Radian Group serves as the holding company for our insurance subsidiaries, through which we conduct our mortgage insurance and title insurance businesses. These insurance subsidiaries are subject to comprehensive, detailed regulation by the insurance departments in the various states where our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled or licensed to transact business. Insurance laws vary from state to state, but generally grant broad supervisory powers to state agencies or officials to examine insurance companies and enforce rules or exercise discretion affecting almost every significant aspect of the insurance business, including the power to revoke or restrict an insurance company’s ability to write new business.

All of our mortgage insurance subsidiaries are domiciled in Pennsylvania. We currently write new mortgage insurance business using only one principal subsidiary, Radian Guaranty. Radian Guaranty is authorized as a monoline insurer to write mortgage guaranty insurance (or in states where there is no specific authorization for mortgage guaranty insurance, the applicable line of insurance under which mortgage guaranty insurance is regulated) in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Guam.

As part of our Title services, we offer title insurance through Radian Title Insurance, which is domiciled in Ohio and licensed to issue title insurance policies in 41 states and the District of Columbia.

In addition to complying with state insurance regulations, in order to be eligible to insure loans purchased by the GSEs, mortgage insurers such as Radian Guaranty must meet the GSEs’ eligibility requirements, or PMIERs. The PMIERs are comprehensive, covering virtually all aspects of the business and operations of a private mortgage insurer, including internal risk management and quality controls, the relationship between the GSEs and the approved insurer, as well as the approved insurer’s financial condition. See “PMIERs” below for additional information.

The PMIERs and state insurance regulations include various capital requirements and dividend restrictions based on our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory financial position and results of operations, as described below. Our failure to maintain adequate levels of capital could lead to intervention by the various insurance regulatory authorities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, business prospects and financial condition.

We prepare our statutory financial statements in accordance with the accounting practices required or permitted, if applicable, by the insurance departments of the respective states of domicile of our insurance subsidiaries. Required SAP are established by the NAIC, as well as state laws, regulations and general administrative rules. In addition, insurance departments have the right to permit other specific practices that may deviate from prescribed practices. As of December 31, 2024, we did not have any prescribed or permitted SAP that resulted in reported statutory surplus or risk-based capital being materially different from what would have been reported had NAIC statutory accounting practices been followed.

Reflecting the principal differences between SAP and GAAP, statutory financial statements typically do not include unrealized gains or losses on fixed-maturity securities, deferred policy acquisition costs, certain net deferred tax assets and certain other less readily marketable assets that are designated as non-admitted assets. In addition to these general differences, SAP also requires that mortgage insurance companies establish a special contingency reserve equal to 50% of premiums earned in each year, generally to be maintained for 10 years, to protect policyholders against loss during adverse economic cycles.

As a result of the requirement to establish and maintain this statutory liability, contingency reserves affect the ability of a mortgage insurer to pay dividends, as described below. With regulatory approval, a mortgage insurance company may make early withdrawals from this contingency reserve when incurred losses exceed 35% of net premiums in a calendar year. During 2024, Radian Guaranty released $433 million from its contingency reserves due to the expiration of the 10-year holding requirement for the contingency reserves established during 2014, following the release of $21 million of contingency reserves in 2023. Based on the typical 10-year holding requirement, Radian Guaranty is scheduled to continue releasing contingency reserves to unassigned surplus in material amounts for the foreseeable future. See “Statutory Dividend Restrictions” below for additional information.

As a mortgage guaranty insurer, we are eligible for a tax deduction, subject to certain limitations, related to amounts required to be set aside in statutory contingency reserves to the extent we purchase U.S. Mortgage Guaranty Tax and Loss Bonds issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Under SAP, this deduction reduces the tax provision reflected in the statutory financial statements, which in turn increases statutory net income and surplus as well as Available Assets under the PMIERs. As of December 31, 2024, Radian Guaranty held $921 million of these bonds, which have a 10-year original maturity but may generally be redeemed in any tax year prior to maturity.

Our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory net income (loss) for the periods indicated, and statutory policyholders’ surplus as of the dates indicated, were as follows.


Statutory net income (loss)



	Years Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2024			2023		2022


Radian Guaranty	$	794,699		$	803,804	$	1,091,946
Other mortgage insurance subsidiaries		(1,546	)		311		1,957
Radian Title Insurance		2,493			1,844		2,589


Statutory policyholders’ surplus (1)



	December 31,
(In thousands)	2024		2023		2022



Radian Guaranty	$	722,861	$	619,584	$	758,467
Other mortgage insurance subsidiaries		16,515		17,444		17,086
Radian Title Insurance		43,540		41,108		39,285

(1)

See the “Surplus additions (distributions)” table under “Statutory Dividend Restrictions” below for additional information on certain changes impacting policyholders’ surplus.

Under state insurance regulations, Radian Guaranty is required to maintain minimum surplus levels and, in certain states, a maximum ratio of net RIF relative to statutory capital, or Risk-to-capital. The most common Statutory RBC Requirement is that a mortgage insurer’s Risk-to-capital may not exceed 25 to 1. In certain of the RBC States, a mortgage insurer must satisfy an MPP Requirement. Unless an RBC State grants a waiver or other form of relief, if a mortgage insurer, such as Radian Guaranty, is not in compliance with the Statutory RBC Requirement of that state, the mortgage insurer may be prohibited from writing new mortgage insurance business in that state.

The statutory capital requirements for the non-RBC States are de minimis (ranging from $1 million to $5 million); however, the insurance laws of these states generally grant broad supervisory powers to state agencies or officials to enforce rules or exercise discretion affecting almost every significant aspect of the insurance business, including the power to revoke or restrict an insurance company’s ability to write new business. Radian Guaranty’s domiciliary state, Pennsylvania, is not one of the RBC States.

Radian Guaranty was in compliance with all applicable Statutory RBC Requirements and MPP Requirements in each of the RBC States as of December 31, 2024. Radian Guaranty’s Risk-to-capital was 10.2:1 and 10.4:1 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. For purposes of the Risk-to-capital requirements imposed by certain states, statutory capital is defined as the sum of statutory policyholders’ surplus and statutory contingency reserves. Our other mortgage insurance and title insurance subsidiaries were also in compliance with all statutory and counterparty capital requirements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

During the past 10 years, the NAIC was considering changes to the Model Act and reviewing the minimum capital and surplus requirements for mortgage insurers to develop a new capital standard for mortgage guaranty insurers and to “strengthen and modernize” the Model Act. In 2021, the NAIC developed a new, legally non-binding capital monitoring framework that regulators could use as an alternative for assessing the capital adequacy of a mortgage insurer and added a new mortgage guaranty supplemental filing for companies to annually report related information. This monitoring framework, which is separate from the Model Act, is intended to be reactive to, among other things, changes in the economic and housing environment, including changes in home prices and incomes. In August 2023, the NAIC adopted amendments that revise the Model Act, including with respect to capital and reserve requirements, reinsurance, underwriting practices, quality assurance, and policy form and rate filings. The requirements with respect to minimum capital and surplus requirements for mortgage insurers were not materially changed in the Model Act, as amended. The potential impact on the Company is not expected to be material and will depend on which states, if any, ultimately adopt the amended Model Act.

The PMIERs financial requirements require that a mortgage insurer’s Available Assets meet or exceed its Minimum Required Assets. At December 31, 2024, Radian Guaranty is an approved mortgage insurer under the PMIERs and is in compliance with the current PMIERs financial requirements.

The GSEs may amend the PMIERs at any time, and they have broad discretion to interpret the requirements; any amendments or changes in interpretation could impact the calculation of Radian Guaranty’s Available Assets and/or Minimum Required Assets. In addition, the GSEs have a broad range of consent rights under the PMIERs and require private mortgage insurers to obtain the prior consent of the GSEs before taking certain actions. If Radian Guaranty is unable to satisfy the requirements set forth in the PMIERs, the GSEs could restrict it from conducting certain types of business with them or take actions that may include not purchasing loans insured by Radian Guaranty. The requirements under the PMIERs were most recently updated In August 2024, with no material impact to Radian Guaranty.

As of December 31, 2024, the amount of restricted net assets held by our consolidated insurance subsidiaries (which represents our equity investment in those insurance subsidiaries) totaled $4.6 billion of our consolidated net assets. Despite holding assets above the minimum statutory capital thresholds and PMIERs financial requirements, the ability of Radian’s mortgage insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends on their common stock has been restricted by certain provisions of the insurance laws of Pennsylvania, their state of domicile.

Under Pennsylvania’s insurance laws, ordinary dividends and distributions may only be paid out of an insurer’s positive unassigned surplus unless the Pennsylvania Insurance Department approves the payment of extraordinary dividends or other distributions from another source. While all proposed dividends and distributions to stockholders must be filed with the Pennsylvania Insurance Department prior to payment, if a Pennsylvania domiciled insurer has positive unassigned surplus, such insurer can pay dividends or other distributions during any 12-month period in an aggregate amount less than or equal to the greater of: (i) 10% of the preceding year-end statutory policyholders’ surplus or (ii) the preceding year’s statutory net income, in each case without the prior approval of the Pennsylvania Insurance Department.

Based on its positive unassigned surplus balances throughout the year, Radian Guaranty paid ordinary dividends of $675 million in cash and marketable securities during 2024. As of December 31, 2024, Radian Guaranty had positive unassigned surplus of $223 million.

As of both December 31, 2024 and 2023, Radian Guaranty had contingency reserves of $5.0 billion. As discussed above, Radian Guaranty is scheduled to continue releasing contingency reserves to unassigned surplus in material amounts in 2025 and the foreseeable future, which should enhance Radian Guaranty’s ability to maintain a positive unassigned surplus position and to continue to pay ordinary dividends to Radian Group in future periods.

The surplus additions (distributions) between Radian Group and Radian Guaranty and our other insurance subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, were as follows.


Surplus additions (distributions)

	Years Ended December 31,

(In thousands)	2024			2023			2022
Distributions from Radian Guaranty surplus (1)	$	(675,000	)	$	(400,000	)	$	(881,979	)
Distributions from other insurance subsidiaries’ surplus (2)		—			—			(32,500	)
Additions to other insurance subsidiaries’ surplus		—			250			—

(1)

For 2024 and 2023, consists of ordinary dividends paid to Radian Group. For 2022, consists of $782 million in returns of capital and a $100 million repayment of an intercompany surplus note originally due December 31, 2027.

(2)

These distributions were from Radian Reinsurance prior to its merger with Radian Guaranty in 2022.