Shareholders' equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Shareholders' equity

Shareholders' equity

30.   Shareholders’ equity

Shareholders’ equity includes the amounts of equity contributions from shareholders, accumulated profit or loss recognized through the consolidated income statement, and components of compound financial instruments having the substance of permanent equity. Amounts arising from subsidiaries are presented in the appropriate items based on their nature.

The changes in Shareholders’ equity are presented in the consolidated statement of changes in total equity. Significant information on certain items of Shareholders’ equity and the changes therein in 2017 is set forth below.