(2) Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses

Loans

A summary of loans, by major class within the Company’s loan portfolio, at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 is as follows:


	March 31,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2020		2019
Commercial, financial, and agricultural	$	205,657	$	199,022
Real estate construction - residential		23,913		23,035
Real estate construction - commercial		87,497		84,998
Real estate mortgage - residential		246,859		252,643
Real estate mortgage - commercial		585,900		576,635
Installment and other consumer		30,696		32,464
Total loans held for investment	$	1,180,522	$	1,168,797

The Bank grants real estate, commercial, installment, and other consumer loans to customers located within the Missouri communities surrounding Jefferson City, Columbia, Clinton, Warsaw, Springfield, St. Louis, and the greater Kansas City metropolitan area. As such, the Bank is susceptible to changes in the economic environment in these communities. The Bank does not have a concentration of credit in any one economic sector. Installment and other consumer loans consist primarily of the financing of automotive vehicles. At March 31, 2020, loans of $510.3 million were pledged to the Federal Home Loan Bank as collateral for borrowings and letters of credit.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The following table illustrates the changes in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment:


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
	Commercial,		Real Estate		Real Estate		Real Estate		Real Estate		Installment
	Financial, &		Construction -		Construction -		Mortgage -		Mortgage -		and Other		Un-
(in thousands)	Agricultural		Residential		Commercial		Residential		Commercial		Consumer		allocated		Total
Balance at beginning of period	$	2,918	$	64	$	369	$	2,118	$	6,547	$	381	$	80	$	12,477
Additions:
Provision for loan losses		721		53		253		255		2,087		8		(77)		3,300
Deductions:
Loans charged off		41		—		—		19		22		52		—		134
Less recoveries on loans		(25)		—		—		(9)		(2)		(14)		—		(50)
Net loan charge-offs (recoveries)		16		—		—		10		20		38		—		84
Balance at end of period	$	3,623	$	117	$	622	$	2,363	$	8,614	$	351	$	3	$	15,693


	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	Commercial,		Real Estate		Real Estate		Real Estate		Real Estate		Installment
	Financial, &		Construction -		Construction -		Mortgage -		Mortgage -		and Other		Un-
(in thousands)	Agricultural		Residential		Commercial		Residential		Commercial		Consumer		allocated		Total
Balance at beginning of period	$	3,237	$	140	$	757	$	2,071	$	4,914	$	334	$	199	$	11,652
Additions:
Provision for loan losses		(60)		(66)		(119)		(196)		617		18		(44)		150
Deductions:
Loans charged off		53		—		—		84		8		52		—		197
Less recoveries on loans		(108)		—		—		(99)		—		(33)		—		(240)
Net loan charge-offs (recoveries)		(55)		—		—		(15)		8		19		—		(43)
Balance at end of period	$	3,232	$	74	$	638	$	1,890	$	5,523	$	333	$	155	$	11,845

Loans, or portions of loans, are charged off to the extent deemed uncollectible or a loss is confirmed. Loan charge-offs reduce the allowance for loan losses, and recoveries of loans previously charged off are added back to the allowance. If management determines that it is probable that all amounts due on a loan will not be collected under the original terms of the loan agreement, the loan is considered to be impaired. These loans are evaluated individually for impairment, and in conjunction with current economic conditions and loss experience, specific reserves are estimated as further discussed below. Loans not individually evaluated are aggregated by risk characteristics and reserves are recorded using a consistent methodology that considers historical loan loss experience by loan type, delinquencies, current economic conditions, loan risk ratings and industry concentration.

In the first quarter of 2019, management adjusted the look-back period to begin with loss history in the first quarter 2012 as the starting point through the current quarter and it will continue to include this starting point going forward. At that time, Management determined that with the extended economic recovery then existing, the look-back period should be expanded to include the current economic cycle. The look-back period will be adjusted once a sustained loss producing downturn is recognized by allowing the look-back period to shift forward by eliminating the earliest loss period and replenishing it with losses from the most recent period. The look-back period is consistently evaluated for relevance given the current facts and circumstances.

As a result of rapidly increasing unemployment rates resulting from the COVID-19 virus, management determined that the first quarter 2020 allowance for loan loss economic qualitative adjustment should be temporarily adapted to utilize currently published statistics rather than the lagging statistics that had been utilized historically. While these lagging indicators have been very reliable for some time, they do not accurately capture the risk that has been brought about by rapid changes in the economy. Based upon the change in the national unemployment rate available as of March 31, 2020, the economic qualitative adjustment was increased according to the Company’s methodology to account for uncertainty in economic conditions compared to the lookback period. Management believes this temporary alteration will be a better indicator until the economy stabilizes and the true impact can be measured.

The following table illustrates the allowance for loan losses and recorded investment by portfolio segment:



	Commercial,		Real Estate		Real Estate		Real Estate		Real Estate		Installment
	Financial, and		Construction -		Construction -		Mortgage -		Mortgage -		and Other		Un-
(in thousands)	Agricultural		Residential		Commercial		Residential		Commercial		Consumer		allocated		Total
March 31, 2020
Allowance for loan losses:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	290	$	—	$	—	$	242	$	24	$	14	$	—	$	570
Collectively evaluated for impairment		3,333		117		622		2,121		8,590		337		3		15,123
Total	$	3,623	$	117	$	622	$	2,363	$	8,614	$	351	$	3	$	15,693
Loans outstanding:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	3,632	$	—	$	408	$	4,764	$	1,418	$	135	$	—	$	10,357
Collectively evaluated for impairment		202,025		23,913		87,089		242,095		584,482		30,561		—		1,170,165
Total	$	205,657	$	23,913	$	87,497	$	246,859	$	585,900	$	30,696	$	—	$	1,180,522

December 31, 2019
Allowance for loan losses:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	311	$	—	$	—	$	264	$	23	$	17	$	—	$	615
Collectively evaluated for impairment		2,607		64		369		1,854		6,524		364		80		11,862
Total	$	2,918	$	64	$	369	$	2,118	$	6,547	$	381	$	80	$	12,477
Loans outstanding:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	1,514	$	—	$	137	$	3,856	$	1,711	$	177	$	—	$	7,395
Collectively evaluated for impairment		197,508		23,035		84,861		248,787		574,924		32,287		—		1,161,402
Total	$	199,022	$	23,035	$	84,998	$	252,643	$	576,635	$	32,464	$	—	$	1,168,797

Impaired Loans

Loans evaluated under ASC 310‑10‑35 include loans which are individually evaluated for impairment. All other loans are collectively evaluated for impairment under ASC 450‑20. Impaired loans individually evaluated for impairment totaled $10.4 million and $7.4 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and are comprised of loans on non-accrual status and loans which have been classified as troubled debt restructurings (TDRs).

The net carrying value of impaired loans is based on the fair values of collateral obtained through independent appraisals or internal evaluations, or by discounting the total expected future cash flows. At March 31, 2020, $5.8 million of impaired loans were evaluated based on the fair value less estimated selling costs of the loans' collateral compared to $3.0 million at December 31, 2019. Once the impairment amount is calculated, a specific reserve allocation is recorded. At March 31, 2020, $570,000 of the Company’s allowance for loan losses was allocated to impaired loans totaling $10.4 million compared to $615,000 of the Company’s allowance for loan losses allocated to impaired loans totaling approximately $7.4 million at December 31, 2019. Management determined that $5.4 million, or 53%, of total impaired loans required no reserve allocation at March 31, 2020 compared to $2.6 million, or 35%, at December 31, 2019, primarily due to adequate collateral values, acceptable payment history and adequate cash flow ability.

The categories of impaired loans at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are as follows:


	March 31,		December 31,
(in thousands)	2020		2019
Non-accrual and non-performing TDRs	$	7,844	$	4,860
Performing TDRs		2,513		2,535
Total impaired loans	$	10,357	$	7,395

The following tables provide additional information about impaired loans at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, segregated between loans for which an allowance has been provided and loans for which no allowance has been provided.


			Unpaid
	Recorded		Principal		Specific
(in thousands)	Investment		Balance		Reserves
March 31, 2020
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	2,368	$	2,522	$	—
Real estate - construction commercial		408		446		—
Real estate - residential		1,556		1,651		—
Real estate - commercial		1,095		1,151		—
Installment and other consumer		12		12		—
Total	$	5,439	$	5,782	$	—
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	1,264	$	1,571	$	290
Real estate - residential		3,208		3,566		242
Real estate - commercial		323		431		24
Installment and other consumer		123		144		14
Total	$	4,918	$	5,712	$	570
Total impaired loans	$	10,357	$	11,494	$	570


			Unpaid
	Recorded		Principal		Specific
(in thousands)	Investment		Balance		Reserves
December 31, 2019
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	342	$	487	$	—
Real estate - construction commercial		137		173		—
Real estate - residential		697		784		—
Real estate - commercial		1,388		1,433		—
Installment and other consumer		12		12		—
Total	$	2,576	$	2,889	$	—
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	1,172	$	1,470	$	311
Real estate - residential		3,159		3,482		264
Real estate - commercial		323		425		23
Installment and other consumer		165		189		17
Total	$	4,819	$	5,566	$	615
Total impaired loans	$	7,395	$	8,455	$	615

The following table presents by class, information related to the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on impaired loans during the periods indicated.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020				2019
			Interest				Interest
	Average		Recognized		Average		Recognized
	Recorded		For the		Recorded		For the
(in thousands)	Investment		Period Ended		Investment		Period Ended
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	1,097	$	—	$	1,330	$	—
Real estate - construction commercial		209		—		158		—
Real estate - residential		898		—		850		—
Real estate - commercial		1,178		6		170		—
Installment and other consumer		10		—		34		—
Total	$	3,392	$	6	$	2,542	$	—
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial and agricultural	$	1,120	$	8	$	1,276	$	11
Real estate - residential		3,348		20		4,160		25
Real estate - commercial		352		2		946		9
Installment and other consumer		164		6		232		1
Total	$	4,984	$	36	$	6,614	$	46
Total impaired loans	$	8,376	$	42	$	9,156	$	46

The recorded investment varies from the unpaid principal balance primarily due to partial charge-offs taken resulting from current appraisals received. The amount recognized as interest income on impaired loans continuing to accrue interest, primarily related to troubled debt restructurings, was $42,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to $46,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The average recorded investment in impaired loans is calculated on a monthly basis during the periods reported.

Delinquent and Non-Accrual Loans

The delinquency status of loans is determined based on the contractual terms of the notes. Borrowers are generally classified as delinquent once payments become 30 days or more past due. The Company’s policy is to discontinue the accrual of interest income on any loan when, in the opinion of management, the ultimate collectability of interest or principal is no longer probable. In general, loans are placed on non-accrual when they become 90 days or more past due. However, management considers many factors before placing a loan on non-accrual, including the delinquency status of the loan, the overall financial condition of the borrower, the progress of management’s collection efforts and the value of the underlying collateral. Subsequent interest payments received on non-accrual loans are applied to principal if any doubt exists as to the collectability of such principal; otherwise, such receipts are recorded as interest income on a cash basis. Non-accrual loans are returned to accrual status when, in the opinion of management, the financial condition of the borrower indicates that the timely collectability of interest and principal is probable and the borrower demonstrates the ability to pay under the terms of the note through a sustained period of repayment performance, which is generally six months.

The following table provides aging information for the Company’s past due and non-accrual loans at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.


	Current or				90 Days
	Less Than				Past Due
	30 Days		30 - 89 Days		And Still
(in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Accruing		Non-Accrual		Total
March 31, 2020
Commercial, Financial, and Agricultural	$	201,949	$	597	$	—	$	3,111	$	205,657
Real Estate Construction - Residential		23,620		293		—		—		23,913
Real Estate Construction - Commercial		86,511		578		—		408		87,497
Real Estate Mortgage - Residential		241,673		1,785		190		3,211		246,859
Real Estate Mortgage - Commercial		584,029		803		—		1,068		585,900
Installment and Other Consumer		30,447		176		27		46		30,696
Total	$	1,168,229	$	4,232	$	217	$	7,844	$	1,180,522
December 31, 2019
Commercial, Financial, and Agricultural	$	197,828	$	212	$	—	$	982	$	199,022
Real Estate Construction - Residential		22,468		567		—		—		23,035
Real Estate Construction - Commercial		84,861		—		—		137		84,998
Real Estate Mortgage - Residential		249,516		688		304		2,135		252,643
Real Estate Mortgage - Commercial		575,140		136		—		1,359		576,635
Installment and Other Consumer		32,179		132		12		141		32,464
Total	$	1,161,992	$	1,735	$	316	$	4,754	$	1,168,797

Credit Quality

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based upon an internal rating system reflecting management’s risk assessment. Loans are placed on watch status when one or more weaknesses are identified that may result in the borrower being unable to meet repayment terms or the Company’s credit position could deteriorate at some future date. Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified may have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the repayment of the debt. Such loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company may sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. A loan is classified as a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties that lead to the restructuring of a loan, and the Company grants concessions to the borrower in the restructuring that it would not otherwise consider. Loans classified as TDRs that are accruing interest are classified as performing TDRs. Loans classified as TDRs, that are not accruing interest are classified as nonperforming TDRs and are included with all other nonaccrual loans for presentation purposes. It is the Company’s policy to discontinue the accrual of interest income on loans when management believes that the collection of interest or principal is doubtful.

The following table presents the risk categories by class at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.


	Commercial,		Real Estate		Real Estate		Real Estate		Real Estate		Installment
	Financial, &		Construction -		Construction -		Mortgage -		Mortgage -		and other
(in thousands)	Agricultural		Residential		Commercial		Residential		Commercial		Consumer		Total
At March 31, 2020
Watch	$	16,305	$	601	$	7,682	$	14,902	$	37,184	$	—	$	76,674
Substandard		1,258		—		—		1,499		511		—		3,268
Performing TDRs		521		—		—		1,554		350		88		2,513
Non-accrual and non-performing TDRs		3,111		—		408		3,211		1,068		46		7,844
Total	$	21,195	$	601	$	8,090	$	21,166	$	39,113	$	134	$	90,299
At December 31, 2019
Watch	$	16,288	$	763	$	8,484	$	15,280	$	37,271	$	—	$	78,086
Substandard		3,249		—		273		2,291		677		—		6,490
Performing TDRs		532		—		—		1,615		352		36		2,535
Non-accrual and non-performing TDRs		982		—		137		2,241		1,359		141		4,860
Total	$	21,051	$	763	$	8,894	$	21,427	$	39,659	$	177	$	91,971

Troubled Debt Restructurings

At March 31, 2020, loans classified as TDRs totaled $3.7 million, of which $1.2 million were classified as non-performing TDRs and $2.5 million were classified as performing TDRs. At December 31, 2019, loans classified as TDRs totaled $4.1 million, of which $1.6 million were classified as non-performing TDRs and $2.5 million were classified as performing TDRs. Both performing and nonperforming TDRs are considered impaired loans. When an individual loan is determined to be a TDR, the amount of impairment is based upon the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or the fair value of the underlying collateral less applicable selling costs. Accordingly, specific reserves of $375,000 and $442,000 related to TDRs were allocated to the allowance for loan losses at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

The CARES Act provides all banks with the option to elect either or both of the following from March 1, 2020 until the earlier of December 31, 2020 or the date that is 60 days after the termination of the national emergency:

(i) to suspend the requirements under GAAP for loan modifications related to the COVID–19 pandemic that would otherwise be categorized as a TDR; and/or

(ii) to suspend any determination of a loan modified as a result of the effects of the COVID–19 pandemic as being a TDR, including impairment for accounting purposes.

If a bank elects a suspension noted above, the suspension (i) will be effective for the term of the loan modification, but solely with respect to any modification, including a forbearance arrangement, an interest rate modification, a repayment plan, and any other similar arrangement that defers or delays the payment of principal or interest, that occurs during the applicable period for a loan that was not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019; and (ii) will not apply to any adverse impact on the credit of a borrower that is not related to the COVID–19 pandemic.

The following table summarizes loans that were modified as TDRs during the periods indicated.


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020					2019
	Recorded Investment (1)					Recorded Investment (1)
	Number of	Pre-		Post-		Number of	Pre-		Post-
(in thousands)	Contracts	Modification		Modification		Contracts	Modification		Modification
Troubled Debt Restructurings
Commercial, financial and agricultural	—	$	—	$	—	2	$	80	$	80
Installment and other consumer	1		6		5	—		—		—
Total	1	$	6	$	5	2	$	80	$	80

(1)

The amounts reported post-modification are inclusive of all partial pay-downs and charge-offs, and no portion of the debt was forgiven. Loans modified as a TDR that were fully paid down, charged-off or foreclosed upon during the period ended are not reported.

The Company’s portfolio of loans classified as TDRs include concessions for the borrower given financial condition such as interest rates below the current market rate, deferring principal payments, and extending maturity dates. There were no loans modified as a TDR that defaulted during any of the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and within twelve months of their modification date.

The Company considers a TDR to be in default when it is 90 days or more past due under the modified terms, a charge-off occurs, or it is the process of foreclosure. There was one loan and no loans modified as a TDR that defaulted during any of the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and within twelve months of their modification date. See Lending and Credit Management section for further information.

Loans Held For Sale

The Company designates certain long-term fixed rate personal real estate loans as held for sale, and the Company carries them at the lower of cost or fair value. The loans are primarily sold to Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, and PennyMac. At March 31, 2020, the carrying amount of these loans was $4.3 million.