1. Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

CTI BioPharma Corp., together with its subsidiary, also referred to collectively in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “CTI,” is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the acquisition, development and commercialization of novel targeted therapies for blood-related cancers that offer a unique benefit to patients and their healthcare providers. Our goal is to build a profitable company by generating income from products we develop and commercialize, either alone or with partners. We concentrate our efforts on treatments that target blood-related cancers where there is an unmet medical need. In particular, we are focused on evaluating pacritinib, our sole product candidate currently in active development, for the treatment of adult patients with myelofibrosis.

We operate in a highly regulated and competitive environment. The manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical products requires approval from, and is subject to, ongoing oversight by the Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, in the United States, the European Medicines Agency, or the EMA, in the European Union, or the EU, and comparable agencies in other countries. Obtaining approval for a new therapeutic product is never certain, may take many years and may involve expenditure of substantial resources.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited financial information as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 has been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. for interim financial information and with the instructions to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of management, such financial information includes all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position at such date and the operating results and cash flows for such periods. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire year or for any other subsequent interim period.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been omitted pursuant to the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. These unaudited financial statements and related notes should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 13, 2020.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2019 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. for complete financial statements.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CTI and its wholly-owned subsidiary, CTI Life Sciences Limited, or CTILS, until its dissolution in November 2019. As of March 31, 2020, we also had an approximately 60% interest in our majority-owned subsidiary, Aequus Biopharma, Inc., or Aequus. The remaining interest in Aequus not held by CTI is reported as noncontrolling interest in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP, requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of loss contingencies in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, income taxes, useful lives of equipment, commitments and contingencies, stock-based compensation forfeiture rates, collectability of receivables, and impairment of investments. Given the global economic climate and additional or unforeseen effects from the COVID-19 pandemic, these estimates are becoming more challenging, and actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Liquidity

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business within one year after the date the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. Our management evaluates whether there are conditions or events, considered in aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued.

We will need to continue to conduct research, development, testing and regulatory compliance activities with respect to our compounds and ensure the procurement of manufacturing and drug supply services, the costs of which, together with projected general and administrative expenses, are expected to result in operating losses for the foreseeable future. In October 2016, we resumed primary responsibility for the development and commercialization of pacritinib as a result of the termination of the Development, Commercialization and License Agreement, or the Pacritinib License Agreement, with Baxalta and are no longer eligible to receive cost sharing or milestone payments for pacritinib's development. We have incurred a net operating loss every year since our formation. As of March 31, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $2.3 billion, and we expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future.

Our available cash and cash equivalents were $81.1 million as of March 31, 2020. We completed the evaluation about our ability to continue as a going concern as required by Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern. Based on this analysis, we expect that our present financial resources will be sufficient to meet our obligations as they come due and to fund our operations into the fourth quarter of 2021.

We will need to acquire additional funds in order to develop our business and continue the development of pacritinib. We may seek to raise such capital through public or private equity financings, partnerships, collaborations, joint ventures, disposition of assets, debt financings or restructurings, bank borrowings or other sources of financing. However, we have a limited number of authorized shares of common stock available for issuance and additional funding obtained through the sale of such shares or otherwise may not be sufficient, available on favorable terms or at all. If additional funds are raised by issuing equity securities, substantial dilution to existing stockholders may result. If we fail to obtain additional capital when needed, our ability to operate as a going concern will be harmed, and we may be required to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our research and development programs, reduce our general and administrative expenses, be unable to attract and retain highly-qualified personnel, be unable to obtain and maintain contracts necessary to continue our operations and at affordable rates with competitive terms, refrain from making our contractually required payments when due (including debt payments) and/or may be forced to cease operations, liquidate our assets and possibly seek bankruptcy protection. The amount of financing we require is dependent on many factors, such as the number of clinical trial sites, the number of patients in a trial, the pace of patient enrollment and other matters that may impact clinical development, including changes to a trial that we may initiate or that may be requested by the FDA or other regulators, and there can be no assurance as to the amount of funding necessary to fund the development of pacritinib to completion. In addition, our ability to comply with covenants under the loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, may be affected by events beyond our control, and we may not be able to meet those covenants. A breach of any of these covenants, including a material adverse change in our business, operations or condition (financial or otherwise) could result in an event of default under the loan and security agreement, which could cause all of the outstanding indebtedness under the facility to become immediately due and payable. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not include adjustments, if any, that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-term Investments

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments consisted of cash, money market funds, U.S. government and agency securities and corporate debt securities. Cash equivalents and short-term investments are recorded at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are based on a three-tier hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest:


•	Level 1—Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets.


•	Level 2—Valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.


•	Level 3—Valuations based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, reflecting our own assumptions. These valuations require significant judgment or estimation.

We measure the fair value of money market funds based on the closing price reported by a fund sponsor from an actively traded exchange. We value all other securities using broker quotes that utilize observable market inputs. We did not hold cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments categorized as Level 3 assets as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The following table summarizes, by major security type, our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):



	March 31, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Total Estimated Fair Value		Total Estimated Fair Value
Cash	$	343	$	343	$	188
Level 1 securities:
Money market funds	80,806		80,806		28,957
Level 2 securities:
U.S. government and agency securities	—		—		2,522
Corporate debt securities	—		—		1,999
Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments	$	81,149	$	81,149	$	33,666

Italian Value Added Tax Receivable

We historically carried out research and development activities in Italy and incurred value added tax, or VAT, from Italian suppliers on the acquisition of goods and services in Italy. This VAT should be considered as an input VAT credit. We treated the majority of our sales made in Italy without output VAT (on the basis that the supplies should be considered outside the scope of Italian VAT). This resulted in the value of input VAT exceeding the value of output VAT, and accordingly we submitted a refund claim for the VAT. The Italian Tax Authority, or the ITA, has challenged the treatment of the sales transactions and claimed that the sales transactions made by us should have been subject to output VAT. Our Italian VAT receivable was approximately €3.9 million as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. While we believe that our refund claim is valid, we have concluded that the recent COVID-19 global pandemic negatively impacted the collectability of our Italian VAT receivables and deposit. Accordingly, we have recorded a full provision against our Italian VAT receivables and deposit outstanding as of March 31, 2020 in the amount of $4.2 million, which is included in Other operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

In addition, as disclosed in Note 5. Contingencies, the ITA assessed us for additional VAT payments for services we provided in Italy, which we do not believe we owe. We have not recorded an amount in the financial statements for this contingent liability as we do not believe the potential payment of up to €4.3 million (or approximately $4.8 million converted using the currency exchange rate as of March 31, 2020), to the ITA is probable at this time.

Leases

Under ASC 842 - Leases, we determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. We recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. Leases are classified as operating or finance at lease commencement, which will affect the pattern and classification of expense recognition in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Right-of-use assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As our leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate of return, we use our incremental borrowing rate to derive the present value of lease payments, which is the rate of interest that we would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.

An operating lease right-of-use asset is measured at the amount of the lease liability, adjusted for prepaid or accrued lease payments, lease incentives received, unamortized initial direct costs and the impairment of the right-of-use asset. A lease may include options to extend or terminate the lease. When it is reasonably certain that we will exercise such an option, it is considered in the lease term. Right-of-use assets are tested for impairment in the same manner as long-lived assets used in operations. Leasehold improvements are capitalized at cost and amortized over the lesser of their expected useful life or the lease term.

Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as part of Research and development expenses and General and administrative expenses in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. Right-of-use assets are included in Other assets, and the current portion of lease liabilities and the non-current portion of lease liabilities are included in Other current liabilities and Other liabilities, respectively, in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

As of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the balance of accumulated other comprehensive loss was related to foreign currency translation adjustments.

Equity-based Compensation

Equity-based compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service periods on awards ultimately expected to vest and reduced for forfeitures that are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. For performance-based stock options and restricted stock, we record compensation expense over the estimated service period once the achievement of the performance-based milestone is considered probable. For the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, we recorded equity-based compensation expense of $1.2 million and $1.3 million, respectively. Substantially all of equity-based compensation expense was related to option awards and was included in General and administrative expenses for the periods presented.

Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share is calculated based on the net loss attributable to common stockholders divided by the weighted average number of our common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income per share assumes the conversion of all dilutive convertible securities using the if-converted method and assumes the exercise or vesting of other dilutive securities, such as warrants and stock awards, using the treasury stock method. In periods when we have a net loss, stock awards, warrants and convertible securities are excluded from our calculation of net loss per share as their inclusion would have an anti-dilutive effect.

Common shares underlying stock awards, warrants and convertible preferred stock aggregating 29.6 million shares and 16.9 million shares for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share because they were anti-dilutive.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In August 2018, the FASB issued new accounting guidance which eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements for all entities, requires public entities to disclose certain new information and modifies some disclosure requirements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2020. The adoption of this accounting guidance did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In June 2016, the FASB issued new accounting guidance which amends the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. For trade and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other financial instruments, the standard requires the use of a new forward-looking "expected credit loss" model that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowances for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, the standard now requires allowances to be recorded instead of reducing the amortized cost of the investment. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this accounting guidance to have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Although there were several other new accounting pronouncements issued or proposed by the FASB, we do not believe any of these have had or will have material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.