Segment Reporting

We have two strategic business units that we manage separately—Mortgage Insurance and, effective with the June 30, 2014 acquisition of Clayton, our Services segment. Adjusted pretax operating income for each segment represents segment results on a standalone basis; therefore, inter-segment eliminations and reclassifications required for consolidated GAAP presentation have not been reflected. See Note 3 for information related to discontinued operations.

We allocate to our Mortgage Insurance segment: (i) corporate expenses based on an allocated percentage of time spent on the Mortgage Insurance segment; (ii) all interest expense except for interest expense related to the Senior Notes due 2019 that were issued to fund our purchase of Clayton; and (iii) all corporate cash and investments.

We allocate to our Services segment: (i) corporate expenses based on an allocated percentage of time spent on the Services segment; and (ii) all interest expense related to the Senior Notes due 2019, the proceeds of which were used to fund our acquisition of Clayton. No corporate cash or investments are allocated to the Services segment. We have included Clayton’s results of operations from the June 30, 2014 date of acquisition. Inter-segment activities are recorded at market rates for segment reporting and eliminated in consolidation.

Adjusted Pretax Operating Income (Loss)

Our senior management, including our Chief Executive Officer (our chief operating decision maker), uses adjusted pretax operating income (loss) as our primary measure to evaluate the fundamental financial performance of each of Radian’s business segments and to allocate resources to the segments. Adjusted pretax operating income (loss) is defined as pretax income (loss) from continuing operations excluding the effects of: net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments; loss on induced conversion and debt extinguishment; acquisition-related expenses; amortization and impairment of intangible assets; and net impairment losses recognized in earnings.

Although adjusted pretax operating income (loss) excludes certain items that have occurred in the past and are expected to occur in the future, the excluded items represent those that are: (1) not viewed as part of the operating performance of our primary activities; or (2) not expected to result in an economic impact equal to the amount reflected in pretax income (loss) from continuing operations. These adjustments, along with the reasons for their treatment, are described below.

(1)

Net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments. The recognition of realized investment gains or losses can vary significantly across periods as the activity is highly discretionary based on the timing of individual securities sales due to such factors as market opportunities, our tax and capital profile and overall market cycles. Unrealized investment gains and losses arise primarily from changes in the market value of our investments that are classified as trading. These valuation adjustments may not necessarily result in economic gains or losses.

Trends in the profitability of our fundamental operating activities can be more clearly identified without the fluctuations of these realized and unrealized gains or losses. We do not view them to be indicative of our fundamental operating activities. Therefore, these items are excluded from our calculation of adjusted pretax operating income (loss). However, we include the change in expected economic loss or recovery associated with our consolidated VIEs, if any, in the calculation of adjusted pretax operating income (loss).

(2)

Loss on induced conversion and debt extinguishment. Gains or losses on early extinguishment of debt or losses incurred to purchase our convertible debt prior to maturity are discretionary activities that are undertaken in order to take advantage of market opportunities to strengthen our financial and capital positions; therefore, these activities are not viewed as part of our operating performance. Such transactions do not reflect expected future operations and do not provide meaningful insight regarding our current or past operating trends. Therefore, these items are excluded from our calculation of adjusted pretax operating income (loss).

(3)

Acquisition-related expenses. Acquisition-related expenses represent the costs incurred to effect an acquisition of a business (i.e., a business combination). Because we pursue acquisitions on a strategic and selective basis and not in the ordinary course of our business, we do not view acquisition-related expenses as a consequence of a primary business activity. Therefore, we do not consider these expenses to be part of our operating performance and they are excluded from our calculation of adjusted pretax operating income (loss).

(4)

Amortization and impairment of intangible assets. Amortization of intangible assets represents the periodic expense required to amortize the cost of intangible assets over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets with an indefinite useful life are also periodically reviewed for potential impairment, and impairment adjustments are made whenever appropriate. These charges are not viewed as part of the operating performance of our primary activities and therefore are excluded from our calculation of adjusted pretax operating income (loss).

(5)

Net impairment losses recognized in earnings. The recognition of net impairment losses on investments can vary significantly in both size and timing, depending on market credit cycles. We do not view these impairment losses to be indicative of our fundamental operating activities. Therefore, whenever these losses occur, we exclude them from our calculation of adjusted pretax operating income (loss).

Summarized operating results for our segments as of and for the periods indicated, are as follows:



	December 31, 2015
(In thousands)	Mortgage Insurance				Services				Total
Net premiums written—insurance	$	968,505			$	—			$	968,505
Increase in unearned premiums	(52,597		)		—				(52,597		)
Net premiums earned—insurance	915,908				—				915,908
Services revenue	—				157,416				157,416
Net investment income	81,537				—				81,537
Other income	6,300				—				6,300
Total	1,003,745				157,416			(1)	1,161,161			(2)

Provision for losses	198,433				—				198,433
Policy acquisition costs	22,424				—				22,424
Direct cost of services	—				93,504				93,504
Other operating expenses before corporate allocations	149,941				43,622				193,563
Total	370,798			(1)	137,126				507,924
Adjusted pretax operating income before corporate allocations	632,947				20,290				653,237
Allocation of corporate operating expenses	46,418				4,823				51,241
Allocation of interest expense	73,402				17,700				91,102
Adjusted pretax operating income (loss)	$	513,127			$	(2,233	)		$	510,894

Total assets	$	5,281,597			$	360,503			$	5,642,100

NIW (in millions)	$	41,411

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(1)	Includes inter-segment expenses and revenues as follows:



	December 31, 2015
(In thousands)	Mortgage Insurance		Services
Inter-segment revenues	$	—	$	3,601
Inter-segment expenses	3,601		—


(2)	Excludes net gains on investments and other financial instruments of $35.7 million, not included in adjusted pretax operating income.



	December 31, 2014
(In thousands)	Mortgage Insurance				Services (1)			Total
Net premiums written—insurance	$	925,181			$	—		$	925,181
Increase in unearned premiums	(80,653		)		—			(80,653		)
Net premiums earned—insurance	844,528				—			844,528
Services revenue	—				76,709			76,709
Net investment income	65,655				—			65,655
Other income	5,321				1,265			6,586
Total	915,504				77,974		(2)	993,478			(3)

Provision for losses	246,865				—			246,865
Change in expected economic loss or recovery for consolidated VIEs	113				—			113
Policy acquisition costs	24,446				—			24,446
Direct cost of services	—				43,605			43,605
Other operating expenses before corporate allocations	170,390				18,915			189,305
Total	441,814			(2)	62,520			504,334
Adjusted pretax operating income before corporate allocations	473,690				15,454			489,144
Allocation of corporate operating expenses	55,154				1,144			56,298
Allocation of interest expense	81,600				8,864			90,464
Adjusted pretax operating income	$	336,936			$	5,446		$	342,382

Assets held for sale (4)	$	—			$	—		$	1,736,444
Total assets	4,769,014				336,878			6,842,336

NIW (in millions)	$	37,349

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(1)	Includes the acquisition of Clayton, effective June 30, 2014.


(2)	Includes inter-segment expenses and revenues as follows:



	December 31, 2014
(In thousands)	Mortgage Insurance		Services
Inter-segment revenues	$	—	$	782
Inter-segment expenses	782		—


(3)	Excludes net gains on investments and other financial instruments of $80.0 million, not included in adjusted pretax operating income.


(4)	Assets held for sale are not part of the Mortgage Insurance or Services segments.



	December 31, 2013
	Mortgage Insurance
(In thousands)
Net premiums written—insurance	$	950,998
Increase in unearned premiums	(169,578		)
Net premiums earned—insurance	781,420
Net investment income	68,121
Other income	6,255
Total (1)	855,796

Provision for losses	562,747
Change in expected economic loss or recovery for consolidated VIEs	(21		)
Policy acquisition costs	28,485
Other operating expenses before corporate allocations	160,327
Total	751,538
Adjusted pretax operating income before corporate allocations	104,258
Allocation of corporate operating expenses	97,075
Allocation of interest expense	74,618
Adjusted pretax operating loss	$	(67,435	)

Total assets (2)	$	3,837,889

NIW (in millions)	$	47,255

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(1)	Excludes the following revenue items not included in adjusted pretax operating loss: (i) net losses on investments and other financial instruments of $106.5 million; (ii) change in fair value of derivative instruments of $0.6 million.


(2)	Does not include assets held for sale of $1.8 billion which are not a part of the Mortgage Insurance segment.

The reconciliation of adjusted pretax operating income (loss) to consolidated pretax income (loss) from continuing operations is as follows:



	December 31,
(In thousands)	2015			2014			2013
Adjusted pretax operating income (loss):
Mortgage insurance (1)	$	513,127		$	336,936		$	(67,435	)
Services (1)	(2,233		)	5,446			—
Total adjusted pretax operating income (loss)	$	510,894		$	342,382		$	(67,435	)

Net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments (2)	35,693			80,102			(105,911		)
Loss on induced conversion and debt extinguishment	(94,207		)	—			—
Acquisition-related expenses	(1,565		)	(6,680		)	—
Amortization and impairment of intangible assets	(12,986		)	(8,648		)	—
Consolidated pretax income (loss) from continuing operations	$	437,829		$	407,156		$	(173,346	)

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(1)	Includes inter-segment expenses and revenues as listed in the notes to the preceding tables.

(2)

The change in expected economic loss or recovery associated with our previously owned VIEs is included in adjusted pretax operating income above, although it represents amounts that are not included in net income. Therefore, for purposes of this reconciliation, net gains (losses) on investments and other financial instruments has been adjusted by income of $0.1 million and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, to reverse this item.

On a consolidated basis, “adjusted pretax operating income (loss)” is a measure not determined in accordance with GAAP. Total adjusted pretax operating income (loss) is not a measure of total profitability, and therefore should not be viewed as a substitute for GAAP pretax income (loss) from continuing operations. Our definition of adjusted pretax operating income (loss) may not be comparable to similarly-named measures reported by other companies.

Concentration of Risk

Net premiums earned attributable to foreign countries and long-lived assets located in foreign countries were immaterial for the periods presented.

As of December 31, 2015, California is the only state that accounted for more than 10% of our mortgage insurance business measured by primary RIF. California accounted for 12.8% of our Mortgage Insurance segment’s primary RIF at December 31, 2015, compared to 13.7% at December 31, 2014. California accounted for 15.2% of our Mortgage Insurance segment’s direct primary NIW for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to 17.2% and 18.4% for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

The largest single mortgage insurance customer (including branches and affiliates), measured by primary NIW, accounted for 4.6% of NIW during 2015, compared to 4.0% and 5.8% from the largest single customer in 2014 and 2013, respectively. Earned premiums from one mortgage insurance customer represented 16%, 19% and 21% of our consolidated revenues in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.