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Derivative and Hedging Activities
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]  
Derivative and Hedging Activities
Derivative and Hedging Activities
We use derivative instruments to reduce our exposure to fluctuations in future commodity prices and to protect our expected operating cash flow against significant market movements or volatility. All of our oil, natural gas and NGL derivative instruments are net settled based on the difference between the fixed-price payment and the floating-price payment, resulting in a net amount due to or from the counterparty. None of our open oil, natural gas and NGL derivative instruments were designated for hedge accounting as of September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.
Oil, Natural Gas and NGL Derivatives
As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, our oil, natural gas and NGL derivative instruments consisted of the following types of instruments:
•
Swaps: We receive a fixed price and pay a floating market price to the counterparty for the hedged commodity. In exchange for higher fixed prices on certain of our swap trades, we may sell call options and call swaptions.
•
Options: We sell, and occasionally buy, call options in exchange for a premium. At the time of settlement, if the market price exceeds the fixed price of the call option, we pay the counterparty the excess on sold call options and we receive the excess on bought call options. If the market price settles below the fixed price of the call option, no payment is due from either party.
•
Call Swaptions: We sell call swaptions to counterparties that allow the counterparty, on a specific date, to extend an existing fixed-price swap for a certain period of time.
•
Collars: These instruments contain a fixed floor price (put) and ceiling price (call). If the market price exceeds the call strike price or falls below the put strike price, we receive the fixed price and pay the market price. If the market price is between the put and the call strike prices, no payments are due from either party. Three-way collars include the sale by us of an additional put option in exchange for a more favorable strike price on the call option. This eliminates the counterparty’s downside exposure below the second put option strike price.
•
Basis Protection Swaps: These instruments are arrangements that guarantee a fixed price differential to NYMEX from a specified delivery point. We receive the fixed price differential and pay the floating market price differential to the counterparty for the hedged commodity.
The estimated fair values of our oil, natural gas and NGL derivative instrument assets (liabilities) as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are provided below: 
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
Notional Volume
 
Fair Value
 
Notional Volume
 
Fair Value
 
 
 
 
($ in millions)  
 
 
 
($ in millions)  
Oil (mmbbl):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed-price swaps
 
21

 
$
(294
)
 
21

 
$
(151
)
Three-way collars
 
—

 
(8
)
 
2

 
(10
)
Call swaptions
 
—

 
—

 
2

 
(13
)
Basis protection swaps
 
8

 
2

 
11

 
(9
)
Total oil
 
29

 
(300
)
 
36

 
(183
)
Natural gas (bcf):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed-price swaps
 
400

(a) 
(19
)
 
532

 
149

Three-way collars
 
88

 
3

 
—

 
—

Collars
 
66

 
—

 
47

 
11

Call options
 
60

 
—

 
110

 
(3
)
Basis protection swaps
 
44

 
(7
)
 
65

 
(7
)
Total natural gas
 
658

 
(23
)
 
754

 
150

NGL (mmgal):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed-price swaps
 
57

 
(15
)
 
33

 
(2
)
Total estimated fair value
 
 
 
$
(338
)
 
 
 
$
(35
)

____________________________________________
a)
Includes 170 bcf related to trades executed in accordance with the purchase and sale agreement with Encino.  These trades are reflected at fair market value as of September 30, 2018, with an offsetting receivable balance. The trades were novated to Encino upon closing of the purchase and sale agreement on October 29, 2018.
We have terminated certain commodity derivative contracts that were previously designated as cash flow hedges for which the original contract months are yet to occur. See further discussion below under Effect of Derivative Instruments – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Effect of Derivative Instruments – Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
The following table presents the fair value and location of each classification of derivative instrument included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 on a gross basis and after same-counterparty netting:
Balance Sheet Classification
 
Gross
Fair Value
 
Amounts Netted
in the
Consolidated
Balance Sheets
 
Net Fair Value
Presented in the
Consolidated
Balance Sheet
 
 
($ in millions)
As of September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commodity Contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Short-term derivative asset
 
$
14

 
$
(14
)
 
$
—

Long-term derivative asset
 
3

 
(3
)
 
—

Short-term derivative liability
 
(324
)
 
14

 
(310
)
Long-term derivative liability
 
(31
)
 
3

 
(28
)
Total derivatives
 
$
(338
)
 
$
—

 
$
(338
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As of December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commodity Contracts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Short-term derivative asset
 
$
157

 
$
(130
)
 
$
27

Short-term derivative liability
 
(188
)
 
130

 
(58
)
Long-term derivative liability
 
(4
)
 
—

 
(4
)
Total derivatives
 
$
(35
)
 
$
—

 
$
(35
)


Effect of Derivative Instruments – Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
The components of oil, natural gas and NGL revenues for the Current Quarter, the Prior Quarter, the Current Period and the Prior Period are presented below:
 
 
Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
($ in millions)
Oil, natural gas and NGL revenues
 
$
1,331

 
$
1,049

 
$
3,924

 
$
3,275

Gains (losses) on undesignated oil, natural gas
and NGL derivatives
 
(124
)
 
(62
)
 
(475
)
 
477

Losses on terminated cash flow hedges
 
(8
)
 
(8
)
 
(25
)
 
(25
)
Total oil, natural gas and NGL revenues
 
$
1,199

 
$
979

 
$
3,424

 
$
3,727


Effect of Derivative Instruments – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
A reconciliation of the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in our consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity related to our cash flow hedges is presented below:
 
 
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
Before 
Tax  
 
After 
Tax  
 
Before 
Tax  
 
After 
Tax  
 
 
($ in millions)
Balance, beginning of period
 
$
(97
)
 
$
(40
)
 
$
(132
)
 
(75
)
Losses reclassified to income
 
8

 
8

 
8

 
8

Balance, end of period
 
$
(89
)
 
$
(32
)
 
(124
)
 
(67
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
Before 
Tax  
 
After 
Tax  
 
Before 
Tax  
 
After 
Tax  
 
 
($ in millions)
Balance, beginning of period
 
$
(114
)
 
$
(57
)
 
$
(153
)
 
$
(96
)
Net change in fair value
 
—

 
—

 
4

 
4

Losses reclassified to income
 
25

 
25

 
25

 
25

Balance, end of period
 
$
(89
)
 
$
(32
)
 
$
(124
)
 
$
(67
)

The accumulated other comprehensive loss as of September 30, 2018 represents the net deferred loss associated with commodity derivative contracts that were previously designated as cash flow hedges for which the original contract months are yet to occur. Remaining deferred gain or loss amounts will be recognized in earnings in the month for which the original contract months are to occur. As of September 30, 2018, we expect to transfer approximately $35 million of net loss included in accumulated other comprehensive income to net income (loss) during the next 12 months. The remaining amounts will be transferred by December 31, 2022.
Credit Risk Considerations
Our derivative instruments expose us to our counterparties’ credit risk. To mitigate this risk, we enter into derivative contracts only with counterparties that are highly rated or deemed by us to have acceptable credit strength and deemed by management to be competent and competitive market-makers, and we attempt to limit our exposure to non-performance by any single counterparty. As of September 30, 2018, our oil, natural gas and NGL derivative instruments were spread among 11 counterparties.
Hedging Arrangements
Certain of our hedging arrangements are with counterparties that are also lenders (or affiliates of lenders) under our revolving credit facility. The contracts entered into with these counterparties are secured by the same collateral that secures our revolving credit facility. In addition, we enter into bilateral hedging agreements with other counterparties. The counterparties’ and our obligations under the bilateral hedging agreements must be secured by cash or letters of credit to the extent that any mark-to-market amounts owed to us or by us exceed defined thresholds. As of September 30, 2018, we posted $14 million in letters of credit as collateral for our commodity derivatives. No cash was posted as collateral for our commodity derivatives.
Fair Value
The fair value of our derivatives is based on third-party pricing models which utilize inputs that are either readily available in the public market, such as oil, natural gas and NGL forward curves and discount rates, or can be corroborated from active markets or broker quotes. These values are compared to the values given by our counterparties for reasonableness. Since oil, natural gas and NGL swaps do not include optionality and therefore generally have no unobservable inputs, they are classified as Level 2. All other derivatives have some level of unobservable input, such as volatility curves, and are therefore classified as Level 3. Derivatives are also subject to the risk that either party to a contract will be unable to meet its obligations. We factor non-performance risk into the valuation of our derivatives using current published credit default swap rates. To date, this has not had a material impact on the values of our derivatives.
The following table provides information for financial assets (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017: 
 
 
Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2) 
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
Total
Fair Value
 
 
 
 
($ in millions)
 
 
As of September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative Assets (Liabilities):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commodity assets
 
$
—

 
$
7

 
$
11

 
$
18

Commodity liabilities
 
—

 
(340
)
 
(16
)
 
(356
)
Total derivatives
 
$
—

 
$
(333
)
 
$
(5
)
 
$
(338
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As of December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative Assets (Liabilities):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commodity assets
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
8

 
$
8

Commodity liabilities
 
—

 
(20
)
 
(23
)
 
(43
)
Total derivatives
 
$
—

 
$
(20
)
 
$
(15
)
 
$
(35
)


A summary of the changes in the fair values of our financial assets (liabilities) classified as Level 3 during the Current Period and the Prior Period is presented below: 
 
 
Commodity
Derivatives
 
 
($ in millions)
Balance, as of January 1, 2018
 
$
(15
)
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):
 
 
Included in earnings(a)
 
(3
)
Total purchases, issuances, sales and settlements:
 
 
Settlements
 
13

Balance, as of September 30, 2018
 
$
(5
)
 
 
 
Balance, as of January 1, 2017
 
$
(10
)
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):
 
 
Included in earnings(a)
 
1

Total purchases, issuances, sales and settlements:
 
 
Settlements
 
1

Balance, as of September 30, 2017
 
$
(8
)
___________________________________________
(a)
 
 
Commodity Derivatives
 
 
 
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
($ in millions)
 
Total gains (losses) included in earnings for the period
 
$
(3
)
 
$
1

 
Change in unrealized gains (losses) related to assets
still held at reporting date
 
$
(3
)
 
$
(7
)
Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Unobservable Inputs for Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
The significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 derivative contracts include market volatility. Changes in market volatility impacts the fair value measurement of our derivative contracts, which is based on an estimate derived from option models. For example, an increase or decrease in the forward prices and volatility of oil and natural gas prices decreases or increases the fair value of oil and natural gas derivatives. The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 inputs used in the fair value measurement of our commodity derivative contracts at fair value as of September 30, 2018:
Instrument
Type
 
Unobservable
Input
 
Range
 
Weighted
Average
 
Fair Value
September 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
($ in millions)
Oil trades
 
Oil price volatility curves
 
19.09% – 28.60%
 
24.97%
 
$
(8
)
Natural gas trades
 
Natural gas price volatility curves
 
15.60% – 62.08%
 
16.24%
 
$
3