 - $207 million gain; 2019 - $459 million gain) and Operating and administrative expense (2021 - $7 million gain; 2020 - $2 million gain; 2019 - $49 million gain) in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

4Reported within Operating and administrative expense in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

LIQUIDITY RISK

Liquidity risk is the risk that we will not be able to meet our financial obligations, including commitments and guarantees, as they become due. In order to mitigate this risk, we forecast cash requirements over a 12-month rolling time period to determine whether sufficient funds will be available and maintain substantial capacity under our committed bank lines of credit to address any contingencies. Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources are funds generated from operations, the issuance of commercial paper and draws under committed credit facilities and long-term debt, which includes debentures and medium-term notes. We also maintain current shelf prospectuses with securities regulators which enables ready access to either the Canadian or US public capital markets, subject to market conditions. In addition, we maintain sufficient liquidity through committed credit facilities with a diversified group of banks and institutions which, if necessary, enables us to fund all anticipated requirements for approximately one year without accessing the capital markets. We are in compliance with all the terms and conditions of our committed credit facility agreements and term debt indentures as at December 31, 2021. As a result, all credit facilities are available to us and the banks are obligated to fund and have been funding us under the terms of the facilities.

CREDIT RISK

Entering into derivative instruments may result in exposure to credit risk from the possibility that a counterparty will default on its contractual obligations. In order to mitigate this risk, we enter into risk management transactions primarily with institutions that possess strong investment grade credit ratings. Credit risk relating to derivative counterparties is mitigated through maintenance and monitoring of credit exposure limits and contractual requirements, netting arrangements, and ongoing monitoring of counterparty credit exposure using external credit rating services and other analytical tools.

We have credit concentrations and credit exposure, with respect to derivative instruments, in the following counterparty segments:

December 31,	2021	2020
(millions of Canadian dollars)
Canadian financial institutions	424	481
US financial institutions	130	99
European financial institutions	181	28
Asian financial institutions	30	167
Other1	122	97
	887	872

1Other is comprised of commodity clearing house and physical natural gas and crude oil counterparties.

As at December 31, 2021, we provided letters of credit totaling nil in lieu of providing cash collateral to our counterparties pursuant to the terms of the relevant International Swaps and Derivatives Association agreements. We held no cash collateral on derivative asset exposures as at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Gross derivative balances have been presented without the effects of collateral posted. Derivative assets are adjusted for non-performance risk of our counterparties using their credit default swap spread rates, and are reflected at fair value. For derivative liabilities, our non-performance risk is considered in the valuation.

Credit risk also arises from trade and other long-term receivables, and is mitigated through credit exposure limits and contractual requirements, assessment of credit ratings and netting arrangements. Within Enbridge Gas, credit risk is mitigated by the utilities' large and diversified customer base and the ability to recover an estimate for doubtful accounts through the ratemaking process. We actively monitor the financial strength of large industrial customers and, in select cases, have obtained additional security to minimize the risk of default on receivables. Generally, we classify and provide for receivables older than 30 days as past due. The maximum exposure to credit risk related to non-derivative financial assets is their carrying value.

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis include derivative instruments. We also disclose the fair value of other financial instruments not measured at fair value. The fair value of financial instruments reflects our best estimates of market value based on generally accepted valuation techniques or models and is supported by observable market prices and rates. When such values are not available, we use discounted cash flow analysis from applicable yield curves based on observable market inputs to estimate fair value.

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

We categorize our derivative instruments measured at fair value into one of three different levels depending on the observability of the inputs employed in the measurement.

Level 1

Level 1 includes derivatives measured at fair value based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date. An active market for a derivative is considered to be a market where transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Our Level 1 instruments consist primarily of exchange traded derivatives used to mitigate the risk of crude oil price fluctuations.

Level 2

Level 2 includes derivative valuations determined using directly or indirectly observable inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1. Derivatives in this category are valued using models or other industry standard valuation techniques derived from observable market data. Such valuation techniques include inputs such as quoted forward prices, time value, volatility factors and broker quotes that can be observed or corroborated in the market for the entire duration of the derivative. Derivatives valued using Level 2 inputs include non-exchange traded derivatives such as over-the-counter foreign exchange forward and cross currency swap contracts, interest rate swaps, physical forward commodity contracts, as well as commodity swaps for which observable inputs can be obtained.

We have also categorized the fair value of our held to maturity preferred share investment and long-term debt as Level 2. The fair value of our held to maturity preferred share investment is primarily based on the yield of certain Government of Canada bonds. The fair value of our long-term debt is based on quoted market prices for instruments of similar yield, credit risk and tenor.

Level 3

Level 3 includes derivative valuations based on inputs which are less observable, unavailable or where the observable data does not support a significant portion of the derivatives’ fair value. Generally, Level 3 derivatives are longer dated transactions, occur in less active markets, occur at locations where pricing information is not available or have no binding broker quote to support Level 2 classification. We have developed methodologies, benchmarked against industry standards, to determine fair value for these derivatives based on extrapolation of observable future prices and rates. Derivatives valued using Level 3 inputs primarily include long-dated derivative power contracts and NGL and natural gas contracts, basis swaps, commodity swaps, power and energy swaps, as well as physical forward commodity contracts. We do not have any other financial instruments categorized in Level 3.

We use the most observable inputs available to estimate the fair value of our derivatives. When possible, we estimate the fair value of our derivatives based on quoted market prices. If quoted market prices are not available, we use estimates from third party brokers. For non-exchange traded derivatives classified in Levels 2 and 3, we use standard valuation techniques to calculate the estimated fair value. These methods include discounted cash flows for forwards and swaps and Black-Scholes-Merton pricing models for options. Depending on the type of derivative and nature of the underlying risk, we use observable market prices (interest, foreign exchange, commodity and share price) and volatility as primary inputs to these valuation techniques. Finally, we consider our own credit default swap spread as well as the credit default swap spreads associated with our counterparties in our estimation of fair value.

We have categorized our derivative assets and liabilities measured at fair value as follows:

December 31, 2021	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Total Gross Derivative Instruments
(millions of Canadian dollars)
Financial assets
Current derivative assets
Foreign exchange contracts	—	259	—	259
Interest rate contracts	—	64	—	64
Commodity contracts	38	71	95	204
Other contracts	—	2	—	2
	38	396	95	529
Long-term derivative assets
Foreign exchange contracts	—	240	—	240
Interest rate contracts	—	88	—	88
Commodity contracts	—	21	8	29
Other contracts	—	3	—	3
	—	352	8	360
Financial liabilities
Current derivative liabilities
Foreign exchange contracts	—	(303)	—	(303)
Interest rate contracts	—	(150)	—	(150)
Commodity contracts	(52)	(66)	(146)	(264)
Other contracts	—	—	—	—
	(52)	(519)	(146)	(717)
Long-term derivative liabilities
Foreign exchange contracts	—	(423)	—	(423)
Interest rate contracts	—	(24)	—	(24)
Commodity contracts	—	(19)	(65)	(84)
Other contracts	—	—	—	—
	—	(466)	(65)	(531)
Total net financial asset/(liability)
Foreign exchange contracts	—	(227)	—	(227)
Interest rate contracts	—	(22)	—	(22)
Commodity contracts	(14)	7	(108)	(115)
Other contracts	—	5	—	5
	(14)	(237)	(108)	(359)

December 31, 2020	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Total Gross Derivative Instruments
(millions of Canadian dollars)
Financial assets
Current derivative assets
Foreign exchange contracts	—	180	—	180
Interest rate contracts	—	—	—	—
Commodity contracts	43	33	67	143
Other contracts	—	—	—	—
	43	213	67	323
Long-term derivative assets
Foreign exchange contracts	—	466	—	466
Interest rate contracts	—	56	—	56
Commodity contracts	1	24	14	39
Other contracts	—	—	—	—
	1	546	14	561
Financial liabilities
Current derivative liabilities
Foreign exchange contracts	—	(185)	—	(185)
Interest rate contracts	—	(425)	—	(425)
Commodity contracts	(39)	(18)	(223)	(280)
Other contracts	—	(4)	—	(4)
	(39)	(632)	(223)	(894)
Long-term derivative liabilities
Foreign exchange contracts	—	(760)	—	(760)
Interest rate contracts	—	(241)	—	(241)
Commodity contracts	(1)	(8)	(49)	(58)
Other contracts	—	—	—	—
	(1)	(1,009)	(49)	(1,059)
Total net financial asset/(liability)
Foreign exchange contracts	—	(299)	—	(299)
Interest rate contracts	—	(610)	—	(610)
Commodity contracts	4	31	(191)	(156)
Other contracts	—	(4)	—	(4)
	4	(882)	(191)	(1,069)

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of Level 3 derivative instruments were as follows:

December 31, 2021	Fair Value	Unobservable Input	Minimum Price	Maximum Price	Weighted Average Price	Unit of Measurement
(fair value in millions of Canadian dollars)
Commodity contracts - financial1
Natural gas	(19)	Forward gas price	3.12	9.05	4.49	$/mmbtu2
Crude	3	Forward crude price	76.02	98.99	91.73	$/barrel
Power	(60)	Forward power price	31.00	125.13	76.23	$/MW/H
Commodity contracts - physical1
Natural gas	(56)	Forward gas price	2.65	9.25	4.63	$/mmbtu2
Crude	24	Forward crude price	68.66	97.00	87.97	$/barrel
	(108)

1Financial and physical forward commodity contracts are valued using a market approach valuation technique.

2One million British thermal units (mmbtu).

If adjusted, the significant unobservable inputs disclosed in the table above would have a direct impact on the fair value of our Level 3 derivative instruments. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of Level 3 derivative instruments include forward commodity prices, and for option contracts, price volatility. Changes in forward commodity prices could result in significantly different fair values for our Level 3 derivatives. Changes in price volatility would change the value of the option contracts. Generally, a change in the estimate of forward commodity prices is unrelated to a change in the estimate of price volatility.

Changes in net fair value of derivative assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy were as follows:

Year ended December 31,	2021	2020
(millions of Canadian dollars)
Level 3 net derivative liability at beginning of period	(191)	(69)
Total gain/(loss)
Included in earnings1	(39)	(123)
Included in OCI	(29)	2
Settlements	151	(1)
Level 3 net derivative liability at end of period	(108)	(191)

1Reported within Transportation and other services revenue, Commodity costs and Operating and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings.

There were no transfers into or out of Level 3 as at December 31, 2021 or 2020.

NET INVESTMENT HEDGES

We have designated a portion of our US dollar denominated debt, as well as a portfolio of foreign exchange forward contracts, as a hedge of our net investment in US dollar denominated investments and subsidiaries.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized unrealized foreign exchange gains of $49 million and $117 million, respectively, on the translation of US dollar denominated debt and an unrealized gain on the change in fair value of our outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts of nil and $13 million, respectively, in OCI. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized a realized loss of nil and $15 million, respectively, in OCI associated with the settlement of foreign exchange forward contracts. No realized gains or losses associated with the settlement of US dollar denominated debt that had matured during the period were recognized in OCI during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

FAIR VALUE OF OTHER FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Certain long-term investments in other entities with no actively quoted prices are classified as FVMA investments and are recorded at cost less impairment. The carrying value of FVMA investments totaled $52 million as at December 31, 2021 and 2020.

We have Restricted long-term investments held in trust totaling $630 million and $553 million as at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which are recognized at fair value.

As at December 31, 2021 and 2020, our long-term debt had a carrying value of $74.4 billion and $66.1 billion, respectively, before debt issuance costs and a fair value of $82.0 billion and $75.1 billion, respectively. We also have non-current notes receivable carried at book value and recorded in Deferred amounts and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. As at December 31, 2021 and 2020, the non-current notes receivable had a carrying value of $1.0 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively, which also approximates their fair value.

The fair value of other financial assets and liabilities other than derivative instruments, other long-term investments, restricted long-term investments and long-term debt approximate their cost due to the short period to maturity.