Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

The provision for income taxes consists of the following (in millions):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Current:
Federal	$	29.9		$	20.6		$	33.6
State	8.6			10.6			7.7
Foreign	4.6			3.9			2.8
	43.1			35.1			44.1
Deferred:
Federal and State	19.9			11.5			(4.7		)
Foreign	(1.0		)	(0.4		)	(0.2		)
	18.9			11.1			(4.9		)
	$	62.0		$	46.2		$	39.2

Income from continuing operations before income taxes consists of the following (in millions):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2018		2017
United States	$	218.7	$	190.7	$	184.2
Foreign	18.1		13.5		12.9
	$	236.8	$	204.2	$	197.1

The components of deferred tax assets (liabilities) are as follows (in millions):



	December 31,
	2019			2018
Intangibles	$	(112.7	)	$	(90.8	)
Depreciation expense	(13.3		)	(15.0		)
Operating lease right of use assets	(24.8		)	—
Operating lease liabilities	25.7			—
Allowance for doubtful accounts	1.8			1.6
Employee-related accruals	12.0			9.6
Stock-based compensation	9.2			9.5
Other	3.4			5.3
Net operating loss carryforwards–foreign	0.8			1.0
Valuation allowance	(0.8		)	(1.0		)
	$	(98.7	)	$	(79.8	)

The reconciliation between the amount computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent in 2019 and 2018 and 35 percent in 2017 to income before income taxes, for each respective year and the income tax provision is as follows (in millions):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Income tax provision at the statutory rate	$	49.7		$	42.9		$	69.0
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	11.5			9.4			6.8
Disallowed meals and entertainment expenses	1.7			1.6			1.9
Excess stock-based compensation benefit	(0.9		)	(2.2		)	(4.2		)
Work opportunity tax credit	(2.5		)	(3.1		)	(2.0		)
Impact of tax reform	—			(3.0		)	(31.4		)
Other	2.5			0.6			(0.9		)
	$	62.0		$	46.2		$	39.2

As of December 31, 2019, the Company had no domestic net operating losses and had $0.8 million of foreign net operating losses, which have no expiration date. The Company has recorded a valuation allowance of approximately $0.8 million and $1.0 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to net operating loss carryforwards.

At December 31, 2019, the Company had undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries of approximately $16.7 million, substantially all of which are permanently reinvested. The Company will repatriate a portion of these foreign earnings in situations it deems advantageous for business operations, tax or cash management reasons. In doing so, the Company could be subject to state income and foreign taxes which would be insignificant. The determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred income tax liability for any basis differences on the permanently reinvested foreign earnings is not practicable due to the complexities associated with this hypothetical calculation.

The Company had gross deferred tax assets of $58.3 million and $32.5 million and gross deferred tax liabilities of $156.2 million and $111.3 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Management has determined the gross deferred tax assets are realizable, with the exception of foreign net operating losses discussed above.

At December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, there were $1.3 million, $0.4 million and $0.4 million of unrecognized tax benefits, respectively, that if recognized would affect the annual effective tax rate. The gross unrecognized tax benefits are included in other long-term liabilities. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. The amount of interest and penalties recognized in the financial statements is not significant. The Company believes that there will be no significant decrease in unrecognized tax benefits by the end of 2020. The following is a reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits (in millions):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2018			2017
Unrecognized tax benefit beginning of year	$	0.4	$	0.4		$	1.3
Gross increases - tax positions in current year	—		—			0.1
Gross increases - tax positions in prior year	0.9		0.1			—
Gross decreases - tax positions in prior year	—		—			(0.3		)
Lapse of the statute of limitations	—		(0.1		)	(0.7		)
Unrecognized tax benefit end of year	$	1.3	$	0.4		$	0.4

The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various states and foreign jurisdictions. The IRS has commenced an examination of the Company's U.S. income tax return for the 2017 tax year. The Company remains subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations for 2016 and subsequent years. For major U.S. states, with few exceptions and generally for the foreign tax jurisdictions, the Company remains subject to examination for 2015 and subsequent years.