In our mortgage insurance and title insurance businesses, we use reinsurance as part of our risk distribution strategy, including to manage our capital position and risk profile. The reinsurance arrangements for our Mortgage Insurance business include premiums ceded under the QSR Program and the XOL Program. The initial and ongoing credit that we receive under the PMIERs financial requirements for these risk distribution transactions is subject to the periodic review of the GSEs.

The effect of all of our reinsurance programs on our net income is as follows.


Reinsurance impacts on net premiums written and earned


	Net Premiums Written									Net Premiums Earned

	Years Ended December 31,									Years Ended December 31,

(In thousands)	2024			2023			2022			2024			2023			2022


Direct
Mortgage insurance	$	1,011,955		$	983,858		$	967,996		$	1,049,014		$	1,029,941		$	1,025,607
Title insurance		12,406			10,465			24,422			12,406			10,465			24,422
Total direct		1,024,361			994,323			992,418			1,061,420			1,040,406			1,050,029
Assumed
Mortgage insurance		—			—			4,025			—			—			4,025
Ceded
Mortgage insurance (1)		(81,806	)		(79,618	)		(12,148	)		(109,777	)		(120,578	)		(72,419	)
Title insurance		(359	)		(250	)		(504	)		(360	)		(250	)		(504	)
Total ceded (1)		(82,165	)		(79,868	)		(12,652	)		(110,137	)		(120,828	)		(72,923	)
Total net premiums	$	942,196		$	914,455		$	983,791		$	951,283		$	919,578		$	981,131

(1)

Net of profit commission, which is impacted by the level of ceded losses recoverable, if any, on reinsurance transactions. See Note 11 for additional information on our reserve for losses and reinsurance recoverable.


Other reinsurance impacts


	Years Ended December 31,

(In thousands)	2024		2023		2022


Ceding commissions earned (1)	$	26,099	$	21,719	$	18,998
Ceded losses (2)		11,153		773		(41,980	)

(1)

Ceding commissions earned are related to mortgage insurance and are included as an offset to expenses primarily in other operating expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. Deferred ceding commissions are included in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. See Note 9 for additional detail.

(2)

Ceded losses are primarily related to mortgage insurance.

Radian Guaranty entered into each of the 2024, 2023 and 2022 QSR Agreements with panels of third-party reinsurance providers to cede a contractual quota share percentage of certain of our NIW, which includes both Recurring Premium Policies and Single Premium Policies (as set forth in the table below), subject to certain conditions, including a limitation for the 2024 QSR Agreement on ceded RIF equal to $4.3 billion over the term of the agreement.

Radian Guaranty receives a ceding commission for ceded premiums earned pursuant to these transactions. Radian Guaranty is also entitled to receive a profit commission quarterly, subject to a final annual re-calculation, provided that the loss ratio on the loans covered under the agreements generally remains below the applicable prescribed thresholds. Losses on the ceded risk up to these thresholds reduce Radian Guaranty’s profit commission on a dollar-for-dollar basis.

Radian Guaranty has the option to discontinue ceding NIW under the 2024 QSR agreement at the end of any calendar quarter. As of July 1, 2024, Radian Guaranty is no longer ceding NIW under the 2023 QSR Agreement. As of July 1, 2023, Radian Guaranty is no longer ceding NIW under the 2022 QSR Agreement.

Radian Guaranty entered into each of the 2016 Single Premium QSR Agreement, 2018 Single Premium QSR Agreement and 2020 Single Premium QSR Agreement with panels of third-party reinsurers to cede a contractual quota share percentage of our Single Premium NIW as of the effective date of each agreement (as set forth in the table below), subject to certain conditions.

Radian Guaranty receives a ceding commission for ceded premiums written pursuant to these transactions. Radian Guaranty also receives a profit commission annually, provided that the loss ratio on the loans covered under the agreement generally remains below the applicable prescribed thresholds. Losses on the ceded risk up to these thresholds reduce Radian Guaranty’s profit commission on a dollar-for-dollar basis.

As of January 1, 2022, Radian Guaranty is no longer ceding NIW under the Single Premium QSR Program.

In 2012, Radian Guaranty entered into the 2012 QSR Agreements with a third-party reinsurance provider. Radian Guaranty has ceded the maximum amount permitted under the 2012 QSR Agreements and is no longer ceding NIW under this program. RIF ceded under the 2012 QSR Agreements was $86 million and $100 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following table sets forth additional details regarding the QSR Program, with RIF ceded as of the dates indicated.


QSR Program (1)



	2024 QSR Agreement		2023 QSR Agreement		2022 QSR Agreement		2020 Single Premium QSR Agreement		2018 Single Premium QSR Agreement		2016 Single Premium QSR Agreement


NIW policy dates	Jul 1, 2024- Jun 30, 2025		Jul 1, 2023- Jun 30, 2024		Jan 1, 2022- Jun 30, 2023		Jan 1, 2020- Dec 31, 2021		Jan 1, 2018- Dec 31, 2019		Jan 1, 2012- Dec 31, 2017

Effective date	Jul 1, 2024		Jul 1, 2023		Jul 1, 2022		Jan 1, 2020		Jan 1, 2018		Jan 1, 2016
Scheduled termination date	Jun 30, 2035		Jun 30, 2034		Jun 30, 2033		Dec 31, 2031		Dec 31, 2029		Dec 31, 2027
Optional termination date (2)	Jul 1, 2028		Jul 1, 2027		Jul 1, 2026		Jan 1, 2024		Jan 1, 2022		Jan 1, 2020
Quota share %	25%		22.5%		20%		65%		65%		18% - 57%
Ceding commission %	20%		20%		20%		25%		25%		25%
Profit commission %	Up to 59%		Up to 55%		Up to 59%		Up to 56%		Up to 56%		Up to 55%

(In millions)	December 31, 2024


RIF ceded	$	1,621	$	2,518	$	4,059	$	1,525	$	661	$	873

(In millions)	December 31, 2023


RIF ceded	$	—	$	1,366	$	4,454	$	1,783	$	739	$	982

(1)

Excludes the 2012 QSR Agreements, for which RIF ceded is no longer material.

(2)

Radian Guaranty has the option, based on certain conditions and subject to a termination fee, to terminate any of the agreements at the end of any calendar quarter on or after the applicable optional termination date. If Radian Guaranty exercises this option in the future, it would result in Radian Guaranty reassuming the related RIF in exchange for a net payment to the reinsurers calculated in accordance with the terms of the applicable agreement. Radian Guaranty also may terminate any of the agreements prior to the scheduled termination date under certain circumstances, including if one or both of the GSEs no longer grant full PMIERs credit for the reinsurance.

Radian Guaranty has entered into fully collateralized reinsurance arrangements with the Eagle Re Issuers, as described below. For the respective coverage periods, Radian Guaranty retains the first-loss layer of aggregate losses, as well as any losses in excess of the outstanding reinsurance coverage amounts. The Eagle Re Issuers provide second layer coverage up to the outstanding coverage amounts. For each of these reinsurance arrangements, the Eagle Re Issuers financed their coverage by issuing mortgage insurance-linked notes to eligible capital markets investors in unregistered private offerings.

The aggregate excess-of-loss reinsurance coverage for these arrangements decreases over the maturity period of the mortgage insurance-linked notes (either a 10-year or 12.5-year period depending on the transaction) as the principal balances of the underlying covered mortgages decrease and as any claims are paid by the applicable Eagle Re Issuer or the mortgage insurance is canceled. Radian Guaranty has rights to terminate the reinsurance agreements upon the occurrence of certain events, including an optional call feature that provides Radian Guaranty the right to terminate the transaction on or after the optional call date (5 or 7 years after the issuance of the mortgage insurance-linked notes depending on the transaction) and a right to exercise an optional clean-up call if the outstanding principal amount of the related mortgage insurance-linked notes falls below 10% of the initial coverage level or principal balance, depending on the transaction, of the related mortgage insurance-linked notes.

Under each of the reinsurance agreements, the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount will begin amortizing after an initial period in which a target level of credit enhancement is obtained and will stop amortizing if certain thresholds, or triggers, are reached, including a delinquency trigger event based on an elevated level of delinquencies as defined in the related mortgage insurance-linked notes transaction agreements.

The remaining mortgage insurance-linked notes issued by Eagle Re 2020-1 Ltd. were paid in full in March 2024, with no material impact to the Company. As a result, Eagle Re 2020-1 Ltd. is no longer providing reinsurance coverage to Radian Guaranty.

The Eagle Re Issuers are not subsidiaries or affiliates of Radian Guaranty. Based on the accounting guidance that addresses VIEs, we have not consolidated any of the assets and liabilities of the Eagle Re Issuers in our financial statements, because Radian does not have: (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the Eagle Re Issuers’ economic performances or (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the Eagle Re Issuers that potentially could be significant to the Eagle Re Issuers. See Note 2 for more information on our accounting treatment of VIEs.

The reinsurance premium due to the Eagle Re Issuers is calculated by multiplying the outstanding reinsurance coverage amount at the beginning of a period by a coupon rate, which is the sum of SOFR, plus a contractual risk margin, and then subtracting actual investment income collected on the assets in the reinsurance trust during the preceding month. As a result, the amount of monthly reinsurance premiums ceded to the Eagle Re Issuers will fluctuate due to changes in one-month SOFR and changes in money market rates that affect investment income collected on the assets in the reinsurance trusts. As the reinsurance premium will vary based on changes in these rates, we concluded that the reinsurance agreements contain embedded derivatives, which we have accounted for separately as freestanding derivatives and recorded in other assets or other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of these embedded derivatives are recorded in net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments in our consolidated statements of operations. See Note 5 herein for more information on our fair value measurements of financial instruments, including our embedded derivatives.

In the event an Eagle Re Issuer is unable to meet its future obligations to us, if any, Radian Guaranty would nonetheless be liable to make claims payments to our policyholders. In the event that all of the assets in the reinsurance trust (consisting of U.S. government money market funds, cash or U.S. Treasury securities) become worthless and the Eagle Re Issuer is unable to make its payments to us, our maximum potential loss would be the amount of mortgage insurance claim payments for losses on the insured policies, net of the aggregate reinsurance payments already received, up to the full aggregate excess-of-loss reinsurance coverage amount. In the same scenario, the related embedded derivative would no longer have value.

For the coverage period under our traditional XOL reinsurance agreement, Radian Guaranty retains the first-loss layer of aggregate losses, as well as any losses in excess of the outstanding reinsurance coverage amounts. The reinsurers provide second layer coverage up to the outstanding coverage amounts. Radian Guaranty is then responsible for any losses in excess of the reinsurance coverage amount.

The 2023 XOL Agreement, which was executed in October 2023, is scheduled to terminate September 30, 2033. Radian Guaranty has the option, based upon certain conditions, to terminate the agreement as of September 30, 2028, or at the end of any calendar quarter thereafter, which would result in Radian Guaranty reassuming the related RIF. In the event Radian Guaranty does not exercise its right to terminate the agreement on September 30, 2028, the monthly premium rate will increase from the original monthly premium.

The following tables set forth additional details regarding the XOL Program, with RIF, remaining coverage and first layer retention as of the dates indicated.


XOL Program


	Mortgage Insurance-linked Notes (1)						Traditional Reinsurance


(In millions)	Eagle Re 2023-1 Ltd.		Eagle Re 2021-2 Ltd.		Eagle Re 2021-1 Ltd. (2)		2023 XOL Agreement


Issued	October 2023		November 2021		April 2021		October 2023


NIW policy dates	Apr 1, 2022- Dec 31, 2022		Jan 1, 2021- Jul 31, 2021		Aug 1, 2020- Dec 31, 2020		Oct 1, 2021- Mar 31, 2022

Initial RIF	$	8,782	$	10,758	$	11,061	$	8,002
Initial coverage		353		484		498		246
Initial first layer retention		287		242		221		240

(In millions)	December 31, 2024


RIF	$	7,906	$	6,271	$	4,966	$	6,815
Remaining coverage		327		247		155		167
First layer retention		286		241		221		240

(In millions)	December 31, 2023


RIF	$	8,659	$	7,651	$	6,227	$	7,814
Remaining coverage		353		355		250		226
First layer retention		287		242		221		240

(1)

Excludes Eagle Re 2020-1 Ltd., which was terminated in March 2024.

(2)

Radian Group purchased $45 million of Eagle Re 2021-1 Ltd. outstanding principal amounts of the respective mortgage insurance-linked notes issued in connection with that reinsurance transaction. On our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2024 and 2023, these notes are included either in fixed maturities available for sale or, if included in our securities lending program, in other assets. See Notes 5 and 6 for additional information.

Although we use reinsurance as one of our risk management tools, reinsurance does not relieve us of our obligations to our policyholders. In the event the reinsurers are unable to meet their obligations to us, our insurance subsidiaries would be liable for any defaulted amounts. However, consistent with the PMIERs reinsurer counterparty collateral requirements, the third-party reinsurers to Radian Guaranty have established trusts to help secure our potential cash recoveries. In addition to the total VIE assets of the Eagle Re Issuers discussed above, the amount held in reinsurance trusts was $283 million as of December 31, 2024, compared to $274 million as of December 31, 2023.

In addition, primarily for the Single Premium QSR Program, Radian Guaranty holds amounts related to ceded premiums written to collateralize the reinsurers’ obligations, in reinsurance funds withheld which are reported in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Any loss recoveries and profit commissions paid to Radian Guaranty related to the Single Premium QSR Program are expected to be realized from this account. See Note 9 for additional detail on our reinsurance funds withheld balances.