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Stock-Based Compensation (Notes)
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2021
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Noncash Expense [Abstract]  
Stock-Based Compensation [Text Block] Stock-Based Compensation
Our 2016 Management Incentive Plan (the Plan) was designed to attract, retain and motivate key employees. The types of awards available under the Plan include, among others, stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units (RSUs), among others. Equity awards granted under the Plan are settled in shares of Class A common stock. At the beginning of each year, the Plan provides that the number of shares available for issuance automatically increases by an amount equal to 1.5% of the total number of shares of Class A and Class B common stock outstanding on December 31st of the previous year. On January 2, 2021, there were 607,066 additional shares made available for issuance under the Plan. Through June 30, 2021, the Board of Directors has authorized the issuance of up to 16,358,071 shares under this Plan. Through June 30, 2021, the remaining aggregate number of shares of our common stock available for future grants under the Plan was 7,690,133. The Plan expires in March 2026.

The Plan is administered by the compensation committee of our Board of Directors, along with its delegates. Subject to the express provisions of the Plan, the committee has the Board of Directors’ authority to administer and interpret the Plan, including the discretion to determine the exercise price, vesting schedule, contractual life and the number of shares to be issued.

Stock Compensation Expense—For the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we recorded $4.2 million and $2.9 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we recorded $7.6 million and $5.5 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense. No compensation expense of employees with stock awards, including stock-based compensation expense, was capitalized during the periods. For the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we recorded $0.5 million and $0.3 million, respectively, to income tax benefit related to the
exercise of stock options, vested cancellations and the vesting of restricted stock and restricted stock units. For the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, we recorded $1.5 million and $0.8 million, respectively, to income tax benefit related to the exercise of stock options, vested cancellations and the vesting of restricted stock and restricted stock units.

Stock Options—Under the Plan, we have issued stock options in the past. A stock option gives the holder the right, but not the obligation to purchase a certain number of shares at a predetermined price for a specific period of time. We did not grant any options during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and year ended December 31, 2020.

We have used the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to determine the fair value of our awards on the date of grant. We will reconsider the use of the Black-Scholes-Merton model if additional information becomes available in the future that indicates another model would be more appropriate or if grants issued in future periods have characteristics that cannot be reasonably estimated under this model. Option grants that vested during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 had a combined fair value of $1.1 million and $1.7 million, respectively.

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2020 and the six months ended June 30, 2021:
Number of SharesWeighted Average Exercise PriceAggregate Intrinsic Value
(in thousands)		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life
Stock options outstanding at December 31, 20191,136,095 $54.98 $28,291 
Exercised(223,405)$46.72 $6,897 
Cancelled and expired(126,863)$61.17 
Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2020785,827 $56.33 $25,629 
Exercised(125,534)$49.75 $4,758 
Cancelled and expired(8,808)$64.04 
Stock options outstanding at June 30, 2021651,485 $57.49 $18,927 2 years
Stock options exercisable at June 30, 2021419,532 $53.23 $13,973 2 years

The following table summarizes non-vested stock options for the six months ended June 30, 2021:
Number of SharesWeighted Average Fair Value
Non-vested stock options at December 31, 2020353,643 $11.66 
Vested(113,516)$10.06 
Cancelled(8,174)$12.25 
Non-vested stock options at June 30, 2021231,953 $12.42 

Unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested awards was $1.8 million as of June 30, 2021, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1 year.

Restricted Stock—Under the Plan, we have issued restricted stock. A restricted stock award is an issuance of shares that cannot be sold or transferred by the recipient until the vesting period lapses. Restricted stock issued to members of our Board of Directors vest on the one year anniversary of the grant date. The related compensation expense is recognized over the service period and is based on the grant date fair value of the stock. The grant date fair value of the restricted stock is equal to the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant.
The following table summarizes the restricted stock activity during the year ended December 31, 2020 and the six months ended June 30, 2021:
Number of SharesWeighted Average Fair Value
Non-vested restricted stock at December 31, 201924,000 $62.66 
Granted24,000 $71.11 
Vested(24,000)$62.66 
Non-vested restricted stock at December 31, 202024,000 $71.11 
Granted24,000 $86.01 
Vested(24,000)$71.11 
Non-vested restricted stock at June 30, 202124,000 $86.01 

RSUs—Under the Plan, we have issued restricted stock units (RSUs). RSUs are not actual shares, but rather a right to receive shares in the future. The shares are not issued and the employee cannot sell or transfer shares prior to vesting and have no voting rights until the RSUs vest. Employees who are granted RSUs do not receive dividend payments during the vesting period. Our employees' time-based RSUs generally provide for the delivery of shares in one-third increments on the first, second and third anniversaries of the date of grant. The grant date fair value of the RSUs is equal to the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date less the present value of dividends expected to be awarded during the service period. We recognize the grant date fair value of RSUs of shares we expect to issue as compensation expense ratably over the requisite service period.

The following table summarizes the non-vested RSU activity during the year ended December 31, 2020 and the six months ended June 30, 2021:
Number of UnitsWeighted Average Fair Value
Non-vested RSUs at December 31, 2019210,827 $55.31 
Granted266,880 $68.83 
Vested(73,047)$53.85 
Forfeited(57,861)$64.52 
Non-vested RSUs at December 31, 2020346,799 $64.48 
Granted197,580 $78.62 
Vested(93,129)$61.11 
Forfeited(10,816)$58.13 
Non-vested RSUs at June 30, 2021440,434 $71.69