10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended: June 30, 2019

Commission File No. 1-11530

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

    

Michigan						38-2033632
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
200 East Long Lake Road,	Suite 300,	Bloomfield Hills,	Michigan,		USA	48304-2324
(Address of principal executive offices)						(Zip code)
			(248)	258-6800
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

	Trading	Name of each exchange
Title of each class	Symbol	on which registered
Common Stock,	TCO	New York Stock Exchange
$0.01 Par Value
6.5% Series J Cumulative	TCO PR J	New York Stock Exchange
Redeemable Preferred Stock,
No Par Value
6.25% Series K Cumulative	TCO PR K	New York Stock Exchange
Redeemable Preferred Stock,
No Par Value

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

x Yes o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

x Yes o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer," “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large Accelerated Filer x   Accelerated Filer o  Non-Accelerated Filer o  Smaller Reporting Company o Emerging Growth Company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by a check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

o Yes x No

As of July 25, 2019, there were outstanding 61,209,345 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share.

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

CONTENTS

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited):
	Consolidated Balance Sheet – June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018	2
	Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) – Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018	3
	Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity (Deficit) – Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018	4
	Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows – Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018	6
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	36
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	61
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	61
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	62
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	62
Item 6.	Exhibits	63
SIGNATURES

1

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET

(in thousands, except share data)

	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Assets:
Properties	$	4,787,845		$	4,717,569
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(1,484,486		)	(1,404,692		)
	$	3,303,359		$	3,312,877
Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Notes 1, 2, and 4)	763,147			673,616
Cash and cash equivalents (Note 13)	42,749			48,372
Restricted cash (Note 13)	30,962			94,557
Accounts and notes receivable (Note 1)	78,569			77,730
Accounts receivable from related parties	1,191			1,818
Operating lease right-of-use assets (Note 1)	175,521
Deferred charges and other assets	89,600			135,136
Total Assets	$	4,485,098		$	4,344,106
Liabilities:
Notes payable, net (Note 5)	$	3,812,538		$	3,830,195
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	270,020			336,208
Operating lease liabilities (Note 1)	241,444
Distributions in excess of investments in and net income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Notes 1 and 4)	485,048			477,800
Total Liabilities	$	4,809,050		$	4,644,203
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 6)	$	6,000		$	7,800
Equity (Deficit):
Taubman Centers, Inc. Shareholders’ Equity:
Series B Non-Participating Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.001 par and liquidation value, 40,000,000 shares authorized, 26,413,117 and 24,862,994 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018	$	26		$	25
Series J Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, 7,700,000 shares authorized, no par, $192.5 million liquidation preference, 7,700,000 shares issued and outstanding at both June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018
Series K Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, 6,800,000 shares authorized, no par, $170.0 million liquidation preference, 6,800,000 shares issued and outstanding at both June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018
Common Stock, $0.01 par value, 250,000,000 shares authorized, 61,208,580 and 61,069,108 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018	612			611
Additional paid-in capital	739,046			676,097
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 12)	(44,154		)	(25,376		)
Dividends in excess of net income (Notes 1 and 7)	(802,809		)	(744,230		)
	$	(107,279	)	$	(92,873	)
Noncontrolling interests (Notes 1 and 6)	(222,673		)	(215,024		)
	$	(329,952	)	$	(307,897	)
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	4,485,098		$	4,344,106

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

2

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(in thousands, except share data)

	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Revenues:
Rental revenues (Note 1)	$	147,006					$	291,295
Minimum rents (Note 1)				$	87,580					$	174,405
Overage rents	1,713			1,565			4,854			4,190
Expense recoveries (Note 1)				50,553						102,081
Management, leasing, and development services	892			826			2,108			1,620
Other (Note 1)	11,993			12,245			23,555			31,965
	$	161,604		$	152,769		$	321,812		$	314,261
Expenses:
Maintenance, taxes, utilities, and promotion	$	39,182		$	38,085		$	77,720		$	75,722
Other operating (Note 1)	21,232			21,034			40,457			44,900
Management, leasing, and development services	491			408			1,022			710
General and administrative	8,554			8,522			17,130			17,015
Restructuring charge (Note 1)	84			(77		)	709			(423		)
Costs associated with shareholder activism (Note 1)	12,000			5,000			16,000			8,500
Interest expense	38,010			33,023			74,895			63,846
Depreciation and amortization	44,259			42,996			89,215			78,018
	$	163,812		$	148,991		$	317,148		$	288,288
Nonoperating income, net (Notes 9 and 11)	6,627			12,301			15,360			5,158
Income before income tax expense and equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$	4,419		$	16,079		$	20,024		$	31,131
Income tax expense (Note 3)	(2,364		)	(28		)	(2,903		)	(212		)
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Note 4)	14,822			14,042			29,494			33,770
Net income	$	16,877		$	30,093		$	46,615		$	64,689
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (Note 6)	(4,240		)	(8,402		)	(12,470		)	(18,025		)
Net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc.	$	12,637		$	21,691		$	34,145		$	46,664
Distributions to participating securities of TRG (Note 8)	(593		)	(599		)	(1,220		)	(1,198		)
Preferred stock dividends	(5,785		)	(5,785		)	(11,569		)	(11,569		)
Net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc. common shareholders	$	6,259		$	15,307		$	21,356		$	33,897
Net income	$	16,877		$	30,093		$	46,615		$	64,689
Other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 12):
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate instruments	(9,533		)	3,413			(14,421		)	9,832
Cumulative translation adjustment	(13,829		)	(10,568		)	(10,511		)	(6,847		)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income	(423		)	(1,004		)	(1,846		)	(230		)
	$	(23,785	)	$	(8,159	)	$	(26,778	)	$	2,755
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(6,908	)	$	21,934		$	19,837		$	67,444
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	2,970			(6,032		)	(4,394		)	(18,825		)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc.	$	(3,938	)	$	15,902		$	15,443		$	48,619
Basic earnings per common share (Note 10)	$	0.10		$	0.25		$	0.35		$	0.56
Diluted earnings per common share (Note 10)	$	0.10		$	0.25		$	0.35		$	0.55
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding – basic	61,171,614			60,992,200			61,147,947			60,954,924

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

3

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (DEFICIT)

THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2019 AND 2018

(in thousands, except share data)

	Taubman Centers, Inc. Shareholders’ Equity
	Preferred Stock				Common Stock			Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Dividends in Excess of Net Income			Non-Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity (Deficit)
	Shares		Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance, April 1, 2019	39,355,694		$	25	61,161,539	$	612	$	677,755		$	(27,501	)	$	(767,622	)	$	(222,922	)	$	(339,653	)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 8 and 9)	(33,760	)			38,214															—
Issuance of equity for acquisition of interest in unconsolidated joint venture (Note 2)	1,500,000		1					79,319												79,320
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8)	91,183				8,827			1,820												1,820
Former Taubman Asia President redeemable equity adjustment (Note 6)								1,800												1,800
Adjustments of noncontrolling interests (Note 6)								(21,648		)	(78		)				21,582			(144		)
Dividends and distributions (1)														(47,673		)	(18,507		)	(66,180		)
Other														(151		)				(151		)
Net income (excludes $144 of net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) (Note 6)														12,637			4,384			17,021
Other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 12):
Unrealized loss on interest rate instruments											(6,597		)				(2,936		)	(9,533		)
Cumulative translation adjustment											(9,700		)				(4,129		)	(13,829		)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income											(278		)				(145		)	(423		)
Balance, June 30, 2019	40,913,117		$	26	61,208,580	$	612	$	739,046		$	(44,154	)	$	(802,809	)	$	(222,673	)	$	(329,952	)
Balance, April 1, 2018	39,437,221		$	25	60,991,114	$	610	$	673,727		$	157		$	(667,602	)	$	(176,778	)	$	(169,861	)
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8)					1,098			2,574												2,574
Adjustments of noncontrolling interests (Note 6)								(84		)	10						16			(58		)
Dividends and distributions (1)														(46,333		)	(17,003		)	(63,336		)
Other														(241		)				(241		)
Net income (excludes $58 of net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) (Note 6)														21,691			8,460			30,151
Other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 12):
Unrealized gain on interest rate instruments											2,425						988			3,413
Cumulative translation adjustment											(7,500		)				(3,068		)	(10,568		)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income											(714		)				(290		)	(1,004		)
Balance, June 30, 2018	39,437,221		$	25	60,992,212	$	610	$	676,217		$	(5,622	)	$	(692,485	)	$	(187,675	)	$	(208,930	)
(1) We declared cash dividends of $0.675 and $0.655 per common share for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We declared cash dividends of $0.40625 per Series J cumulative redeemable preferred stock and $0.390625 per Series K cumulative redeemable preferred stock for both the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

4

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (DEFICIT)

SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2019 AND 2018

(in thousands, except share data)

	Taubman Centers, Inc. Shareholders’ Equity
	Preferred Stock				Common Stock			Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Dividends in Excess of Net Income			Non-Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity (Deficit)
	Shares		Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance, January 1, 2019	39,362,994		$	25	61,069,108	$	611	$	676,097		$	(25,376	)	$	(744,230	)	$	(215,024	)	$	(307,897	)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 8 and 9)	(41,060	)			45,514															—
Issuance of equity for acquisition of interest in unconsolidated joint venture (Note 2)	1,500,000		1					79,319												79,320
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8)	91,183				93,958	1		3,649												3,650
Former Taubman Asia President redeemable equity adjustment (Note 6)								1,800												1,800
Adjustments of noncontrolling interests (Note 6)								(21,819		)	(76		)				21,658			(237		)
Dividends and distributions (1)														(95,367		)	(35,701		)	(131,068		)
Adjustments of equity pursuant to adoption of ASC 842 (Note 1)														3,156			1,763			4,919
Other														(513		)				(513		)
Net income (excludes $237 of net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) (Note 6)														34,145			12,707			46,852
Other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 12):
Unrealized loss on interest rate instruments											(10,072		)				(4,349		)	(14,421		)
Cumulative translation adjustment											(7,341		)				(3,170		)	(10,511		)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income											(1,289		)				(557		)	(1,846		)
Balance, June 30, 2019	40,913,117		$	26	61,208,580	$	612	$	739,046		$	(44,154	)	$	(802,809	)	$	(222,673	)	$	(329,952	)
Balance, January 1, 2018	39,438,114		$	25	60,832,918	$	608	$	675,333		$	(6,919	)	$	(646,807	)	$	(172,268	)	$	(150,028	)
Issuance of common stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 8 and 9)	(893	)			3,353															—
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8)					155,941	2		1,039												1,041
Adjustments of noncontrolling interests (Note 6)								(155		)	20						25			(110		)
Dividends and distributions (1)														(92,664		)	(34,090		)	(126,754		)
Other (Note 12)											(678		)	322			(277		)	(633		)
Net income (excludes $110 of net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) (Note 6)														46,664			18,135			64,799
Other comprehensive income (Note 12):
Unrealized gain on interest rate instruments											6,978						2,854			9,832
Cumulative translation adjustment											(4,859		)				(1,988		)	(6,847		)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income											(164		)				(66		)	(230		)
Balance, June 30, 2018	39,437,221		$	25	60,992,212	$	610	$	676,217		$	(5,622	)	$	(692,485	)	$	(187,675	)	$	(208,930	)
(1) We declared cash dividends of $1.35 and $1.31 per common share for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We declared cash dividends of $0.8125 per Series J cumulative redeemable preferred stock and $0.78125 per Series K cumulative redeemable preferred stock for both the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

5

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Net income	$	46,615		$	64,689
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	89,215			78,018
Provision for bad debts				4,825
Fluctuation in fair value of equity securities (Note 11)	(3,346		)	914
Income (loss) from Unconsolidated Joint Ventures net of distributions	8,337			(243		)
Non-cash operating lease expense	1,017
Other	6,774			7,688
Increase (decrease) in cash attributable to changes in assets and liabilities:
Receivables, deferred charges, and other assets	(7,088		)	(152		)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(4,525		)	(24,990		)
Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities	$	136,999		$	130,749
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Additions to properties	$	(88,961	)	$	(148,908	)
Proceeds from sale of equity securities (Note 11)	52,077
Insurance proceeds for capital items at The Mall of San Juan (Note 9)	948			5,416
Contributions to Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Note 2)	(29,875		)	(88,887		)
Distributions from Unconsolidated Joint Ventures in excess of income	10,011			1,633
Other	46			44
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities	$	(55,754	)	$	(230,702	)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Proceeds from (payments to) revolving lines of credit, net	$	(13,425	)	$	170,085
Debt proceeds				550,000
Debt payments	(5,636		)	(479,300		)
Debt issuance costs				(2,925		)
Issuance of common stock and/or TRG Units in connection with incentive plans	(706		)	(2,293		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	(35,701		)	(34,090		)
Distributions to participating securities of TRG	(1,220		)	(1,198		)
Cash dividends to preferred shareholders	(11,569		)	(11,569		)
Cash dividends to common shareholders	(82,578		)	(79,897		)
Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Financing Activities	$	(150,835	)	$	108,813
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (Note 13)	$	372		$	467
Net Increase (Decrease) In Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash	(69,218		)	9,327
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Period (Note 13)	142,929			164,404
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at End of Period (Note 13)	$	73,711		$	173,731

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

6

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1 - Interim Financial Statements

General

Taubman Centers, Inc. (TCO) is a Michigan corporation that operates as a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (REIT). TCO's sole asset is an approximate 70% general partnership interest in The Taubman Realty Group Limited Partnership (TRG), which owns direct or indirect interests in all of our real estate properties. In this report, the terms “we", "us", and "our'" refer to TCO, TRG, and/or TRG's subsidiaries as the context may require. We own, manage, lease, acquire, dispose of, develop, and expand shopping centers and interests therein. Our owned portfolio as of June 30, 2019 included 24 urban and suburban shopping centers operating in 11 U.S. states, Puerto Rico, South Korea, and China. The Taubman Company LLC (the Manager) provides certain management and administrative services for us and for our U.S. properties.

The Consolidated Businesses consist of shopping centers and entities that are controlled, by ownership or contractual agreements, by TRG, the Manager, or Taubman Properties Asia LLC and its subsidiaries and affiliates (Taubman Asia). Shopping centers owned through joint ventures that are not controlled by us by over which we have significant influence (Unconsolidated Joint Ventures or UJVs) are accounted for under the equity method.

In May 2018, we entered into a redevelopment agreement for Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield. On May 1, 2018, all operations at the center, as well as the building and improvements, were transferred to The Staenberg Group (TSG), and TSG leases the land from us through a long-term, participating ground lease. Both we and TSG have the ability to terminate the ground lease in the event that a redevelopment has not begun within five years, with the buildings and improvements reverting to us upon such a termination. We will defer recognition of a sale of the building and improvements and maintain the property on our Consolidated Balance Sheet until the foregoing termination right is no longer available to the parties, with this right ceasing upon TSG commencing a redevelopment. The shopping center has been excluded from our owned shopping center portfolio disclosure above.

The unaudited interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements for the interim periods have been made. The results of interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results for a full year.

Dollar amounts presented in tables within the notes to the financial statements are stated in thousands, except share data or as otherwise noted.

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of TCO include all accounts of TCO, TRG, and our consolidated businesses, including the Manager and Taubman Asia. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The entities included in these consolidated financial statements are separate legal entities and maintain records and books of account separate from any other entity. However, inclusion of these separate entities in the consolidated financial statements does not mean that the assets and credit of each of these legal entities are available to satisfy the debts or other obligations of any other such legal entity included in the consolidated financial statements.

In determining the method of accounting for partially owned joint ventures, we evaluate the characteristics of associated entities and determine whether an entity is a variable interest entity (VIE), and, if so, determine whether we are the primary beneficiary by analyzing whether we have both the power to direct the entity's significant economic activities and the obligation to absorb potentially significant losses or receive potentially significant benefits. Significant judgments and assumptions inherent in this analysis include the nature of the entity's operations, the entity's financing and capital structure, and contractual relationship and terms, including consideration of governance and decision making rights. We consolidate a VIE when we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary. All of our consolidated joint ventures, including TRG, meet the definition and criteria as VIEs, as either we or an affiliate of ours is the primary beneficiary of each VIE.

7

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

TCO's sole asset is an approximate 70% general partnership interest in TRG and, consequently, substantially all of TCO's consolidated assets and liabilities are assets and liabilities of TRG. All of TCO's debt (Note 5) is an obligation of TRG or our consolidated subsidiaries. Note 5 also provides disclosure of guarantees provided by TRG to certain consolidated joint ventures and UJVs. Note 6 provides additional disclosures of the carrying balance of the noncontrolling interests in our consolidated joint ventures and other information, including a description of certain rights of the noncontrolling owners.

Investments in UJVs are accounted for under the equity method. We have evaluated our investments in UJVs under guidance for determining whether an entity is a VIE and have concluded that the ventures are not VIEs. Accordingly, we account for our interests in these entities under general accounting standards for investments in real estate ventures (including guidance for determining effective control of a limited partnership or similar entity). Our partners or other owners in these UJVs have substantive participating rights including approval rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, financing, admission of new partners/members, or sale of the properties and we have concluded that the equity method of accounting is appropriate for these interests. Specifically, our 79% and 50.1% investments in Westfarms and International Plaza, respectively, are through general partnerships in which the other general partners have participating rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, refinancing, or sale of the property. We provide our beneficial interest in certain financial information of our UJVs (Notes 4 and 5). This beneficial information is derived as our ownership interest in the investee multiplied by the specific financial statement item being presented. Investors are cautioned that deriving our beneficial interest in this manner may not accurately depict the legal and economic implications of holding a noncontrolling interest in the investee.

Ownership

In addition to common stock, we had three classes of preferred stock outstanding (Series B, J, and K) as of June 30, 2019. Dividends on the 6.5% Series J Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Series J Preferred Stock) and the 6.25% Series K Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Series K Preferred Stock) are cumulative and are paid on the last business day of each calendar quarter. We own corresponding Series J and Series K Preferred Equity interests in TRG that entitle us to income and distributions (in the form of guaranteed payments) in amounts equal to the dividends payable on TCO's Series J and Series K Preferred Stock.

We are also obligated to issue to the noncontrolling partners of TRG, upon subscription, one share of Series B Non-Participating Convertible Preferred Stock (Series B Preferred Share) per each unit of limited partnership in TRG (TRG Unit). Each Series B Preferred Share entitles the holder to one vote per share on all matters submitted to our shareholders. The holders of Series B Preferred Shares, voting as a class, have the right to designate up to four nominees for election as directors of TCO. On all other matters on which the holders of common stock are entitled to vote, including the election of directors, the holders of Series B Preferred Shares will vote with the holders of common stock. The holders of Series B Preferred Shares are not entitled to dividends or earnings of TCO. The Series B Preferred Shares are convertible into common stock at a ratio of 14,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for one share of common stock.

Outstanding voting securities of TCO at June 30, 2019 consisted of 26,413,117 shares of Series B Preferred Stock and 61,208,580 shares of common stock.

TRG

At June 30, 2019, TRG’s equity included two classes of preferred equity (Series J and K) and the net equity of the TRG unitholders. Net income and distributions of TRG are allocable first to the preferred equity interests, and the remaining amounts to the general and limited partners in TRG in accordance with their percentage ownership. The Series J and Series K Preferred Equity are owned by TCO and are eliminated in consolidation.

TCO's ownership in TRG at June 30, 2019 consisted of a 70% managing general partnership interest, as well as the Series J and Series K Preferred Equity interests. Our average ownership percentage in TRG for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was 70% and 71%, respectively. At June 30, 2019, TRG had 87,639,296 TRG Units outstanding, of which we owned 61,208,580 TRG Units. Disclosures about TRG Units outstanding exclude TRG Profits Units granted or other share-based grants for which TRG Units may eventually be issued (Note 8).

The remaining approximate 30% of TRG Units are owned by TRG's partners other than TCO, including Robert S. Taubman, William S. Taubman, Gayle Taubman Kalisman, and the A. Alfred Taubman Restated Revocable Trust (the Revocable Trust).

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Revenue Recognition

Disaggregation of Revenue

The nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of individual types of revenues may be affected differently by economic factors. Under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers", we are required to disclose a disaggregation of our revenues derived from contracts from customers that considers economic differences between revenue types. The following table summarizes our disaggregation of consolidated revenues for this purpose.

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Expense recoveries (1)			$	50,553			$	102,081
Shopping center and other operational revenues (2)	$	11,993	10,817		$	23,555	21,637
Management, leasing, and development services	892		826		2,108		1,620
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	12,885	$	62,196	$	25,663	$	125,338

(1) Pursuant to our adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", beginning January 1, 2019, expense recoveries has been combined with minimum rent on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Rental Revenues and is no longer required to be disaggregated.

(2) Represents consolidated Other revenue reported on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) excluding lease cancellation income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Pursuant to the adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", beginning January 1, 2019, lease cancellation income is now presented in Rental Revenues on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Information about Contract Balances and Unsatisfied Performance Obligations

Contract assets exist when we have a right to payment for services rendered that remains conditional on factors other than the passage of time. Similarly, contract liabilities are incurred when customers prepay for services to be rendered. Certain revenue streams within shopping center and other operational revenues may give rise to contract assets and liabilities. However, these revenue streams are generally short-term in nature and the difference between revenue recognition and cash collection, although variable, does not differ significantly from period to period. As of June 30, 2019, we had an inconsequential amount of contract assets and liabilities.

The aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to our performance obligations that were unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, as of June 30, 2019 were inconsequential.

Restructuring Charge

We have been undergoing a restructuring to reduce our workforce and reorganize various areas of the organization in response to the completion of another major development cycle and the current near-term challenges facing the U.S. retail industry. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we incurred $0.1 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of expense related to our restructuring efforts. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded a change in estimate to previously recognized restructuring charges resulting in a reversal of expense of $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively. These expenses and changes in estimates thereto have been separately classified as Restructuring Charge on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of June 30, 2019, an inconsequential amount of the restructuring costs recognized during 2018 and 2019 were unpaid and remained accrued.    

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Costs Associated with Shareholder Activism

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we incurred $12.0 million and $16.0 million, respectively, of expense associated with activities related to shareholder activism, largely legal and advisory services. Expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 include $5.0 million pursuant to an agreement with Land & Buildings Investment Management, LLC (Land & Buildings) for a reimbursement of a portion of the billed fees and expenses incurred by Land & Buildings and its affiliated funds in connection with Land & Buildings' activist involvement with TCO and the service on our Board of Directors of its founder and Chief Investment Officer, Jonathan Litt, which reimbursement represents a related party transaction. We received written certification from Land and Buildings that the actual billed fees and expenses as of the payment date exceeded $5.0 million. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, expenses associated with activities related to shareholder activism were $5.0 million and $8.5 million, respectively.

Also included in the activism costs is a retention program for certain employees. Given the uncertainties associated with shareholder activism and to ensure the retention of top talent in key positions within TCO, certain key employees were provided certain incentive benefits in the form of cash and/or equity retention awards. We and our Board of Directors believe these benefits are instrumental in ensuring the continued success of TCO during the retention period. Due to the unusual and infrequent nature of these expenses in our history, they have been separately classified as Costs Associated with Shareholder Activism on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Unvested incentive benefits under the retention awards as of June 30, 2019 were $0.1 million, which will be recognized as service is rendered through December 31, 2019.

Management’s Responsibility to Evaluate Our Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

When preparing financial statements for each annual and interim reporting period, management has the responsibility to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. No such conditions or events were identified as of the issuance date of the financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Adoption of ASC Topic 842 ("Leases")

On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASC Topic 842, "Leases". ASC Topic 842 addresses off-balance sheet financing related to operating leases and introduces a new lessee model that bring substantially all leases onto the balance sheet. We adopted ASC Topic 842, recognizing operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets for ground and office leases under which we are the lessee on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, as of the date of adoption. These lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets will amortize over the remaining life of the respective leases. We also began expensing certain indirect leasing costs, which were capitalizable under the previous lease accounting standard. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we expensed $1.5 million and $2.9 million, respectively, of leasing costs under ASC Topic 842 that would have been capitalized under the previous accounting standard.

We implemented ASC Topic 842 using certain practical expedients. As a result of these elections, we did not reassess whether any existing contracts contained a lease, the lease classification of existing leases, or the initial direct costs of existing leases. In addition, in instances where we are the lessor, we elected to not separate non-lease components, most significantly certain common area maintenance recoveries, from the associated lease components. Due to this election, minimum rents and expense recoveries were combined into a single revenue line item, Rental Revenues, on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). We also elected the optional transition method to apply the provisions of ASC Topic 842 as of the adoption date, rather than the earliest period presented. As such, the requirements of ASC Topic 842 were not applied in the comparative periods presented in our consolidated financial statements.

In connection with the adoption of ASC Topic 842, lease cancellation payments from our tenants are now included in Rental Revenues on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term, if any. Lease cancellation income was previously accounted for under ASC Topic 606 and presented in Other revenue on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Shopping center space is leased to tenants and certain anchors pursuant to lease agreements. Future rental revenues under operating leases in effect at June 30, 2019 for operating centers, assuming no new or renegotiated leases or option extensions on anchor agreements, is summarized as follows:

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

2019	$	221,574
2020	436,998
2021	391,005
2022	343,802
2023	309,581
Thereafter	948,854

Certain shopping centers, as lessees, have ground and office leases expiring at various dates through the year 2105. As of June 30, 2019, these leases had an average remaining lease term of approximately 51 years. One center has an option to extend the term for three, 10 year periods and another center has the option to extend the lease term for one additional 10 year period. As of June 30, 2019, these extension options were not considered reasonably assured of being exercised and therefore were excluded from the respective lease terms for these centers. We also lease certain of our office facilities and certain equipment. Office facility and equipment leases expire at various dates through the year 2022.

In order to determine the operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets for ground and office leases under which we are the lessee, we utilized a synthetic corporate yield curve to determine an incremental borrowing rate for each of our leases. Significant judgment was required to develop the yield curve, which utilized certain peer and market observations. As of June 30, 2019, the weighted average discount rate for operating leases reported on our Consolidated Balance Sheet was 5.8%. In instances where variable consideration not dependent upon an index or rate existed, such future payments were excluded from the determination of the related operating lease liability and right-of-use asset.

For leases existing as of the adoption date of ASC Topic 842, rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis. Rental expense under operating leases was $4.2 million and $8.4 million for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. There was no contingent rent expense under operating leases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. Payables representing straight-line rent adjustments under lease agreements were $64.8 million as of December 31, 2018. These amounts are now presented within Operating Lease Liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet upon adoption of ASC Topic 842.

The following is a schedule of future minimum rental payments required under operating leases:

2019	$	7,286
2020	13,646
2021	12,588
2022	13,983
2023	14,142
Thereafter	723,068

We own the retail space subject to a long-term participating lease at City Creek Center, a mixed-use property in Salt Lake City, Utah. City Creek Reserve, Inc. (CCRI), an affiliate of the LDS Church is the participating lessor. We own 100% of the leasehold interest in the retail buildings and property. CCRI has an option to purchase our interest at fair value at various points in time over the term of the lease. In addition to the minimum rent included in the table above, we may pay contingent rent based on the performance of the center.

International Market Place, a shopping center located in Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii, is subject to a long-term participating ground lease. In addition to minimum rent included in the table above, we may pay contingent rent based on the performance of the center.

Accounts Receivable and Uncollectible Tenant Revenues

In connection with the adoption of ASC Topic 842, we now review the collectibility of both billed and accrued charges under our tenant leases each quarter taking into consideration the tenant’s historical payment status, credit profile, and known issues related to tenant operations. For any tenant receivable balances thought to be uncollectible, we now record an offset for uncollectible tenant revenues directly to Rental Revenues on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Uncollectible tenant revenues were previously reported as bad debt expense in Other Operating expense on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Our allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2018 was $10.4 million.

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As a result of the above change in evaluation in uncollectible tenant revenues, the allowance for doubtful accounts was written off and an entry was recorded as of January 1, 2019 to adjust the receivables and equity balances of our Consolidated Businesses and Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. This resulted in a cumulative effect adjustment increasing Dividends in Excess of Net Income by $3.2 million and Non-redeemable Noncontrolling Interest by $1.8 million on our Consolidated Balance Sheet with offsetting increases in Accounts and Notes Receivable, Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, and Distributions in Excess of Investments In and Net Income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures balances on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Note 2 - Acquisition, Partial Disposition of Ownership Interests, Redevelopment, and Development

Acquisition

In April 2019, we acquired a 48.5% interest in The Gardens Mall in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, in exchange for 1.5 million newly issued TRG Units (Note 13). We also assumed our $94.6 million share of the existing debt at the center. Our ownership interest in the center is accounted for as an Unconsolidated Joint Venture under the equity method.

Partial Disposition of Ownership Interests

In February 2019, we announced agreements to sell 50% of our interests in Starfield Hanam, CityOn.Xi’an, and CityOn.Zhengzhou to funds managed by The Blackstone Group L.P. (Blackstone). Following the transactions, which are subject to customary closing conditions and are expected to close throughout 2019, we will retain a 17.15% ownership interest in Starfield Hanam, a 25% ownership interest in CityOn.Xi'an, and a 24.5% ownership interest in CityOn.Zhengzhou. We will remain the partner responsible for the joint management of the three shopping centers, with Blackstone paying a property service fee. The interests to be sold were valued at $480 million as of the sale agreement date, with net cash proceeds expected to be about $315 million, after transaction costs and the allocation to Blackstone of its share of third-party debt. Also, we may receive up to an additional $50 million of consideration based on the 2019 performance of the three assets.

Redevelopment

We substantially completed our redevelopment project at The Mall at Green Hills in June 2019. We expect some capital spending at The Mall at Green Hills to continue for the remainder of 2019 as certain costs are incurred subsequent to the project's completion, including construction on certain tenant spaces.

Asia Development

Starfield Anseong

We have partnered with Shinsegae Group, our partner in Starfield Hanam, to build, lease, and manage Starfield Anseong, an approximately 1.1 million square foot shopping center in Anseong, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. We own a 49% interest in the project and no longer expect to admit an additional capital partner during the development period. The shopping center is scheduled to open in late 2020. As of June 30, 2019, we have invested $121.3 million in the project, after cumulative currency translation adjustments. This investment is classified within Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 3 - Income Taxes

Income Tax Expense

Our income tax expense (benefit) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Federal current	$	116		$	60		$	116		$	60
Federal deferred	428			(261		)	621			$	(348	)
Foreign current	476			462			596			634
Foreign deferred	1,320		(1)	(262		)	1,435		(1)	(124		)
State current	22						41			3
State deferred	2			29			94			(13		)
Total income tax expense	$	2,364		$	28		$	2,903		$	212

(1) As a result of our pending sale of 50% of our interests in Starfield Hanam, CityOn.Xi’an, and CityOn.Zhengzhou to funds managed by Blackstone (Note 2), we recognized foreign deferred tax expense in 2019 as we are no longer able to assert indefinite reinvestment in our China centers. The tax expense is related to an excess of the outside GAAP basis over the tax basis of our investments.

Deferred Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were as follows:

	2019			2018
Deferred tax assets:
Federal	$	5,093		$	5,662
Foreign	1,703			1,655
State	993			807
Total deferred tax assets	$	7,789		$	8,124
Valuation allowances	(1,904		)	(1,744		)
Net deferred tax assets	$	5,885		$	6,380
Deferred tax liabilities:
Foreign	$	3,432		$	2,454
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	3,432		$	2,454

We believe that it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to recognize the net deferred tax assets. These future operations are primarily dependent upon the Manager’s profitability, the timing and amounts of gains on peripheral land sales, the profitability of Taubman Asia's operations, and other factors affecting the results of operations of the taxable REIT subsidiaries. The valuation allowances relate to net operating loss carryforwards and tax basis differences where there is uncertainty regarding their realizability.

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 4 - Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

General Information

We own beneficial interests in joint ventures that own shopping centers. TRG is the sole direct or indirect managing general partner or managing member of Fair Oaks Mall, International Plaza, Stamford Town Center, Sunvalley, The Mall at University Town Center, and Westfarms; however, these joint ventures are accounted for under the equity method due to the substantive participation rights of the outside partners. TRG also provides certain management, leasing, and/or development services to the other shopping centers noted below.

Shopping Center	Ownership as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018
CityOn.Xi'an (1)	50%
CityOn.Zhengzhou (1)	49
Country Club Plaza	50
Fair Oaks Mall	50
The Gardens Mall (2)	48.5/0
International Plaza	50.1
The Mall at Millenia	50
Stamford Town Center	50
Starfield Anseong (under development)	Note 2
Starfield Hanam (1)	34.3
Sunvalley	50
The Mall at University Town Center	50
Waterside Shops	50
Westfarms	79

(1) In February 2019, we entered into agreements to sell 50% of our ownership interests in CityOn.Xi'an, CityOn.Zhengzhou, and Starfield Hanam, which are subject to customary closing conditions and are expected to close throughout 2019 (Note 2).

(2) In April 2019, we acquired a 48.5% interest in The Gardens Mall (Note 2).

The carrying value of our investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures differs from our share of the partnership or members’ equity reported on the combined balance sheet of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures due to (i) the cost of our investment in excess of the historical net book values of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures and (ii) TRG’s adjustments to the book basis, including intercompany profits on sales of services that are capitalized by the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. Our additional basis allocated to depreciable assets is recognized on a straight-line basis over 40 years. TRG’s differences in bases are amortized over the useful lives or terms of the related assets and liabilities.

On our Consolidated Balance Sheet, we separately report our investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures for which accumulated distributions have exceeded investments in and net income of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. The net equity of certain joint ventures is less than zero because distributions are usually greater than net income, as net income includes non-cash charges for depreciation and amortization. In addition, any distributions related to refinancing of the centers further decrease the net equity of the shopping centers.

14

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Combined Financial Information

Combined balance sheet and results of operations information is presented in the following table for our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, followed by TRG's beneficial interest in the combined operations information. The combined financial information of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 excludes the balances of Starfield Anseong, which is currently under development (Note 2). Beneficial interest is calculated based on TRG's ownership interest in each of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures.

	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Assets:
Properties	$	3,835,131		$	3,728,846
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(967,212		)	(869,375		)
	$	2,867,919		$	2,859,471
Cash and cash equivalents	131,509			161,311
Accounts and notes receivable (1)	143,337			131,767
Operating lease right-of-use assets (1)	11,534
Deferred charges and other assets	131,435			140,444
	$	3,285,734		$	3,292,993
Liabilities and accumulated equity (deficiency) in assets:
Notes payable, net	$	3,097,056		$	2,815,617
Accounts payable and other liabilities	284,413			426,358
Operating lease liabilities (1)	13,286
TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets (1)	(122,555		)	(49,465		)
Unconsolidated Joint Venture Partners' accumulated equity in assets (1)	13,534			100,483
	$	3,285,734		$	3,292,993
TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets (above)	$	(122,555	)	$	(49,465	)
TRG's investment in Starfield Anseong (Note 2) and advances to CityOn.Zhengzhou	165,049			140,743
TRG basis adjustments, including elimination of intercompany profit	189,400			57,360
TCO's additional basis	46,205			47,178
Net investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$	278,099		$	195,816
Distributions in excess of investments in and net income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	485,048			477,800
Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$	763,147		$	673,616

(1) Upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases" on January 1, 2019, we valued our operating lease obligations and recorded operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets. These lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets will amortize over the remaining life of the respective leases.

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Revenues (1)	$	154,385		$	144,347		$	297,026		$	299,635
Maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses (1)	$	56,535		$	52,391		$	104,410		$	105,181
Interest expense	36,213			33,650			68,711			66,117
Depreciation and amortization	33,669			33,152			66,640			65,936
Total operating costs	$	126,417		$	119,193		$	239,761		$	237,234
Nonoperating income, net	923			581			1,324			928
Income tax expense	(1,967		)	(1,428		)	(3,646		)	(2,844		)
Net income	$	26,924		$	24,307		$	54,943		$	60,485
Net income attributable to TRG	$	14,155		$	12,536		$	28,448		$	31,242
Realized intercompany profit, net of depreciation on TRG’s basis adjustments	1,152			1,991			2,018			3,500
Depreciation of TCO's additional basis	(485		)	(485		)	(972		)	(972		)
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$	14,822		$	14,042		$	29,494		$	33,770
Beneficial interest in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures’ operations:
Revenues less maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses	$	52,693		$	49,284		$	102,110		$	103,528
Interest expense	(18,005		)	(17,263		)	(34,781		)	(34,014		)
Depreciation and amortization	(18,954		)	(17,325		)	(36,146		)	(34,380		)
Income tax expense	(912		)	(654		)	(1,689		)	(1,364		)
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$	14,822		$	14,042		$	29,494		$	33,770

(1) Upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", uncollectible tenant revenues are now being recorded in Rental Revenues (Note 1).

Related Party

We have a note receivable outstanding with CityOn.Zhengzhou, which was originally issued for the purpose of funding development costs. The balance of the note receivable was $43.8 million and $43.6 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and was classified within Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 5 - Beneficial Interest in Debt and Interest Expense

TRG's beneficial interest in the debt, capitalized interest, and interest expense of our consolidated subsidiaries and our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures is summarized in the following table. TRG's beneficial interest in the consolidated subsidiaries excludes debt and interest related to the noncontrolling interest in Cherry Creek Shopping Center (50%) and International Market Place (6.5%).

	At 100%					At Beneficial Interest
	Consolidated Subsidiaries			Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		Consolidated Subsidiaries			Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Debt as of:
June 30, 2019	$	3,812,538		$	3,097,056	$	3,521,884		$	1,588,728
December 31, 2018	3,830,195			2,815,617		3,539,588			1,437,445
Capitalized interest:
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019	$	4,354	(1)	$	85	$	4,345	(1)	$	47
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018	7,180			3		7,154			2
Interest expense:
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019	$	74,895		$	68,711	$	68,841		$	34,781
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018	63,846			66,117		57,807			34,014

(1) We capitalize interest costs incurred in funding our equity contributions to development projects accounted for as Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. The capitalized interest cost is included in our basis in our investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. Such capitalized interest reduces interest expense on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and in the table above is included within Consolidated Subsidiaries.

Upcoming Maturity

The $150 million loan for The Mall at Green Hills matures in December 2019. We expect to exercise the second and final one year extension option upon maturity.

Debt Covenants and Guarantees

Certain loan agreements contain various restrictive covenants, including the following corporate covenants on our primary unsecured revolving line of credit, as well as the $300 million and $250 million unsecured term loans and the loan on International Market Place: a minimum net worth requirement, a maximum total leverage ratio, a maximum secured leverage ratio, a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, a maximum recourse secured debt ratio, and a maximum payout ratio. In addition, our primary unsecured revolving line of credit and unsecured term loans have unencumbered pool covenants, which currently apply to Beverly Center, Dolphin Mall, and The Gardens on El Paseo on a combined basis. These covenants include a minimum number and minimum value of eligible unencumbered assets, a maximum unencumbered leverage ratio, a minimum unencumbered interest coverage ratio, and a minimum unencumbered asset occupancy ratio. As of June 30, 2019, the corporate total leverage ratio was the most restrictive covenant. We were in compliance with all of our covenants and loan obligations as of June 30, 2019. The maximum payout ratio covenant limits the payment of distributions generally to 95% of funds from operations, as defined in the loan agreements, except as required to maintain our tax status, pay preferred distributions, and for distributions related to the sale of certain assets.

In connection with the August 2018 financing at International Market Place, TRG provided an unconditional guarantee of the loan principal balance and all accrued but unpaid interest during the term of the loan. The $250 million loan is interest only during the initial three year term with principal amortization required during the extension periods, if exercised. Accrued but unpaid interest as of June 30, 2019 was $1.0 million. We believe the likelihood of a repayment under the guarantee to be remote.

In connection with the $175 million additional financing at International Plaza, which is owned by an Unconsolidated Joint Venture, TRG provided an unconditional and several guarantee of 50.1% of all obligations and liabilities related to an interest rate swap that was required on the debt for the term of the loan. As of June 30, 2019, the interest rate swap was a $0.7 million liability and in a receivable position for unpaid interest. We believe the likelihood of a payment under the guarantee to be remote.

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 6 - Noncontrolling Interests

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

Taubman Asia President

In September 2016, we announced the appointment of Peter Sharp (Successor Asia President) as president of Taubman Asia, a consolidated subsidiary, succeeding René Tremblay (Former Asia President) effective January 1, 2017. The Former Asia President was employed by us in another capacity through September 30, 2017.

The Former Asia President has an ownership interest in Taubman Asia. This interest entitles the Former Asia President to 5% of Taubman Asia's dividends, with 85% of his dividends relating to investment activities undergone prior to the Successor Asia President obtaining an ownership interest (see below) being withheld as contributions to capital. These withholdings will continue until he contributes and maintains his capital consistent with his percentage ownership interest, including all capital funded by TRG for Taubman Asia's operating and investment activities subsequent to the Former Asia President obtaining his ownership interest. TRG has a preferred investment in Taubman Asia to the extent the Former Asia President has not yet contributed capital commensurate with his ownership interest. This preferred investment accrues an annual preferential return equal to TRG's average borrowing rate (with the preferred investment and accrued return together being referred to herein as the preferred interest). In addition, Taubman Asia has the ability to call, and the Former Asia President has the ability to put, the Former Asia President’s ownership interest upon Taubman Asia's properties reaching certain specified milestones. The redemption price for the ownership interest is the fair value of the ownership interest less the amount required to return TRG's preferred interest. We have determined that the Former Asia President's ownership interest in Taubman Asia qualifies as an equity award, considering its specific redemption provisions, and account for it as a contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest. We present as temporary equity at each balance sheet date an estimate of the redemption value of the ownership interest, therefore falling into Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the carrying amount of this redeemable equity was $6.0 million and $7.8 million, respectively. Adjustments to the redemption value are recorded through equity.

In April 2016, we reacquired half of the Former Asia President’s previous 10% ownership interest in Taubman Asia for $7.2 million. The Former Asia President contributed $2 million to Taubman Asia, which may be returned, in part or in whole, upon satisfaction of the re-evaluation of the full liquidation value of Taubman Asia as of April 2016; such re-evaluation will be performed at the Former Asia President's election on or after the third anniversary of the opening of specified Asia projects. The Former Asia President’s current 5% interest is puttable beginning in 2019 at the earliest and was classified as Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The Successor Asia President also has an ownership interest in Taubman Asia. This interest entitles the Successor Asia President to 3% of Taubman Asia's dividends for investment activities undergone by Taubman Asia subsequent to him obtaining his ownership interest, with all of his dividends being withheld as contributions to capital. These withholdings will continue until he contributes and maintains his capital consistent with his percentage ownership interest, including all capital funded by TRG for Taubman Asia's operating and investment activities subsequent to the Successor Asia President obtaining his ownership interest. TRG has a preferred investment in Taubman Asia to the extent the Successor Asia President has not yet contributed capital commensurate with his ownership interest. This preferred investment accrues an annual preferential return equal to TRG's average borrowing rate (with the preferred investment and accrued return together being referred to herein as the preferred interest). In addition, Taubman Asia has the ability to call, and the Successor Asia President has the ability to put, the Successor Asia President’s ownership interest upon specified terminations of the Successor Asia President’s employment, although such put or call right may not be exercised for specified time periods after certain termination events. The redemption price for the ownership interest is 50% (increasing to 100% as early as January 2022) of the fair value of the ownership interest less the amount required to return TRG's preferred interest. We have determined that the Successor Asia President's ownership interest in Taubman Asia qualifies as an equity award, considering its specific redemption provisions, and account for it as a contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest. As of both June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the carrying amount of this redeemable equity was zero. Any adjustments to the redemption value are recorded through equity.

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

International Market Place

We own a 93.5% controlling interest in a joint venture that owns International Market Place in Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii. The 6.5% joint venture partner has no obligation and no right to contribute capital. We are entitled to a preferential return on our capital contributions. We have the right to purchase the joint venture partner's interest and the joint venture partner has the right to require us to purchase the joint venture partner's interest after the third anniversary of the opening of the center, and annually thereafter. The purchase price of the joint venture partner's interest will be based on fair value. Considering the redemption provisions, we account for the joint venture partner's interest as a contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest with a carrying value of zero at both June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Any adjustments to the redemption value are recorded through equity.

Reconciliation of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest

	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Beginning Balance	$	7,800		$	7,500		$	7,800		$	7,500
Allocation of net loss	(144		)	(58		)	(237		)	(110		)
Former Taubman Asia President adjustment of redeemable equity	(1,800		)				(1,800		)
Adjustments of redeemable noncontrolling interest	144			58			237			110
Ending Balance	$	6,000		$	7,500		$	6,000		$	7,500

Equity Balances of Non-redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

The net equity balance of the non-redeemable noncontrolling interests as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 included the following:

	2019			2018
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated joint ventures	$	(154,795	)	$	(156,470	)
Noncontrolling interests in partnership equity of TRG	(67,878		)	(58,554		)
	$	(222,673	)	$	(215,024	)

Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests

Net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interests for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 included the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling share of income of consolidated joint ventures	$	976		$	1,538
Noncontrolling share of income of TRG	3,408			6,922
	$	4,384		$	8,460
Redeemable noncontrolling interest:	(144		)	(58		)
	$	4,240		$	8,402

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interests for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 included the following:

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling share of income of consolidated joint ventures	$	2,498		$	2,934
Noncontrolling share of income of TRG	10,209			15,201
	$	12,707		$	18,135
Redeemable noncontrolling interest:	(237		)	(110		)
	$	12,470		$	18,025

Equity Transactions

The following table presents the effects of changes in TCO’s ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries on TCO’s equity for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018:

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders	$	21,356		$	33,897
Transfers (to) from the noncontrolling interest:
(Decrease) increase in TCO’s paid-in capital for adjustments of noncontrolling interest (1)	(21,819		)	(155		)
Net transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests	(21,819		)	(155		)
Change from net income attributable to TCO and transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests	$	(463	)	$	33,742

(1) In 2019 and 2018, adjustments of the noncontrolling interest were made as a result of changes in our ownership of TRG in connection with our share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8), issuances of common stock pursuant to the Continuing Offer (Note 9), issuances of TRG Units in connection with the acquisition of The Gardens Mall (Note 2), and in connection with the accounting for the Former Asia President's redeemable ownership interest.

Finite Life Entities

ASC Topic 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity” establishes standards for classifying and measuring as liabilities certain financial instruments that embody obligations of the issuer and have characteristics of both liabilities and equity. At June 30, 2019, we held a controlling interest in a consolidated entity with a specified termination date in 2083. The noncontrolling owners' interest in this entity is to be settled upon termination by distribution or transfer of either cash or specific assets of the underlying entity. The estimated fair value of this noncontrolling interest was approximately $370 million at June 30, 2019, compared to a book value of $(154.8) million that is classified in Noncontrolling Interests on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. The fair value of the noncontrolling interest was calculated as the noncontrolling interest's effective ownership share of the underlying property's fair value. The property's fair value was estimated by considering its in-place net operating income, current market capitalization rate, and mortgage debt outstanding.

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 7 - Derivative and Hedging Activities

Risk Management Objective and Strategies for Using Derivatives

We use derivative instruments, such as interest rate swaps and interest rate caps, primarily to manage exposure to interest rate risks inherent in variable rate debt and refinancings. We may also enter into forward starting swaps or treasury lock agreements to set the effective interest rate on a planned fixed-rate financing. Our interest rate swaps involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for us making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Interest rate caps involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. In a forward starting swap or treasury lock agreement that we cash settle in anticipation of a fixed rate financing or refinancing, we will receive or pay an amount equal to the present value of future cash flow payments based on the difference between the contract rate and market rate on the settlement date.

We do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes and currently do not have any derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments under the accounting requirements for derivatives and hedging.

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As of June 30, 2019, we had the following outstanding derivatives that were designated and are expected to be effective as cash flow hedges of the interest payments and/or the currency exchange rate on the associated debt.

Instrument Type	Ownership		Notional Amount	Swap Rate			Credit Spread on Loan			Total Swapped Rate on Loan			Maturity Date
Consolidated Subsidiaries:
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)	100	%	100,000	2.14	%		1.60	%	(1)	3.74	%	(1)	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)	100	%	100,000	2.14	%		1.60	%	(1)	3.74	%	(1)	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)	100	%	50,000	2.14	%		1.60	%	(1)	3.74	%	(1)	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)	100	%	50,000	2.14	%		1.60	%	(1)	3.74	%	(1)	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (2)	100	%	125,000	3.02	%	(2)	1.60	%	(2)	4.62	%	(2)	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (2)	100	%	75,000	3.02	%	(2)	1.60	%	(2)	4.62	%	(2)	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (2)	100	%	50,000	3.02	%	(2)	1.60	%	(2)	4.62	%	(2)	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (3)	100	%	12,000	2.09	%		1.40	%		3.49	%		March 2024
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures:
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (4)	50.1	%	160,410	1.83	%		1.75	%		3.58	%		December 2021
Receive variable (LIBOR) USD/pay-fixed Korean Won (KRW) cross-currency interest rate swap (5)	34.3	%	52,065 USD / 60,500,000 KRW	1.52	%		1.60	%		3.12	%		September 2020

(1) The hedged forecasted transaction for each of these swaps is the first previously unhedged one month LIBOR-indexed interest payment accrued and made each month on a debt principal amount equal to the swap notional amount, regardless of the specific debt agreement from which they may flow. We are currently using these swaps to manage interest rate risk on the $300 million unsecured term loan. The credit spread on this loan can vary within a range of 1.25% to 1.90%, depending on our total leverage ratio at the measurement date, resulting in an effective rate in the range of 3.39% to 4.04% during the swap period.

(2) The hedged forecasted transaction for each of these swaps is the first previously unhedged one-month LIBOR-indexed interest payment accrued and made each month on a debt principal amount equal to the swap notional amount, regardless of the specific debt agreement from which they may flow beginning with the March 2019 effective date of these swaps. We are currently using these swaps to manage interest rate risk on the $250 million unsecured term loan. The credit spread on this loan can vary within a range of 1.25% to 1.90%, depending on our total leverage ratio at the measurement date, resulting in an effective rate in the range of 4.27% to 4.92% during the swap period.

(3) The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the floating rate loan on the U.S. headquarters building.

(4) The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the floating rate loan on International Plaza.

(5) The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the U.S. dollar construction loan for Starfield Hanam. There is a cross-currency interest rate swap to fix the interest rate on the loan and swap the related principal and interest payments from U.S. dollars to KRW in order to reduce the impact of fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates on the cash flows of the joint venture. The currency swap exchange rate is 1,162.0.

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Cash Flow Hedges

We recognize all changes in fair value for hedging instruments designated and qualifying for cash flow hedge accounting treatment as a component of Other Comprehensive Income (OCI).

Amounts reported in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) related to currently outstanding interest rate derivatives are recognized as an adjustment to income as interest payments are made on our variable-rate debt. Realized gains or losses on settled derivative instruments included in AOCI are recognized as an adjustment to income over the term of the hedged debt transaction. Amounts reported in AOCI related to the cross-currency interest rate swap are recognized as an adjustment to income as transaction gains or losses arising from the remeasurement of foreign currency denominated loans are recognized and as actual interest and principal obligations are repaid.

We expect that approximately $3.7 million of AOCI of TCO and the noncontrolling interests will be reclassified from AOCI and recognized as an increase in expense in the following 12 months.

The following tables present the effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. The tables include the amount of gains or losses on outstanding derivative instruments recognized in OCI in cash flow hedging relationships and the location and amount of gains or losses reclassified from AOCI into income resulting from outstanding derivative instruments.

	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative						Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income
	Three Months Ended June 30							Three Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018				2019			2018
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	$	(8,808	)	$	2,046		Interest Expense	$	(72	)	$	162
Interest rate contracts – UJVs	(1,075		)	494			Equity in Income of UJVs	132			20
Cross-currency interest rate contract – UJV	(73		)	(131		)	Equity in Income of UJVs	363			822
Total derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships	$	(9,956	)	$	2,409			$	423		$	1,004

	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative						Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income
	Six Months Ended June 30							Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018				2019		2018
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	$	(14,524	)	$	7,918		Interest Expense	$	766	$	(301	)
Interest rate contracts – UJVs	(1,700		)	1,866			Equity in Income of UJVs	269		(286		)
Cross-currency interest rate contract – UJV	(43		)	(182		)	Equity in Income of UJVs	811		817
Total derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships	$	(16,267	)	$	9,602			$	1,846	$	230

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We record all derivative instruments at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The following table presents the location and fair value of our derivative financial instruments as reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

		Fair Value
	Consolidated Balance Sheet Location	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Asset derivatives:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	Deferred Charges and Other Assets				$	3,530
Interest rate contract - UJV	Investment in UJVs				1,345
Total assets designated as hedging instruments		$	—		$	4,875
Liability derivatives:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities	$	(16,706	)	$	(5,710	)
Interest rate contract – UJV	Investment in UJVs	(355		)
Cross-currency interest rate contract – UJV	Investment in UJVs	(267		)	(963		)
Total liabilities designated as hedging instruments		$	(17,328	)	$	(6,673	)

Contingent Features

Our outstanding derivatives contain provisions that state if the hedged entity defaults on its indebtedness above a certain threshold, then the derivative obligation could also be declared in default. The cross default thresholds vary for each agreement, ranging from $0.1 million of any indebtedness to $50 million of indebtedness on TRG's indebtedness. As of June 30, 2019, we are not in default on any indebtedness that would trigger a credit-risk-related default on our current outstanding derivatives.

As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the fair value of derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a liability position was $17.3 million and $6.7 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we were not required to post any collateral related to these agreements. If we breached any of these provisions we would be required to settle our obligations under the agreements at their fair value. See Note 5 regarding guarantees and Note 11 for fair value information on derivatives.

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 8 - Share-Based Compensation

General

In May 2018, our shareholders approved The Taubman Company LLC 2018 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (2018 Omnibus Plan). The 2018 Omnibus Plan provides for the award of restricted shares, restricted share units, restricted profits units of TRG (TRG Profits Units), options to purchase common shares, unrestricted shares, and dividend equivalent rights, in each case with or without performance conditions, to acquire up to an aggregate of 2.8 million common shares or TRG Profits Units to directors, officers, employees, and other service providers of TCO and our affiliates. Every share or TRG Profits Unit subject to awards under the 2018 Omnibus Plan shall be counted against this limit as one share or TRG Profits Unit for every one share or TRG Profits Unit granted. The amount of shares or TRG Profits Units available for future grants is adjusted when the number of contingently issuable common shares or units are settled. If an award issued under the 2018 Omnibus Plan is forfeited, expires without being exercised, or is used to pay tax withholding on such award, the shares or TRG Profits Units become available for issuance under new awards. TRG Profits Units are intended to constitute "profits interests" within the meaning of Treasury authority under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. In addition, non-employee directors have the option to defer their compensation under a deferred compensation plan. The 2018 Omnibus Plan allows us to permit or require the deferral of all or a part of an award payment into a deferred compensation arrangement. Prior to the adoption of the 2018 Omnibus Plan, we provided share-based compensation through The Taubman Company LLC 2008 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (2008 Omnibus Plan), as amended, which expired in May 2018. Awards that were issued under the 2008 Omnibus Plan are still outstanding and will be paid out of the 2008 Omnibus Plan upon vesting.

TRG Profits Units

The following types of TRG Profits Units awards were granted to certain senior management employees in prior years: (1) a time-based award with a three year cliff vesting period (Restricted TRG Profits Units); (2) a performance-based award that is based on the achievement of relative total shareholder return (TSR) over a three year period (Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units); and (3) a performance-based award that is based on the achievement of net operating income (NOI) over a three year period (NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units). The maximum number of Relative TSR and NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units are issued at grant, eventually subject to a recovery and cancellation of previously granted amounts depending on actual performance against TSR and NOI measures over the three year performance measurement period. NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units provide for a cap on the maximum number of units vested if absolute TSR is not positive over a three year period. Relative TSR and NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units are generally subject to the same performance measures as the TSR-Based and NOI-Based Performance Share Units (see 2019 Awards - Other Management Employee Grants below). Despite the difference in scaling of the grant programs, the final outcome of the TSR and NOI performance measures will result in similar numbers of either TRG Units or common shares being issued at vesting under the TRG Profits Units program and the Performance Share Unit program, respectively.

Each such award represents a contingent right to receive a TRG Unit upon vesting and the satisfaction of certain tax-driven requirements and, as to the TSR and NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units, the satisfaction of certain performance-based requirements. Until vested, a TRG Profits Unit entitles the holder to only one-tenth of the distributions otherwise payable by TRG on a TRG Unit. Therefore, we account for these TRG Profits Units as participating securities in TRG. A portion of the TRG Profits Units award represents estimated cash distributions that otherwise would have been payable during the vesting period and, upon vesting, there will be an adjustment in actual number of TRG Profits Units realized under each award to reflect TRG's actual cash distributions during the vesting period.

All currently unvested TRG Profits Units will vest by March 2021, if continuous service has been provided, or upon retirement or certain other events (such as death or disability) if earlier. Each holder of a TRG Profits Unit will be treated as a limited partner in TRG from the date of grant. To the extent the vested TRG Profits Units have not achieved the applicable criteria for conversion to TRG Units, vesting and economic equivalence to a TRG Unit prior to the tenth anniversary of the date of grant, the awards will be forfeited pursuant to the terms of the award agreement.

25

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

2019 Awards - Other Management Employee Grants

During 2019 and in prior years, other types of awards granted to management employees include those described below. The awards granted in 2019 vest in March 2022, if continuous service has been provided, or upon retirement or certain other events (such as death or disability) if earlier.

TSR - Based Performance Share Units (TSR PSU) - Each TSR PSU represents the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of common stock ranging from 0-300% of the TSR PSU based on our market performance relative to that of a peer group. The TSR PSU grants include a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period.

NOI - Based Performance Share Units (NOI PSU) - Each NOI PSU represents the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of common stock ranging from 0-300% of the NOI PSU based on our NOI performance, as well as a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period. These awards also provide for a cap on the maximum number of units vested if absolute TSR is not positive over a three year period.

Restricted Share Units (RSU) - Each RSU represents the right to receive upon vesting one share of common stock, as well as a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period.

Expensed and Capitalized Costs

The compensation cost charged to income for our share-based compensation plans was $2.0 million and $4.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. The compensation cost charged to income for our share-based compensation plans was $2.3 million and $4.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. Compensation cost capitalized as part of properties and deferred leasing costs was $0.1 million and 0.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, and $0.2 million and $0.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.

Valuation Methodologies

We estimated the grant-date fair values of share-based grants using the methods as follows. Expected volatility and dividend yields are based on historical volatility and yields of our common stock, respectively, as well as other factors. The risk-free interest rates used are based on the U.S. Treasury yield curves in effect at the grant date. We assume no forfeitures for failure to meet the service requirement of Performance Share Units (PSU) or TRG Profits Units, due to the small number of participants and low turnover rate.

The valuations of all grants utilized our common stock price at the grant date. Common stock prices when used in valuing TRG Profits Units are further adjusted by the present value of expected differences in dividends payable on the common stock versus the distributions payable on the TRG Profits Units over the vesting period. We estimated the value of grants dependent on TSR performance using a Monte Carlo simulation and considering historical returns of TCO and the peer group.

For awards dependent on NOI performance, we consider the NOI measure a performance condition under applicable accounting standards, and as such, have estimated a grant-date fair value for each of its possible outcomes. The compensation cost ultimately will be recognized equal to the grant-date fair value of the award that coincides with the actual outcome of the NOI performance. The weighted average grant-date fair value shown for NOI-dependent awards corresponds with management's current expectation of the probable outcome of the NOI performance measure. The product of the NOI-dependent awards outstanding and the grant-date fair value represents the compensation cost being recognized over the service periods.

The valuations of TRG Profits Units consider the possibility that sufficient share price appreciation will not be realized, such that the conversion to TRG Units will not occur and the awards will be forfeited.

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TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Summaries of Activity for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019

Restricted TRG Profits Units

	Number of Restricted TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	69,285		$	57.93
Units recovered and cancelled (1)	(368	)	59.49
Vested and converted (2)	(46,506	)	59.45
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	22,411		$	54.73

(1) This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted Restricted TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period.

(2) This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

As of June 30, 2019, there was $0.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested Restricted TRG Profits Units outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 1.2 years.

Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units

	Number of relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	148,078		$	25.17
Units recovered and cancelled (1)	(76,489	)	26.42
Vested and converted (2)	(21,169	)	26.30
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	50,420		$	22.81

(1) This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted (300% of target grant amount) Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the performance payout ratio of 22% and the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period. That is, despite the completion of applicable employee service requirements, the number of Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the TSR market performance measure was achieved during the performance period.

(2) This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

As of June 30, 2019, there was $0.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 1.3 years.

NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units

	Number of NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	149,949		$	19.29
Units recovered and cancelled (1)	(68,730	)	17.47
Vested and converted (2)	(30,799	)	18.86
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	50,420		$	18.29

(1) This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted (300% of target grant amount) NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the performance payout ratio of 30% and the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period. That is, despite the completions of applicable employee service requirements, the number of NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the NOI performance measure was achieved during the performance period.

(2) This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

27

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As of June 30, 2019, there was $0.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 1.2 years.

TSR - Based Performance Share Units

	Number of TSR PSU	Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	14,197	$	79.13
Granted	20,936	85.44
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	35,133	$	82.89

As of June 30, 2019, there was $2.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested TSR PSU outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 2.2 years.

NOI - Based Performance Share Units

	Number of NOI PSU	Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	14,197	$	60.59
Granted	20,936	52.41
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	35,133	$	55.71

As of June 30, 2019, there was $1.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested NOI PSU outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 2.2 years.

Restricted Share Units

	Number of RSU		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	184,673		$	63.44
Vested	(63,165	)	66.82
Granted	87,720		52.41
Forfeited	(6,796	)	58.17
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	202,432		$	57.78

As of June 30, 2019, there was $6.6 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested RSU outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 2.0 years.

Unit Option Deferral Election

Under a prior option plan, the 2008 Omnibus Plan, and the 2018 Omnibus Plan, vested unit options can be exercised by tendering mature units with a market value equal to the exercise price of the unit options. In 2002, Robert S. Taubman, our chief executive officer, exercised options for 3.0 million units by tendering 2.1 million mature units and deferring receipt of 0.9 million units under the unit option deferral election. As TRG pays distributions, the deferred option units receive their proportionate share of the distributions in the form of cash payments. Under an amendment executed in January 2011 and subsequent deferral elections (the latest being made in September 2016), beginning in December 2022 (unless Mr. Taubman retires earlier), the deferred options units will be issued as TRG Units in five annual installments. The deferred option units are accounted for as participating securities of TRG.

28

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 9 - Commitments and Contingencies

Cash Tender

At the time of our initial public offering and acquisition of our partnership interest in TRG in 1992, we entered into an agreement (the Cash Tender Agreement) with the Revocable Trust and TRA Partners (now Taubman Ventures Group LLC or TVG), each of whom owned an interest in TRG, whereby each of the Revocable Trust and TVG (and/or any assignee of the Revocable Trust or TVG) has the right to tender to us TRG Units (provided that if the tendering party is tendering less than all of its TRG Units, the aggregate value is at least $50 million) and cause us to purchase the tendered interests at a purchase price based on a market valuation of TCO on the trading date immediately preceding the date of the tender (except as otherwise provided below). TVG is controlled by a majority-in-interest among the Revocable Trust and entities affiliated with the children of A. Alfred Taubman (Robert S. Taubman, William S. Taubman, and Gayle Taubman Kalisman). At the election of the tendering party, TRG Units held by members of A. Alfred Taubman’s family and TRG Units held by entities in which his family members hold interests may be included in such a tender.

We will have the option to pay for these interests from available cash, borrowed funds, or from the proceeds of an offering of common stock. Generally, we expect to finance these purchases through the sale of new shares of our common stock. The tendering partner will bear all market risk if the market price at closing is less than the purchase price and will bear the costs of sale. Any proceeds of the offering in excess of the purchase price will be for our sole benefit. We account for the Cash Tender Agreement as a freestanding written put option. As the option put price is defined by the current market price of our stock at the time of tender, the fair value of the written option defined by the Cash Tender Agreement is considered to be zero.

Based on a market value at June 30, 2019 of $40.83 per share for our common stock, the aggregate value of TRG Units that may be tendered under the Cash Tender Agreement was $1.0 billion. The purchase of these interests at June 30, 2019 would have resulted in us owning an additional 28% interest in TRG.

Continuing Offer

We have made a continuing, irrevocable offer to exchange shares of common stock for TRG Units (the Continuing Offer) to all present holders of TRG Units (other than a certain excluded holder, currently TVG), permitted assignees of all present holders of TRG Units, those future holders of TRG Units as we may, in our sole discretion, agree to include in the Continuing Offer, and all future optionees under the 2018 Omnibus Plan. Under the Continuing Offer agreement, one TRG Unit is exchangeable for one share of common stock. Upon a tender of TRG Units, the corresponding shares of Series B Preferred Stock, if any, will automatically be converted into common stock at a ratio of 14,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for one share of common stock.

Insurance

We carry liability insurance to mitigate our exposure to certain losses, including those relating to personal injury claims. We believe our insurance policy terms and conditions and limits are appropriate and adequate given the relative risk of loss and industry practice. However, there are certain types of losses, such as punitive damage awards, which may not be covered by insurance, and not all potential losses are insured against.

29

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Hurricane Maria and The Mall of San Juan

The Mall of San Juan incurred significant damage from Hurricane Maria in 2017. We have substantial insurance to cover hurricane and flood damage, as well as business and service interruption. The business interruption coverage commences at time of loss and continues for one year after the damage is fully repaired. Our hurricane coverage includes a single deductible of $2 million and policy limits of $900 million, all subject to various terms and conditions. However, insurance proceeds have been lagging and were not received in the same period the losses were incurred. In June 2019, we reached a final settlement with our insurer and received final payment related to our claims.

The following table presents a summary of the insurance proceeds received relating to our claim for The Mall of San Juan for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018:

Proceeds Description	Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) Location	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
		2019				2018		2019				2018
Business interruption insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	$	4,531					$	8,574
Revenue reduction related to business interruption (1)	Reduction of Rental Revenues	(1,202		)				(1,202		)
Expense reimbursement insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	182				$	360	185				$	1,030
Reimbursement for capital items damaged in hurricane in 2017	Reversal of previously recognized Depreciation Expense	2,000			(2)	981		2,000			(2)	4,866
Gain on insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	1,418						1,418

(1) Represents amounts recognized in prior periods that were credited back to tenants in the current period upon receipt of business interruption claim proceeds.

(2) Represents reduction of depreciation expense recorded in June 2019 for proceeds received in final settlement of insurance claim, which offset the original deductible expensed in 2017.

On October 17, 2017, Plaza Internacional Puerto Rico LLC (Plaza Internacional), the owner of The Mall of San Juan (the Mall), filed a civil action in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Court of First Instance, San Juan Judicial Center, Superior Court, Civil No. SJ2017CV02094 (503), against Saks Fifth Avenue Puerto Rico, Inc. (Saks PR), and Saks Incorporated (Saks Inc.). The lawsuit asks the court to compel Saks PR and Saks Inc. to immediately remediate and repair the Saks Fifth Avenue store (the Store) that was damaged by Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017, to reopen the Store on the completion of the reconstruction, and to operate the Store in accordance with the Operating Covenant contained in the Construction, Operation and Reciprocal Easement Agreement among Plaza Internacional, Saks PR, and Nordstrom Puerto Rico LLC (Nordstrom PR) made as of April 23, 2013 (the REA). In response, Saks PR and Saks Inc. filed a Counterclaim, alleging that they have no obligation to repair, remediate, reconstruct, or reopen the Store, asserting various alleged breaches of the REA and other operating agreements. Plaza Internacional filed a motion for a preliminary injunction directing Saks PR to repair, reopen, and operate the Store, but, on March 28, 2018, the Court of First Instance denied Plaza Internacional’s motion, and, on September 12, 2018, the Court of Appeals of Puerto Rico affirmed that ruling, each without prejudging the merits of the substantive claims. Should Saks PR prevail in the action, Nordstrom PR and other Mall tenants may then have the right to terminate their own operating covenants or leases. Plaza Internacional is vigorously prosecuting its claims and defending the Counterclaim. The outcome of the action cannot be predicted, and, at this time, we are unable to estimate the amount of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome. An unfavorable outcome may have a material and adverse effect on our business and our results of operations.

Other

See Note 5 for TRG's guarantees of certain notes payable, including guarantees relating to Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, Note 6 for contingent features relating to certain joint venture agreements, Note 7 for contingent features relating to derivative instruments, and Note 8 for obligations under existing share-based compensation plans.

30

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 10 - Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share amounts are based on the weighted average of common shares outstanding for the respective periods. Diluted earnings per common share amounts are based on the weighted average of common shares outstanding plus the dilutive effect of potential common stock. Potential common stock includes outstanding TRG Units exchangeable for common shares under the Continuing Offer (Note 9), TSR PSU, NOI PSU, Restricted and Performance-based TRG Profits Units, RSU, deferred shares under the Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan, and unissued TRG Units under a unit option deferral election (Note 8). In computing the potentially dilutive effect of potential common stock, TRG Units are assumed to be exchanged for common shares under the Continuing Offer, increasing the weighted average number of shares outstanding. The potentially dilutive effects of TRG Units outstanding and/or issuable under the unit option deferral elections are calculated using the if-converted method, while the effects of other potential common stock are calculated using the treasury method. Contingently issuable shares are included in diluted earnings per common share based on the number of shares, if any, which would be issuable if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period. 

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders (Numerator):
Basic	$	6,259	$	15,307	$	21,356	$	33,897
Impact of additional ownership of TRG	7		17		28		46
Diluted	$	6,266	$	15,324	$	21,384	$	33,943
Shares (Denominator) – basic	61,171,614		60,992,200		61,147,947		60,954,924
Effect of dilutive securities	168,311		240,333		206,481		264,738
Shares (Denominator) – diluted	61,339,925		61,232,533		61,354,428		61,219,662
Earnings per common share – basic	$	0.10	$	0.25	$	0.35	$	0.56
Earnings per common share – diluted	$	0.10	$	0.25	$	0.35	$	0.55

The calculation of diluted earnings per common share in certain periods excluded certain potential common stock including outstanding TRG Units and unissued TRG Units under a unit option deferral election, both of which may be exchanged for common shares of TCO under the Continuing Offer. The table below presents the potential common stock excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per common share as they were anti-dilutive in the period presented.

	Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30
	2019	2018	2019	2018
Weighted average noncontrolling TRG Units outstanding	6,040,239	4,141,848	5,094,653	4,143,548
Unissued TRG Units under unit option deferral elections	871,262	871,262	871,262	871,262

31

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 11 - Fair Value Disclosures

This note contains required fair value disclosures for assets and liabilities remeasured at fair value on a recurring basis and financial instruments carried at other than fair value, as well as assumptions employed in deriving these fair values.

Recurring Valuations

Derivative Instruments

The fair value of interest rate hedging instruments is the amount that we would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The valuations of our derivative instruments are determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative, and therefore fall into Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The valuations reflect the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and use observable market-based inputs, including forward curves. The fair values of interest rate hedging instruments also incorporate credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty's nonperformance risk.

Other

The valuations of both our investments in an insurance deposit and in SPG common shares utilize unadjusted quoted prices determined by active markets for the specific securities we have invested in, and therefore fall into Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. We measured our investment in SPG common shares at fair value with changes in value recorded through net income. We owned zero and 290,124 SPG common shares as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. In January 2019, we sold our remaining investment in 290,124 SPG common shares at an average price of $179.52 per share. Proceeds from the sale were used to pay down our revolving lines of credit.

For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, quantitative disclosure of the fair value for each major category of assets and liabilities is presented below:

	Fair Value Measurements as of June 30, 2019 Using					Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2018 Using
Description	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
SPG common shares						$	48,738
Insurance deposit	$	11,118				10,121
Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 7)								$	3,530
Total assets	$	11,118	$	—		$	58,859	$	3,530
Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 7)			$	(16,706	)			$	(5,710	)
Total liabilities			$	(16,706	)			$	(5,710	)

The insurance deposit shown above represents cash maintained in an escrow account in connection with a property and casualty insurance arrangement for our shopping centers, and is classified within Deferred Charges and Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Corresponding deferred revenue relating to amounts billed to tenants for this arrangement has been classified within Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

32

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Values

Notes Payable

The fair value of notes payable is estimated using cash flows discounted at current market rates and therefore falls into Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. When selecting discount rates for purposes of estimating the fair value of notes payable at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we employed the credit spreads at which the debt was originally issued.

The estimated fair values of notes payable at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were as follows:

	2019				2018
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Notes payable, net	$	3,812,538	$	3,844,576	$	3,830,195	$	3,755,757

The fair values of the notes payable are dependent on the interest rates used in estimating the values. An overall 1% increase in interest rates employed in making these estimates would have decreased the fair values of the debt shown above at June 30, 2019 by $138.4 million or 3.6%.

Cash Equivalents and Notes Receivable

The fair value of cash equivalents and notes receivable approximates their carrying value due to their short maturity. The fair value of cash equivalents is derived from quoted market prices and therefore falls into Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of notes receivable is estimated using cash flows discounted at current market rates and therefore falls into Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

See Note 7 regarding additional information on derivatives.

Note 12 - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Changes in the balance of each component of AOCI for the six months ended June 30, 2019 were as follows:

	TCO AOCI									Noncontrolling Interests AOCI
	Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other			Total			Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other			Total
January 1, 2019	$	(16,128	)	$	(9,248	)	$	(25,376	)	$	(6,569	)	$	8,363		$	1,794
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(7,341		)	(10,072		)	(17,413		)	(3,170		)	(4,349		)	(7,519		)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI				(1,289		)	(1,289		)				(557		)	(557		)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(7,341	)	$	(11,361	)	$	(18,702	)	$	(3,170	)	$	(4,906	)	$	(8,076	)
Adjustments due to changes in ownership	275			(351		)	(76		)	(275		)	351			76
June 30, 2019	$	(23,194	)	$	(20,960	)	$	(44,154	)	$	(10,014	)	$	3,808		$	(6,206	)

33

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Changes in the balance of each component of AOCI for the six months ended June 30, 2018 were as follows:

	TCO AOCI									Noncontrolling Interests AOCI
	Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other			Total			Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other			Total
January 1, 2018	$	384		$	(7,303	)	$	(6,919	)	$	159		$	9,220		$	9,379
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(4,859		)	6,978			2,119			(1,988		)	2,854			866
Amounts reclassified from AOCI				(164		)	(164		)				(66		)	(66		)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(4,859	)	$	6,814		$	1,955		$	(1,988	)	$	2,788		$	800
Adjustment related to SPG common shares investment for adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 (1)				(678		)	(678		)				(277		)	(277		)
Adjustments due to changes in ownership	1			19			20			(1		)	(19		)	(20		)
June 30, 2018	$	(4,474	)	$	(1,148	)	$	(5,622	)	$	(1,830	)	$	11,712		$	9,882

(1) On January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-01, "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities". Upon adoption, we applied the modified-retrospective approach and recorded a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to reclassify $1.0 million of historical unrealized gains on the fair value adjustments of our investment in SPG common shares as of December 31, 2017 from AOCI to Dividends in Excess of Net Income on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the six months ended June 30, 2019:

Details about AOCI Components	Amounts reclassified from AOCI			Affected line item on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Gains on interest rate instruments and other:
Realized gain on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries	$	(766	)	Interest Expense
Realized gain on interest rate contracts - UJVs	(269		)	Equity in Income of UJVs
Realized gain on cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV	(811		)	Equity in Income of UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(1,846	)

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the six months ended June 30, 2018:

Details about AOCI Components	Amounts reclassified from AOCI			Affected line item on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Losses (gain) on interest rate instruments and other:
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries	$	301		Interest Expense
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - UJVs	286			Equity in Income of UJVs
Realized gain on cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV	(817		)	Equity in Income of UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(230	)

34

TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 13 - Cash Flow Disclosures and Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities

Interest paid for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, net of amounts capitalized of $4.4 million and $7.2 million, respectively, was $72.2 million and $58.9 million, respectively. Income taxes paid for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were $0.8 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Cash paid for operating leases for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $7.2 million. Other non-cash additions to properties during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were $89.8 million and $81.3 million, respectively, and primarily represent accrued construction and tenant allowance costs. In connection with the adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", we recorded $178.1 million of operating lease right-of-use assets as of January 1, 2019, which were classified as non-cash investing activities (Note 1). We issued 1.5 million TRG Units as partial consideration for the acquisition of The Gardens Mall, which were valued at $79.3 million as of the acquisition date.

Reconciliation of Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheet that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	42,749	$	48,372
Restricted cash	30,962		94,557
Total Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash shown on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows	$	73,711	$	142,929

Restricted Cash

We are required to escrow cash balances for specific uses stipulated by certain of our lenders and other various agreements. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, our cash balances restricted for these uses were $31.0 million and $94.6 million, respectively. Our Restricted Cash as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, included $29.4 million and $92.5 million, respectively, of cash held as collateral for financing arrangements related to our Asia investments, which is being held in a foreign account. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, the cash held as collateral decreased as a result of pay downs of the related financing arrangement. During the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, the restricted cash balances related to the Asia investments increased by $0.4 million and $0.5 million as a result of exchange rate fluctuations.

Note 14 - New Accounting Pronouncement

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses", which introduces new guidance for an approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments. It also modifies the impairment model for equity securities and provides for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. Instruments in scope include loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, and net investments in leases as well as reinsurance and trade receivables. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, "Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses", which clarifies that operating lease receivables are outside the scope of the new standard. ASU No. 2016-13 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. We are currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

35

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains various "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements represent our expectations or beliefs concerning future events and performance. Actual results may differ materially from those expected because of various risks and uncertainties. The forward-looking statements included in this report are made as of the date hereof or the date specified herein. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future. Other risks and uncertainties are detailed from time to time in reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and in particular those set forth under "Risk Factors" in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Taubman Centers, Inc. and the notes thereto.

General Background and Performance Measurement

Taubman Centers, Inc. (TCO) is a Michigan corporation that operates as a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (REIT). The Taubman Realty Group Limited Partnership (TRG) is a majority-owned partnership subsidiary of TCO that owns direct or indirect interests in all of our real estate properties. In this report, the terms "we", "us", and "our" refer to TCO, TRG, and/or TRG's subsidiaries as the context may require. We own, manage, lease, acquire, dispose of, develop, and expand retail shopping centers and interests therein. The Consolidated Businesses consist of shopping centers and entities that are controlled by ownership or contractual agreements, The Taubman Company LLC (Manager), and Taubman Properties Asia LLC and its subsidiaries and affiliates (Taubman Asia). Shopping centers owned through joint ventures that are not controlled by us but over which we have significant influence (Unconsolidated Joint Ventures) are accounted for under the equity method.

References in this discussion to "beneficial interest" refer to our ownership or pro rata share of the item being discussed. Investors are cautioned that deriving our beneficial interest as our ownership interest in individual financial statement items may not accurately depict the legal and economic implications of holding a noncontrolling interest in an investee.

The comparability of information used in measuring performance is affected by the acquisition of a 48.5% interest in The Gardens Mall in April 2019 (see "Results of Operations - The Gardens Mall Acquisition"), the redevelopment agreement for Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield in May 2018 (see "Results of Operations - Redevelopment Agreement for Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield"), and the redevelopment of Beverly Center beginning in 2016. Additional "comparable center" statistics that exclude the centers noted above are provided to present the performance of comparable centers. Comparable centers are generally defined as centers that were owned and open for the entire current and preceding period presented, excluding centers impacted by significant redevelopment activity. Comparable center statistics for 2018 have been restated to include comparable centers to 2019. This affects the comparability of our operating results period over period. Additionally, The Mall of San Juan has been excluded from "comparable center" statistics as a result of Hurricane Maria, which occurred in 2017, given that the center's performance has been and is expected to continue to be materially impacted for the foreseeable future (see "Results of Operations - Hurricane Maria and The Mall of San Juan").

36

Current Operating Trends

The U.S. shopping center industry has been challenged in recent years and is currently facing choppiness as it continues to evolve rapidly alongside retail. Across the industry, department store sales have weakened and their ability to drive traffic has substantially decreased, resulting in increased store closures, with mature mall tenants and anchors rationalizing square footage and being highly selective in opening new stores. There has been some stabilization of the retail landscape recently, however, the retail headwinds still have the potential to be prolonged and ultimately may still result in many centers incurring lost or reduced rent, paying higher tenant allowances, and/or experiencing unexpected terminations. Over time, we have seen the emergence of a new tenant pool offering additional entertainment and coworking alternatives within the mall, as well as investment in brick-and-mortar locations by digitally native tenants. Where appropriate, we are making decisions as we re-tenant space to use some shorter leases in order to maintain occupancy, merchandising, and preserve cash flow when necessary and possible; this activity can have a material impact on our releasing spread for an applicable period.

In this context, we have been repositioning our company for a number of years. Our most recent new developments, including those in Asia, have provided growth and are contributing positively to our portfolio. Over time, we believe high-quality mall portfolios such as ours will continue to gain market share of tenant sales and rents and maintain a selection of high quality tenants in our shopping centers.

Tenant Sales and Occupancy Costs

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, 1.7% of our tenants sought the protection of the bankruptcy laws, as compared to 1.6% of our tenants for the year ended December 31, 2018 and although our occupancy and lease space statistics remain solid, lease cancellation revenue for 2019 is expected to remain at levels above our five year average.

Our comparable mall tenants reported an 8.8% increase in mall tenant sales per square foot in the second quarter of 2019 from the same period in 2018. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, our comparable mall tenant sales per square foot increased 13.7% from the comparable period in 2018. For the trailing 12-month period ended June 30, 2019, comparable mall tenant sales per square foot were $848, a 10.8% increase from $765 for the trailing 12-month period ended June 30, 2018. Although our mall tenant sales continue to be strong, the strong sales performance is not widespread amongst our tenant base and has been materially impacted by the sales performance of certain individual tenants.

Over the long term, the level of mall tenant sales remains the single most important determinant of revenues of the shopping centers because mall tenants provide approximately 90% of these revenues and mall tenant sales determine the amount of rent, overage rent, and recoverable expenses, excluding utilities (together, total occupancy costs) that mall tenants can afford to pay. However, levels of mall tenant sales can be considerably more volatile in the short run than total occupancy costs, and may be impacted significantly, either positively or negatively, by the success or lack of success of a small number of tenants or even a single tenant.

We believe that because most mall tenants sell goods at profitable margins and have certain fixed operating expenses, the occupancy costs that they can afford to pay and still be profitable are higher as sales per square foot increases.

Mall tenant sales directly impact the amount of overage rents certain tenants and certain anchors pay. The effects of increases or declines in mall tenant sales on our operations are moderated by the relatively minor share of total rents that overage rents represent. Overage rent is very difficult to predict as it is highly dependent upon the sales performance of specific mall tenants in specific centers, and is typically paid by a small number of our tenants in any given period.

In negotiating lease renewals, we generally intend to maximize the minimum rents we achieve. As a result, a tenant will generally pay a higher amount of minimum rent and an initially lower amount of overage rent upon renewal.

While mall tenant sales are critical over the long term, the high-quality mall business has generally been a very stable business model with its diversity of income from thousands of tenants, its staggered lease maturities, and high proportion of fixed rent. However, a sustained trend in mall tenant sales does impact, either negatively or positively, our ability to lease vacancies and sign lease renewals, negotiate rents at advantageous rates, and collect amounts contractually due.

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Mall tenant occupancy costs (Rental Revenues and Overage Rents excluding lease cancellation income and uncollectible tenant revenues) as a percentage of sales in our Consolidated Businesses and Unconsolidated Joint Ventures are as follows:

	Trailing 12-Months Ended June 30 (1)
	2019		2018
Consolidated Businesses	13.5	%	15.1	%
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	12.6	%	13.1	%
Combined	13.0	%	14.0	%

(1) Based on reports of sales furnished by mall tenants of all centers reported during that period.

Occupancy and Leased Space

Mall tenant ending occupancy and leased space statistics as of June 30, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

	2019 (1)		2018 (1)
Ending occupancy - all centers	92.0	%	92.3	%
Ending occupancy - comparable centers	92.2		92.6
Leased space - all centers	94.7		94.8
Leased space - comparable centers	95.1		95.1

(1) Occupancy and leased space statistics include temporary in-line tenants (TILs) and anchor spaces at value and outlet centers (Dolphin Mall and Great Lakes Crossing Outlets).

The difference between leased space and occupancy is that leased space includes spaces where leases have been signed but the tenants are not yet open. The occupancy statistic represents those spaces upon which we are currently collecting rent from mall tenants. The spread between comparable center leased space and occupied space, at 2.9% this quarter, is consistent with our history of 1% to 3% in the second quarter.

As leases have expired in the centers, we have generally been able to rent the available space, either to the existing tenant or a new tenant, at rental rates that are higher than those of the expired leases. Generally, center revenues have increased as older leases rolled over or were terminated early and replaced with new leases negotiated at current rental rates that were usually higher than the average rates for existing leases. In periods of increasing sales, rents on new leases will generally tend to rise. In periods of slower growth or declining sales, rents on new leases will generally grow more slowly or will decline, respectively, or we may execute shorter lease terms, as tenants' expectations of future growth become less optimistic.

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Average and Base Rent Per Square Foot

Average and base rent per square foot statistics are computed using contractual rentals per the tenant lease agreements (excluding lease cancellation income, expense recoveries, and uncollectible tenant revenues), which reflect any lease modifications, including those for rental concessions. Rental information for comparable centers in our Consolidated Businesses and Unconsolidated Joint Ventures follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Average rent per square foot: (1)
Consolidated Businesses	$	71.75	$	72.98	$	71.31	$	72.33
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	47.72		46.13		47.30		46.24
Combined	56.79		55.64		56.31		55.47

(1) Statistics exclude non-comparable centers.

	Trailing 12-Months Ended June 30 (1) (2)
	2019			2018
Opening base rent per square foot:
Consolidated Businesses	$	60.83		$	75.62
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	46.73			48.36
Combined	53.97			60.89
Square feet of GLA opened:
Consolidated Businesses	635,542			441,713
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	602,015			519,509
Combined	1,237,557			961,222
Closing base rent per square foot:
Consolidated Businesses	$	58.76		$	69.37
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	46.98			46.88
Combined	52.25			57.03
Square feet of GLA closed:
Consolidated Businesses	535,207			449,307
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	660,816			546,279
Combined	1,196,023			995,586
Releasing spread per square foot:
Consolidated Businesses	$	2.07		$	6.25
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	(0.25		)	1.48
Combined	1.72			3.86
Releasing spread per square foot growth:
Consolidated Businesses	3.5		%	9.0		%
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	(0.5		)%	3.2		%
Combined	3.3		%	6.8		%

(1) Statistics exclude non-comparable centers.

(2) Opening and closing statistics exclude spaces greater than or equal to 10,000 square feet.

(2) Opening and closing statistics exclude spaces gr

The spread between rents on openings and closings may not be indicative of future periods, as this statistic is not computed on comparable tenant spaces, and can vary significantly from period to period depending on the total amount, location, duration of the lease, and average size of tenant space opening and closing in the period. Broadly, the lower releasing spread reflects the recently decelerating environment for retail, as demonstrated by lower rent growth.

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Results of Operations

In addition to the results and trends in our operations discussed in the preceding sections, the following sections discuss certain transactions or events that affected operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, or are expected to affect operations in the future.

The Gardens Mall Acquisition

In April 2019, we acquired a 48.5% interest in The Gardens Mall in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida in exchange for 1.5 million newly issued units of limited partnership in TRG (TRG Units). We also assumed our $94.6 million share of the existing debt at the center, which bears interest at 6.8% and matures in July 2025. The debt assumed has been adjusted for our beneficial share of $27.6 million of purchase accounting adjustments, which has the effect of reducing the stated rate on the debt of 6.8% to an average effective rate of 4.2% over the remaining term of the loan. The Forbes Company, our partner in The Mall at Millenia and Waterside Shops, also owns a 48.5% interest and manages and leases the center. Our ownership interest in the center is accounted for as an Unconsolidated Joint Venture under the equity method.

Simon Property Group (SPG) Common Shares Investment

In September 2018 and October 2018, we sold 150,000 SPG common shares in each month at an average price of $184.19 per share and $180.54 per share, respectively. In January 2019, all of our remaining 290,124 SPG common shares were sold at an average price of $179.52 per share. Proceeds from each sale were used to pay down our revolving lines of credit.

Hurricane Maria and The Mall of San Juan

The Mall of San Juan incurred significant damage from Hurricane Maria in 2017. We have substantial insurance to cover hurricane and flood damage, as well as business and service interruption. The business interruption coverage commences at time of loss and continues for one year after the damage is fully repaired. Our hurricane coverage includes a single deductible of $2 million and policy limits of $900 million, all subject to various terms and conditions. However, insurance proceeds have been lagging and were not received in the same period the losses were incurred. In June 2019, we reached a final settlement with our insurer and received final payment related to our claims.

The following table presents a summary of the insurance proceeds received relating to our claim for The Mall of San Juan for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018:

Proceeds Description	Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) Location	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
		2019				2018		2019				2018
Business interruption insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	$	4,531					$	8,574
Revenue reduction related to business interruption (1)	Reduction of Rental Revenues	(1,202		)				(1,202		)
Expense reimbursement insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	182				$	360	185				$	1,030
Reimbursement for capital items damaged in hurricane in 2017	Reversal of previously recognized Depreciation Expense	2,000			(2)	981		2,000			(2)	4,866
Gain on insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	1,418						1,418

(1) Represents amounts recognized in prior periods that were credited back to tenants in the current period upon receipt of business interruption claim proceeds.

(2) Represents reduction of depreciation expense recorded in June 2019 for proceeds received in final settlement of insurance claim, which offset the original deductible expensed in 2017.

See "Note 9 - Commitments and Contingencies - Hurricane Maria and The Mall of San Juan" to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our ongoing litigation with Saks Fifth Avenue Puerto Rico, Inc. and Saks Incorporated to compel them to immediately remediate and repair the Saks Fifth Avenue store.

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Taubman Asia

In February 2019, we announced agreements to sell 50% of our interests in Starfield Hanam, CityOn.Xi’an, and CityOn.Zhengzhou to funds managed by The Blackstone Group L.P. (Blackstone). Following the transactions (Blackstone Transactions), which are subject to customary closing conditions and are expected to close throughout 2019, we will retain a 17.15% ownership interest in Starfield Hanam, a 25% ownership interest in CityOn.Xi'an, and a 24.5% ownership interest in CityOn.Zhengzhou. We will remain the partner responsible for the joint management of the three shopping centers, with Blackstone paying a property service fee. The interests to be sold were valued at $480 million as of the sale agreement date, with net cash proceeds expected to be about $315 million, after transaction costs and the allocation to Blackstone of its share of third-party debt. Also, we may receive up to an additional $50 million of consideration based on the 2019 performance of the three assets.

Also, we have invested in a development project, Starfield Anseong, in South Korea for which we have formed a joint venture with Shinsegae Group (Shinsegae), one of South Korea's largest retailers, who is also our joint venture partner in Starfield Hanam. (See "Liquidity and Capital Resources - Capital Spending - New Development").

Debt Transactions

In March 2019, we entered into a new financing arrangement for CityOn.Xi'an. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources - Other Financing Arrangements for China Projects" for further details related to this financing.

In November 2018, we exercised the first of our two, one year extension options to extend The Mall at Green Hills loan maturity date to December 2019.

In August 2018, we completed a three year, $250 million financing for International Market Place. The payments on the loan, which bears interest at LIBOR plus 2.15%, are interest only for the initial three year term. The interest rate may be reduced to LIBOR plus 1.85% upon the achievement of certain performance measures. There are two, one year extension options. TRG has provided an unconditional guarantee of the loan balance during the term of the loan. Proceeds from the financing were used to pay off the previous construction facility, which had a balance of $250.0 million after we made a repayment on the facility of $43.8 million in July 2018.

In April 2018, we refinanced our loan at Fair Oaks Mall, a 50% owned Unconsolidated Joint Venture. The joint venture's new loan is a $260 million, five year, non-recourse loan. The payments on the loan, which bears interest at a fixed rate of 5.32%, began in June 2018 and are amortizing principal based on 30 years. Proceeds were used to pay off the previous $259 million loan.

In March 2018, we completed a $250 million unsecured term loan that matures in March 2023 (see "Liquidity and Capital Resources - Term Loans").

Also in March 2018, proceeds from both the $250 million unsecured term loan and the Twelve Oaks Mall loan (see below) were used to pay off our existing $475 million unsecured term loan.

In February 2018, we completed a 10 year, $300 million non-recourse financing for Twelve Oaks Mall. The payments on the loan, which bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.85%, began in April 2018 and are amortizing principal based on 30 years. As a result of this financing, Twelve Oaks Mall was removed as a guarantor under the primary unsecured revolving line of credit and the unsecured term loans.

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Interest Expense

For several years our interest expense has been impacted in large part by our sizeable development and redevelopment pipelines, the associated borrowings and spending, and the mechanics of capitalized interest. In addition, the LIBOR rate has risen compared to the prior year, which impacts our beneficial interest in debt that floats month to month (about 23% and 20% of our beneficial interest in debt as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively) and has a greater impact due to the spending for our development and redevelopment projects previously noted. In addition, effective from March 2019 through maturity, the LIBOR rate is fixed to 3.02% on our $250 million unsecured term loan, which results in an effective interest rate in the range of 4.27% to 4.92%. This loan was previously swapped through February 2019 to an effective interest rate of 2.89% to 3.54%. Also, the LIBOR rate on $225 million of our $1.1 billion unsecured facility now floats at the current LIBOR rate as the previously existing 1.65% swap matured in February 2019.

Our interest expense has been materially impacted by the capitalization of interest on the costs of our U.S. and Asia development and redevelopment projects. We have experienced, and will continue to experience, an increase in interest expense primarily due to the opening of four ground-up development and redevelopment projects, as well as increased capital costs at our stabilized centers (see "Liquidity and Capital Resources - Planned 2019 Capital Spending"). We capitalize interest on our consolidated project costs and our equity contributions to Unconsolidated Joint Ventures under development using our average consolidated borrowing rate, which does not reflect the specific source of funds for the costs and is generally greater than our incremental borrowing rate. As these projects were completed, interest capitalization generally ended and we began recognizing interest expense.

Redevelopment Agreement for Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield

In May 2018, we entered into a redevelopment agreement for Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield. On May 1, 2018, all operations at the center, as well as the building and improvements, were transferred to The Staenberg Group (TSG). TSG leases the land from us through a long-term, participating ground lease and we receive ground lease payments and a share of the property’s revenues above a specified level. TSG is planning a significant redevelopment of the property, which will transform it into a unique entertainment, shopping and dining destination. We have no future capital obligation related to the redevelopment of the property. Both we and TSG have the ability to terminate the ground lease in the event that the redevelopment has not begun within five years, with the buildings and improvements reverting to us upon termination. Taubman Prestige Outlet Chesterfield's historic contribution to our results of operations has been immaterial. We will defer recognition of a sale of the building and improvements and maintain the property on our Consolidated Balance Sheet until the foregoing termination right is no longer available to the parties, with this right ceasing upon TSG commencing the redevelopment.

Adoption of ASC Topic 842 ("Leases")

Upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", on January 1, 2019, minimum rents and expense recoveries are now presented within a single revenue line item, Rental Revenues; the presentation of lease cancellation income has changed from Other revenue to Rental Revenues; the presentation of uncollectible tenant revenues has changed from Other Operating expense to Rental Revenues as a contra-revenue; and Other Operating expense includes certain indirect leasing costs, which were capitalizable under the previous lease accounting standard. Comparative periods presented were not adjusted to reflect the change in accounting, which results in variances between the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, as further described in the sections below.

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Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 to the Three Months Ended June 30, 2018

The following is a comparison of our results for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, as disclosed in our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Total revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2019 were $161.6 million, a $8.8 million or 5.8% increase from the comparable period in 2018. The following impacted total revenues:

• increases in occupancy, recoverable common area maintenance, and lease cancellation income;

• improved performance at Beverly Center as disruption related to the redevelopment has abated;

• these increases were partially offset by the decrease resulting from uncollectible tenant revenues now being recorded as contra-revenue in 2019 upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases"; and

• these increases were also partially offset by revenue recognized at The Mall of San Juan in prior periods that were credited back to tenants in the current period upon receipt of business interruption claim proceeds.

Total expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2019 were $163.8 million, a $14.8 million or 9.9% increase from the comparable period in 2018. The following impacted total expenses:

• the increase in maintenance, taxes, utilities, and promotion expense was primarily attributable to increases in common area maintenance and property tax expenses;

• an increase in costs associated with shareholder activism, primarily attributable to a reimbursement of a portion of the billed fees and expenses incurred by Land & Buildings Capital Growth Fund, LP (Land & Buildings) and its affiliated funds in connection with Land & Buildings' activist involvement with TCO and the service on our Board of Directors of its founder and Chief Investment Officer, Jonathan Litt, which reimbursement represents a related party transaction;

• the increase in interest expense was attributable to an increase in rates and reduced capitalization of interest on developments and redevelopments; and

• the increase in depreciation expense was primarily attributable to new assets being placed into service at Beverly Center and The Mall at Short Hills in connection with our redevelopment projects at the centers. These increases were partially offset by a decrease related to insurance proceeds received in 2019 for previously expensed costs at The Mall of San Juan.

Nonoperating income, net decreased primarily due to the fluctuation in the fair value of equity securities in 2018 and reduced dividend income from our SPG common shares investment as the shares were sold in late 2018 and early 2019. These decreases were partially offset by the receipt of business interruption proceeds and a gain on insurance proceeds for The Mall of San Juan.

Income tax expense increased primarily due to income tax expense incurred in 2019 related to the pending Blackstone transactions (see "Note 3 - Income Taxes" to our consolidated financial statements for more information).

Net Income

Net income was $16.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $30.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018. After allocation of income to noncontrolling, preferred, and participating interests, the net income attributable to TCO common shareholders for the three months ended June 30, 2019 was $6.3 million compared to $15.3 million in the comparable period in 2018. Diluted earnings per common share was $0.10 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $0.25 for the three months ended June 30, 2018.

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Funds from Operations (FFO) and FFO per Common Share

Our FFO attributable to partnership unitholders and participating securities of TRG was $68.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $80.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018. FFO per diluted common share was $0.78 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and $0.92 per diluted common share for the three months ended June 30, 2018. Adjusted FFO attributable to partnership unitholders and participating securities of TRG for the three months ended June 30, 2019 was $82.9 million, and excluded a restructuring charge, costs incurred related to the pending Blackstone transactions, and costs incurred associated with shareholder activism. Adjusted FFO attributable to partnership unitholders and participating securities of TRG for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was $75.9 million, and excluded a reduction of a previously expensed restructuring charge, costs incurred associated with shareholder activism, and the fluctuation in the fair value of equity securities. Adjusted FFO per diluted common share was $0.94 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and $0.87 per diluted common share for the three months ended June 30, 2018. See "Non-GAAP Measures - Use of Non-GAAP Measures" for the definition of FFO and "Non-GAAP Measures - Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures" for the reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to TCO Common Shareholders to Funds from Operations and Adjusted Funds from Operations.

Comparable and Non-Comparable Center Operations

During the three months ended June 30, 2019, the consolidated non-comparable centers contributed total operating revenues of $23.6 million, and incurred operating expenses, excluding interest expense and depreciation and amortization, of $11.3 million. During the three months ended June 30, 2018, the consolidated non-comparable centers contributed total operating revenues of $21.1 million, and incurred operating expenses, excluding interest expense and depreciation and amortization, of $11.4 million.

See "Non-GAAP Measures - Use of Non-GAAP Measures" for the definition and discussion of Net Operating Income (NOI) and for the reconciliation of Net Income to NOI. For the three months ended June 30, 2019, comparable center NOI excluding lease cancellation income was up 0.3% over the comparable period in 2018. Using constant currency exchange rates, for the three months ended June 30, 2019, comparable center NOI excluding lease cancellation income was up 1.4% over the comparable period in 2018. Also, for the three months ended June 30, 2019, comparable center NOI including lease cancellation income was up 2.4% from the comparable period in 2018.

For the three months ended June 30, 2019, we recognized our $5.9 million share of lease cancellation income, as compared to $1.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018.

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Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 to the Six Months Ended June 30, 2018

The following is a comparison of our results for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, as disclosed in our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Total revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2019 were $321.8 million, a $7.6 million or 2.4% increase from the comparable period in 2018. The following impacted total revenues:

• increases in occupancy, recoverable common area maintenance, and property taxes;

• improved performance at Beverly Center as disruption related to the redevelopment has abated;

• these increases were partially offset by a decrease in lease cancellation income and a decrease resulting from uncollectible tenant revenues now being recorded as contra-revenue in 2019 upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases"; and

• these increases were also partially offset by revenue recognized at The Mall of San Juan in prior periods that were credited back to tenants in the current period upon receipt of business interruption claim proceeds.

Total expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2019 were $317.1 million, a $28.9 million or 10.0% increase from the comparable period in 2018. The following impacted total expenses:

• the increase in maintenance, taxes, utilities, and promotion expense was primarily attributable to increases in property tax and common area maintenance expenses;

• the decrease in other operating expense was primarily due to bad debt expense now being recorded as contra-revenue within Rental Revenues in 2019 upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases". This decrease was partially offset by additional indirect leasing costs in 2019 upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", which were capitalizable under the previous lease accounting standard in 2018;

• a restructuring charge in 2019 as compared to a reduction of a previously expensed restructuring charge in 2018;

• an increase in costs associated with shareholder activism, primarily attributable to a reimbursement of a portion of the billed fees and expenses incurred by Land & Buildings and its affiliated funds in connection with Land & Buildings' activist involvement with TCO and the service on our Board of Directors of its founder and Chief Investment Officer, Jonathan Litt, which reimbursement represents a related party transaction;

• the increase in interest expense was attributable to an increase in rates and reduced capitalization of interest on developments and redevelopments; and

• the increase in depreciation expense was primarily attributable to new assets being placed into service at Beverly Center and The Mall at Short Hills in connection with our redevelopment projects at the centers. The increase was also attributable to a larger reduction of expenses in 2018 over 2019 related to insurance proceeds received for previously capitalized expenditures at The Mall of San Juan.

Nonoperating income, net increased primarily due to the receipt of business interruption proceeds and a gain on insurance proceeds for The Mall of San Juan, as well as an increase in the fair value of our equity securities. These increases were partially offset by reduced dividend income from our SPG common shares investment as the shares were sold in late 2018 and early 2019.

Income tax expense increased primarily due to income tax expense incurred in 2019 related to the pending Blackstone transactions (see "Note 3 - Income Taxes" to our consolidated financial statements for more information).

Equity in Income of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures for the six months ended June 30, 2019 decreased by $4.3 million to $29.5 million from the comparable period in 2018. The decrease was partially attributable to a decrease in occupancy and reduced lease cancellation income, partially offset by an increase in average rent per square foot.

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Net Income

Net income was $46.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $64.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. After allocation of income to noncontrolling, preferred, and participating interests, the net income attributable to TCO common shareholders for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $21.4 million compared to $33.9 million in the comparable period in 2018. Diluted earnings per common share was $0.35 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $0.55 for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Funds from Operations (FFO) and FFO per Common Share

Our FFO attributable to partnership unitholders and participating securities of TRG was $150.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to $156.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. FFO per diluted common share was $1.71 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and $1.80 per diluted common share for the six months ended June 30, 2018. Adjusted FFO attributable to partnership unitholders and participating securities of TRG for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $165.5 million, and excluded a restructuring charge, costs incurred related to the pending Blackstone transactions, costs incurred associated with shareholder activism, and the fluctuation in the fair value of equity securities. Adjusted FFO attributable to partnership unitholders and participating securities of TRG for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was $166.2 million, and excluded a reduction of a previously expensed restructuring charge, costs incurred associated with shareholder activism, the fluctuation in the fair value of equity securities, and a charge recognized in connection to the write-off of deferred financing costs related to the early payoff of our $475 million unsecured term loan. Adjusted FFO per diluted common share was $1.88 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and $1.91 per diluted common share for the six months ended June 30, 2018. See "Non-GAAP Measures - Use of Non-GAAP Measures" for the definition of FFO and "Non-GAAP Measures - Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures" for the reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to TCO Common Shareholders to Funds from Operations and Adjusted Funds from Operations.

Comparable and Non-Comparable Center Operations

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, the consolidated non-comparable centers contributed total operating revenues of $45.6 million, and incurred operating expenses, excluding interest expense and depreciation and amortization, of $21.5 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the consolidated non-comparable centers contributed total operating revenues of $43.0 million, and incurred operating expenses, excluding interest expense and depreciation and amortization, of $23.9 million.

See "Non-GAAP Measures - Use of Non-GAAP Measures" for the definition and discussion of NOI and for the reconciliation of Net Income to NOI. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, comparable center NOI excluding lease cancellation income was up 1.3% over the comparable period in 2018. Using constant currency exchange rates, for the six months ended June 30, 2019, comparable center NOI excluding lease cancellation income was up 2.2% over the comparable period in 2018. Also, for the six months ended June 30, 2019, comparable center NOI including lease cancellation income was down 0.7% from the comparable period in 2018.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, we recognized our $6.4 million share of lease cancellation income, as compared to $12.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

General

Our internally generated funds and distributions from operating centers and other investing activities, augmented by use of our existing revolving lines of credit, provide resources to maintain our current operations and assets, pay dividends, and fund a portion of our major capital investments. We pursue an overall strategy of creating value and recycling capital using long-term fixed rate financing on the centers upon stabilization. Excess proceeds from refinancings are used to reinvest in our business. Generally, our need to access the capital markets is limited to refinancing debt obligations at or near maturity and funding major capital investments. From time to time, we also may access the equity markets or sell interests in operating properties to raise additional funds or refinance existing obligations on a strategic basis, including using any excess proceeds therefrom.

Property Encumbrances

We are primarily financed with property-specific secured debt and currently have five unencumbered shopping center properties. The entities that own Beverly Center, Dolphin Mall, and The Gardens on El Paseo are guarantors under our primary unsecured revolving credit facility, $250 million unsecured term loan, and $300 million unsecured term loan, and are unencumbered assets under such facility and term loans. Under the related debt agreements, we are required to have a minimum of three eligible unencumbered assets with a minimum unencumbered asset value. Therefore, while any of the assets may be removed from the unencumbered asset pool and encumbered upon notice to lender, provided that there is no default and the required covenant calculations are met on a pro forma basis, a replacement eligible unencumbered asset would need to be added to the unencumbered asset pool. Besides the three centers previously noted, The Mall of San Juan and Stamford Town Center, a 50% owned Unconsolidated Joint Venture property, are unencumbered.

Cash and Revolving Lines of Credit

As of June 30, 2019, we had a consolidated cash balance of $42.7 million. We also have an unsecured revolving line of credit of $1.1 billion and a secured revolving line of credit of $65 million. The availability under these facilities as of June 30, 2019, after considering the outstanding balances, the outstanding letters of credit, and the current values of the unencumbered asset pool, was $322.2 million. Fourteen banks participate in our $1.1 billion primary unsecured revolving line of credit and the failure of one bank to fund a draw on our line does not negate the obligation of the other banks to fund their pro rata shares. The $1.1 billion unsecured facility matures in February 2021 with two six-month extension options available, and bears interest at a range based on our total leverage ratio. As of June 30, 2019, the total leverage ratio resulted in a rate of LIBOR plus 1.45% with a 0.225% facility fee. The primary unsecured revolving line of credit includes an accordion feature, which in combination with our $300 million unsecured term loan, would increase our borrowing capacity to as much as $2.0 billion in aggregate between the two facilities if fully exercised, subject to obtaining additional lender commitments, customary closing conditions, covenant compliance, and minimum asset values for the unencumbered asset pool. As of June 30, 2019, we could not utilize the accordion feature unless additional assets were added to our unencumbered asset pool.

Other Financing Arrangements for China Projects

In addition to the revolving lines of credit described above, we have other financing arrangements outstanding for our shopping centers in China. As a foreign investor, we are subject to various government approval processes and other hurdles in funding the construction of our Chinese projects. These hurdles have required our Xi'an and Zhengzhou ventures to obtain other financing arrangements, in the form of loans from partners or fully cash collateralized bank loans, to meet certain construction funding commitments in local currency. As of June 30, 2019, our share of such loans was approximately $68 million. These loans have fixed interest rates that range from 2.5% to 6.5%. A portion of these loans are collateralized with restricted deposits on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

In February 2019, we announced agreements to sell 50% of our interests in Starfield Hanam, CityOn.Xi’an, and CityOn.Zhengzhou to funds managed by Blackstone (see "Results of Operations - Taubman Asia"). In connection with the transactions, we expect to refinance our existing partner loans and fully cash collateralized bank loans on our Chinese assets with mortgage debt, which is expected to result in approximately $140 million being returned to us after the refinancings.

In addition to the refinancings, net proceeds from the Blackstone sale are expected to be about $315 million, after transaction costs and the allocation to Blackstone of its share of third-party debt, which in total will result in approximately $455 million of increased liquidity. Also, we may receive up to an additional $50 million of consideration based on the 2019 performance of the three assets. The increased liquidity is expected to be used to pay down our revolving lines of credit.

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In March 2019, we completed a new non-recourse mortgage financing for CityOn.Xi'an. The joint venture's new loan has a maximum borrowing amount of $1.2 billion Renminbi (RMB) ($174.8 million U.S. dollars using the June 30, 2019 exchange rate). The 10 year loan bears interest at an all-in fixed rate of 6.0%. The loan amortizes principal based on 10 years for each draw, with 70% of the loan repaid over the final five years. As of June 30, 2019, the loan had an outstanding balance of $113.9 million U.S. dollars, with approximately $60.9 million U.S. dollars available for future borrowings using the June 30, 2019 exchange rate. Proceeds from the loan will be used to unwind the existing other financing arrangements of the joint venture, ultimately resulting in the repatriation of approximately $95 million of the $140 million liquidity projected from the refinancing of the China assets. As of June 30, 2019, $64.7 million of cash collateral has been repatriated to us and was used to pay down our revolving lines of credit.

Upcoming Maturity

The $150 million loan for The Mall at Green Hills matures in December 2019. We expect to exercise our second and final one year extension option upon maturity.

Term Loans

We have a $250 million unsecured term loan that matures in March 2023. The unsecured term loan bears interest at a range of LIBOR plus 1.25% to 1.90% based on our total leverage ratio. As of June 30, 2019, the total leverage ratio resulted in an interest rate of LIBOR plus 1.60%. The LIBOR rate is swapped to a fixed rate of 3.02% through maturity, which results in an effective interest rate in the range of 4.27% to 4.92%. The loan includes an accordion feature which would increase our borrowing capacity to as much as $400 million if fully exercised, subject to obtaining additional lender commitments, customary closing conditions, covenant compliance, and minimum asset values for the unencumbered asset pool. As of June 30, 2019, we could not utilize the accordion feature unless additional assets were added to our unencumbered asset pool.

We have a $300 million unsecured term loan that matures in February 2022. The unsecured term loan bears interest at a range of LIBOR plus 1.25% to 1.90% based on our total leverage ratio. As of June 30, 2019, the total leverage ratio resulted in an interest rate of LIBOR plus 1.60%. The LIBOR rate is swapped to a fixed rate of 2.14% through maturity, which results in an effective interest rate in the range of 3.39% to 4.04%. The loan includes an accordion feature which in combination with our $1.1 billion unsecured revolving line of credit (see "Liquidity and Capital Resources - Cash and Revolving Lines of Credit") would increase our borrowing capacity to as much as $2.0 billion in aggregate between the two facilities if fully exercised, subject to obtaining additional lender commitments, customary closing conditions, covenant compliance, and minimum asset values for the unencumbered asset pool. As of June 30, 2019, we could not utilize the accordion feature unless additional assets were added to our unencumbered asset pool.

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Summaries of Capital Activities and Transactions for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018

Operating Activities

Our net cash provided by operating activities was $137.0 million in 2019, compared to $130.7 million in 2018. See also "Results of Operations" for descriptions of 2019 and 2018 transactions affecting operating cash flows.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $55.8 million in 2019, compared to $230.7 million in 2018. Additions to properties in 2019 and 2018 related primarily to capital and tenant improvements at existing centers, including centers under redevelopment. A tabular presentation of 2019 and 2018 capital spending is shown in "Capital Spending." Proceeds from the sale of equity securities were $52.1 million in 2019 and related to the sale of our remaining 290,124 SPG common shares. In 2019 and 2018, we received insurance proceeds of $0.9 million and $5.4 million, respectively, for capital items at The Mall of San Juan related to property damage for which we previously took write-offs.

Contributions to Unconsolidated Joint Ventures were $29.9 million in 2019 and $88.9 million in 2018, primarily related to the funding of Starfield Anseong. Distributions from Unconsolidated Joint Ventures in excess of income were $10.0 million in 2019, compared to $1.6 million in 2018.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $150.8 million in 2019, compared to $108.8 million provided by financing activities in 2018. In 2019, payments of debt were $19.1 million, primarily for payments on our revolving lines of credit. In 2018, proceeds from the issuance of debt, net of payments and issuance costs were $237.9 million, provided by the proceeds from our $250 million unsecured term loan and our $300 million financing on Twelve Oaks Mall, and borrowings on our revolving lines of credit, partially offset by the payoff of our $475 million unsecured term loan.

In 2019 and 2018, $0.7 million and $2.3 million were paid in connection with incentive plans, respectively. Total dividends and distributions paid were $131.1 million and $126.8 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Effect of Exchange Rate Fluctuations

Net increases in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash related to exchange rate fluctuations were $0.4 million and $0.5 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively. The fluctuations are related to our restricted cash denominated in foreign currencies held as collateral for financing arrangements related to our Asia investments. See "Note 13 - Cash Flow Disclosures and Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities" to our consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our restricted cash related to our Asia investments.

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Beneficial Interest in Debt

At June 30, 2019, TRG's debt and its beneficial interest in the debt of its Consolidated Businesses and Unconsolidated Joint Ventures totaled $5,110.6 million, with an average interest rate of 4.02% excluding amortization of debt issuance costs and interest rate hedging costs, if any. These costs are reported as interest expense in the results of operations. As of June 30, 2019, there were no interest rate hedging costs being amortized. Interest expense includes non-cash amortization of premiums relating to acquisitions. On an annualized basis, this amortization of acquisition premium is equal to 0.04% of the average all-in rate. Beneficial interest in debt includes debt used to fund development and expansion costs. Beneficial interest in construction work in progress totaled $216.9 million as of June 30, 2019, which includes $165.9 million of assets on which interest is being capitalized. The following table presents information about our beneficial interest in debt as of June 30, 2019:

	Amount				Interest Rate Including Spread
	(in millions)
Fixed rate debt	$	3,298.7			3.98	%	(1) (2)
Floating rate debt swapped to fixed rate:
Swap maturing in September 2020	17.9				3.12	%
Swap maturing in December 2021	80.4				3.58	%
Swap maturing in February 2022	300.0				3.74	%
Swaps maturing in March 2023	250.0				4.62	%
Swaps maturing in March 2024	12.0				3.49	%
	$	660.2			4.03	%	(1)
Floating month to month	1,167.2			(3)	4.13	%	(1) (3)
Total floating rate debt	$	1,827.4			4.09	%	(1)
Total beneficial interest in debt	$	5,126.1			4.02	%	(1)
Total beneficial interest in deferred financing costs, net	$	(15.5	)
Net beneficial interest in debt	$	5,110.6
Amortization of deferred financing costs (4)					0.18	%
Average all-in rate					4.20	%

(1) Represents weighted average interest rate before amortization of deferred financing costs.

(2) Includes non-cash amortization of debt premium related to acquisition.

(3) The LIBOR rate is capped at 4.25% until December 2019, resulting in a maximum interest rate of 5.85%, on $150 million of this debt.

(4) Deferred financing costs include debt issuance costs including amortization of deferred financing costs from revolving lines of credit and other fees not listed above.

(5) Amounts in table may not add due to rounding.

Sensitivity Analysis

We have exposure to interest rate risk on our debt obligations and interest rate instruments. We use derivative instruments primarily to manage exposure to interest rate risks inherent in variable rate debt and refinancings. We routinely use cap, swap, and treasury lock agreements to meet these objectives. Based on TRG's beneficial interest in floating rate debt in effect at June 30, 2019, a one percent increase in interest rates on this floating rate debt would decrease cash flows by $11.7 million, and due to the effect of capitalized interest, decrease annual earnings by $11.2 million. A one percent decrease in interest rates would increase cash flows by $11.7 million and due to the effect of capitalized interest, increase annual earnings by $11.2 million. Based on our consolidated debt and interest rates in effect at June 30, 2019, a one percent increase in interest rates would decrease the fair value of debt by $138.4 million, while a one percent decrease in interest rates would increase the fair value of debt by $149.7 million.

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Loan Commitments and Guarantees

Certain loan agreements contain various restrictive covenants, including the following corporate covenants on our primary unsecured revolving line of credit, as well as our $300 million and $250 million unsecured term loans, and the loan on International Market Place: a minimum net worth requirement, a maximum total leverage ratio, a maximum secured leverage ratio, a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, a maximum recourse secured debt ratio, and a maximum payout ratio. In addition, our primary unsecured revolving line of credit and unsecured term loans have unencumbered pool covenants, which currently apply to Beverly Center, Dolphin Mall, and The Gardens on El Paseo on a combined basis. These covenants include a minimum number and minimum value of eligible unencumbered assets, a maximum unencumbered leverage ratio, a minimum unencumbered interest coverage ratio, and a minimum unencumbered asset occupancy ratio. As of June 30, 2019, the corporate total leverage ratio was the most restrictive covenant. We were in compliance with all of our loan covenants and obligations as of June 30, 2019. The maximum payout ratio covenant limits the payment of distributions generally to 95% of FFO, as defined in the loan agreements, except as required to maintain our tax status, pay preferred distributions, and for distributions related to the sale of certain assets. See "Note 5 - Beneficial Interest in Debt and Interest Expense" to our consolidated financial statements for more details on loan guarantees.

Cash Tender Agreement

The A. Alfred Taubman Restated Revocable Trust, Taubman Ventures Group LLC, and other specified entities have the right to tender TRG Units and cause us to purchase the tendered interests at a purchase price based on a market valuation of TCO on the trading date immediately preceding the date of the tender. See “Note 9 – Commitments and Contingencies – Cash Tender” to our consolidated financial statements for more details.

Capital Spending

Internally generated funds and excess proceeds from refinancings of maturing debt obligations, as well as borrowings under our revolving lines of credit would be sufficient to finance the anticipated remaining costs of our developments and redevelopments, but we also expect additional proceeds from the Blackstone transactions (see "Results of Operations - Taubman Asia") and our other financing arrangements (see "Liquidity and Capital Resources - Other Financing Arrangements for China Projects" above).

New Development

We have partnered with Shinsegae to build, lease, and manage Starfield Anseong, an approximately 1.1 million square foot shopping center, in Anseong, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, which is scheduled to open in late 2020. We have a 49% interest in the project and no longer expect to admit an additional partner during the development period. As of June 30, 2019, we had invested $121.3 million in the project, after cumulative currency translation adjustments. Our total anticipated investment, including capitalized interest, will be about $280 million to $300 million for our interest in the project, excluding fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We are expecting a 6.25% to 6.75% unlevered after-tax return at stabilization. Our investment is being accounted for on the equity method as an Unconsolidated Joint Venture.

Redevelopment

We substantially completed our redevelopment project at The Mall at Green Hills in June 2019. We expect some capital spending to continue for the remainder of 2019 as certain costs are incurred subsequent to the project's completion, including construction on certain tenant spaces.

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2019 Capital Spending

Capital spending for routine maintenance of the shopping centers is generally recovered from tenants. Capital spending through June 30, 2019, is summarized in the following table:

	2019 (1)
	Consolidated Businesses		Beneficial Interest in Consolidated Businesses		Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		Beneficial Interest in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
	(in millions)
New development projects - Asia (2)					(3)		$	28.4
Existing centers:
Projects with incremental GLA or anchor replacement (4)	$	30.0	$	30.0	$	1.9	0.9
Projects with no incremental GLA and other (5)	20.8		18.6		5.6		2.6
Mall tenant allowances	18.8		16.6		12.3		7.4
Asset replacement costs recoverable from tenants	5.5		5.3		3.2		1.9
Corporate office improvements, technology, equipment, and other	0.7		0.7
Total	$	75.8	$	71.2	$	23.0	$	41.2

(1) Costs are net of intercompany profits and are computed on an accrual basis.

(2) Asia balance excludes net fluctuations of total project costs due to changes in exchange rates during the period.

(3) Asia spending for Starfield Anseong is only included at our beneficial interest in the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures at beneficial interest column until development is completed.

(4) Includes costs related to The Mall at Green Hills redevelopment.

(5) Includes costs related to the Beverly Center redevelopment related to certain costs incurred subsequent to the project's completion, including construction on certain tenant spaces.

(6) Amounts in this table may not add due to rounding.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, in addition to the costs above, we incurred our $4.2 million share of Consolidated Businesses’ capitalized leasing costs and $0.9 million share of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures’ capitalized leasing costs.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the Consolidated Businesses’ capital spending shown above (on an accrual basis) to additions to properties (on a cash basis) as presented in our Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2019:

	(in millions)
Consolidated Businesses’ capital spending	$	75.8
Other differences between cash and accrual basis	13.2
Additions to properties	$	89.0

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Planned 2019 Capital Spending

The following table summarizes planned capital spending for 2019, including actual spending through June 30, 2019 and anticipated spending for the remainder of the year:

	2019 (1)
	Consolidated Businesses		Beneficial Interest in Consolidated Businesses		Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		Beneficial Interest in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
	(in millions)
New development projects - Asia (2)					(3)		$	81.8
Existing centers:
Projects with incremental GLA or anchor replacement (4)	$	42.8	$	42.8	$	31.9	15.9
Projects with no incremental GLA and other (5)	117.8		110.7		22.7		11.1
Mall tenant allowances	54.5		49.8		26.1		14.2
Asset replacement costs recoverable from tenants	35.1		33.6		27.6		15.6
Corporate office improvements, technology, equipment, and other	2.6		2.6
Total	$	252.7	$	239.4	$	108.3	$	138.6

(1) Costs are net of intercompany profits and are computed on an accrual basis.

(2) Asia balance excludes net fluctuations of total project costs due to changes in exchange rates during the period.

(3) Asia spending for Starfield Anseong is only included at our beneficial interest in the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures at beneficial interest column until development is completed.

(4) Includes costs related to The Mall at Green Hills redevelopment for costs incurred to date, as well as certain costs to be incurred subsequent to the project's completion, including construction on certain tenant spaces.

(5) Includes costs related to the Beverly Center redevelopment related to certain costs to be incurred subsequent to the project's completion, including construction on certain tenant spaces.

(6) Amounts in this table may not add due to rounding.

We continue to expect spending related to mall tenant allowances to be higher than our historical averages. As our tenant mix continues to evolve to include tenants such as digitally native concepts, luxury, entertainment, restaurants, fast fashion, and coworking, increased tenant allowances are being provided to attract the best tenants to our centers. We believe bringing in great retailers will drive traffic and productivity to our centers, enhancing the long-term strategic position of each center.

Disclosures regarding planned capital spending, including estimates regarding timing of openings, capital expenditures, occupancy, and returns on new developments and redevelopments are forward-looking statements and certain significant factors could cause the actual results to differ materially, including but not limited to (1) actual results of negotiations with anchors, tenants, and contractors, (2) timing and outcome of litigation and entitlement processes, (3) changes in the scope, number, and valuation of projects, (4) cost overruns, (5) timing of expenditures, (6) availability of and cost of financing and other financing considerations, (7) actual time to start construction and complete projects, (8) changes in economic climate, (9) competition from others attracting tenants and customers, (10) increases in operating costs, (11) timing of tenant openings, (12) early lease terminations and bankruptcies, (13) fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, and (14) other risks included in "Risk Factors" in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, estimates of capital spending will change as new projects are approved by our Board of Directors.

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Dividends

We pay regular quarterly dividends to our common and preferred shareholders and expect to continue to pay dividends for the foreseeable future. However, dividends to our common shareholders are at the discretion of the Board of Directors and depend on the cash available to us, our financial condition, capital and other requirements, and such other factors as the Board of Directors deems relevant. To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income prior to net capital gains to our shareholders, as well as meet certain other requirements. We must pay these distributions in the taxable year the income is recognized, or in the following taxable year if they are declared during the last three months of the taxable year, payable to shareholders of record on a specified date during such period and paid during January of the following year. Such distributions are treated as paid by us and received by our shareholders on December 31 of the year in which they are declared. In addition, at our election, a distribution for a taxable year may be declared in the following taxable year if it is declared before we timely file our tax return for such year and if paid on or before the first regular dividend payment after such declaration. These distributions qualify as dividends paid for the 90% REIT distribution test for the previous year and are taxable to holders of our capital stock in the year in which paid. Preferred dividends accrue regardless of whether earnings, cash availability, or contractual obligations were to prohibit the current payment of dividends.

The annual determination of our common dividends is based on anticipated FFO available after preferred dividends and our REIT taxable income, as well as assessments of annual capital spending, financing considerations, and other appropriate factors.

Any inability of TRG or its joint ventures to secure financing as required to fund maturing debts, capital expenditures and changes in working capital, including development activities and expansions, may require the utilization of cash to satisfy such obligations, thereby possibly reducing distributions to partners of TRG and funds available to us for the payment of dividends.

On May 30, 2019, we declared a quarterly dividend of $0.675 per common share, $0.40625 per share on our 6.5% Series J Preferred Stock, and $0.390625 per share on our 6.25% Series K Preferred Stock, all of which were paid on June 28, 2019 to shareholders of record on June 14, 2019.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and New Accounting Pronouncement

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the financial statements and disclosures. Some of these estimates and assumptions require application of difficult, subjective, and/or complex judgment, often about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and that may change in subsequent periods. In connection with the adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases" on January 1, 2019, we are required to make such estimates and assumptions when applying the following accounting policies. Refer to our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for discussion of the application of our other critical accounting policies.

Accounts Receivable and Uncollectible Tenant Revenues

We now review the collectibility of both billed and accrued charges under our tenant leases each quarter taking into consideration the tenant’s historical payment status, credit profile, and known issues related to tenant operations. For any tenant receivable balances thought to be uncollectible, we now record an offset for uncollectible tenant revenues directly to Rental Revenues on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Uncollectible tenant revenues were previously reported as bad debt expense in Other Operating expense on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

As a result of the above change in evaluation in uncollectible tenant revenues, the allowance for doubtful accounts was written off and an entry was recorded as of January 1, 2019 to adjust the receivables and equity balances of our Consolidated Businesses and Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. This resulted in a cumulative effect adjustment increasing Dividends in Excess of Net Income by $3.2 million and Non-redeemable Noncontrolling Interest by $1.8 million on our Consolidated Balance Sheet with offsetting increases in Accounts and Notes Receivable, Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, and Distributions in Excess of Investments In and Net Income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures balances on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

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Recognition of Operating Lease Liabilities and Related Right-of-Use Assets

We now recognize operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets for ground and office leases under which we are the lessee on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. These lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets will amortize over the remaining life of the respective leases. In order to determine the operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets for ground and office leases under which we are the lessee, we utilized a synthetic corporate yield curve to determine an incremental borrowing rate for each of our leases. Significant judgment was required to develop the yield curve, which utilized certain peer and market observations. As of June 30, 2019, the weighted average discount rate for operating leases reported on our Consolidated Balance Sheet was 5.8%. In instances where variable consideration not dependent upon an index or rate existed, such future payments were excluded from the determination of the related operating lease liability and right-of-use asset.

New Accounting Pronouncement

Refer to "Note 14 - New Accounting Pronouncement" in the consolidated financial statements, regarding our ongoing evaluation of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, addressing credit losses for financial instruments.

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Non-GAAP Measures

Use of Non-GAAP Measures

We use NOI as an alternative measure to evaluate the operating performance of centers, both on individual and stabilized portfolio bases. We define NOI as property-level operating revenues (includes rental income excluding straight-line adjustments of minimum rent) less maintenance, property taxes, utilities, promotion, ground rent (including straight-line adjustments), and other property operating expenses. Since NOI excludes general and administrative expenses, pre-development charges, interest income and expense, depreciation and amortization, impairment charges, restructuring charges, and gains from land and property dispositions, it provides a performance measure that, when compared period over period, reflects the revenues and expenses most directly associated with owning and operating rental properties, as well as the impact on their operations from trends in mall tenant sales, occupancy and rental rates, and operating costs. We also use NOI excluding lease cancellation income as an alternative measure because this income may vary significantly from period to period, which can affect comparability and trend analysis. We generally provide separate projections for expected NOI growth and our lease cancellation income. We also use NOI excluding lease cancellation income using constant currency exchange rates as an alternative measure because exchange rates may vary significantly from period to period, which can affect comparability and trend analysis.

The following reconciliations include the supplemental earnings measures of EBITDA and FFO. EBITDA represents earnings before interest, income taxes, and depreciation and amortization of our consolidated and unconsolidated businesses. We believe EBITDA generally provides a useful indicator of operating performance, as it is customary in the real estate and shopping center business to evaluate the performance of properties on a basis unaffected by capital structure.

The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT) defines FFO as net income (calculated in accordance with GAAP), excluding depreciation and amortization related to real estate, gains and losses from the sale of certain real estate assets, gains and losses from change in control, and impairment write-downs of certain real estate assets and investments in entities when the impairment is directly attributable to decreases in the value of depreciable real estate held by the entity. We believe that FFO is a useful supplemental measure of operating performance for REITs. Historical cost accounting for real estate assets implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values instead have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, we and most industry investors and analysts have considered presentations of operating results that exclude historical cost depreciation to be useful in evaluating the operating performance of REITs. We primarily use FFO in measuring performance and in formulating corporate goals and compensation.

We may also present adjusted versions of NOI and FFO when used by management to evaluate our operating performance when certain significant items have impacted our results that affect comparability with prior or future periods due to the nature or amounts of these items. In addition to the reasons noted above for each measure, we believe the disclosure of the adjusted items is similarly useful to investors and others to understand management's view on comparability of such measures between periods. For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2019, FFO was adjusted to exclude a restructuring charge, costs incurred related to the pending Blackstone transactions, and costs incurred associated with shareholder activism. In addition, for the six months ended June 30, 2019, FFO was adjusted to exclude the fluctuation in the fair value of equity securities. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, FFO was adjusted to exclude a reduction of a previously expensed restructuring charge, costs incurred associated with shareholder activism, and the fluctuation in the fair value of equity securities. In addition, for the six months ended June 30, 2018, FFO was also adjusted to exclude a charge recognized in connection with the write-off of deferred financing costs related to the early payoff of our $475 million unsecured term loan.

Our presentations of NOI, EBITDA, FFO, and adjusted versions of these measures, if any, are not necessarily comparable to the similarly titled measures of other REITs due to the fact that not all REITs use the same definitions. These measures should not be considered alternatives to net income or as an indicator of our operating performance. Additionally, these measures do not represent cash flows from operating, investing, or financing activities as defined by GAAP. Reconciliations of Net Income Attributable to TCO Common Shareholders to Funds from Operations and Adjusted Funds from Operations and Net Income to Net Operating Income are presented in the following section.

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures

The following includes reconciliations of our non-GAAP financial measures: Net Income Attributable to TCO Common Shareholders to Funds from Operations and Adjusted Funds from Operations and Net Income to Net Operating Income.

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Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to TCO Common Shareholders to Funds from Operations and Adjusted Funds from Operations

	Three Months Ended June 30
	2019							2018
	Dollars in millions			Diluted Shares/ Units	Per Share/ Unit			Dollars in millions			Diluted Shares/ Units	Per Share/ Unit
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders - basic	$	6.3		61,171,614	$	0.10		$	15.3		60,992,200	$	0.25
Add impact of share-based compensation	—			168,311				—			240,333
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders - diluted	$	6.3		61,339,925	$	0.10		$	15.3		61,232,533	$	0.25
Add depreciation of TCO's additional basis	1.6				0.03			1.6				0.03
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders, excluding step-up depreciation	$	7.9		61,339,925	$	0.13		$	16.9		61,232,533	$	0.28
Add:
Noncontrolling share of income of TRG	3.4			26,461,580				6.9			24,951,981
Distributions to participating securities of TRG	0.6			871,262				0.6			871,262
Net income attributable to partnership unitholders and participating securities of TRG	$	11.9		88,672,767	$	0.13		$	24.5		87,055,776	$	0.28
Add (less) depreciation and amortization (1):
Consolidated businesses at 100%	44.3				0.50			43.0				0.49
Depreciation of TCO’s additional basis	(1.6		)		(0.02		)	(1.6		)		(0.02		)
Noncontrolling partners in consolidated joint ventures	(2.1		)		(0.02		)	(1.7		)		(0.02		)
Share of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	19.0				0.21			17.3				0.20
Non-real estate depreciation	(1.2		)		(0.01		)	(1.1		)		(0.01		)
Less gain on insurance recoveries - The Mall of San Juan	(1.4		)		(0.02		)
Less impact of share-based compensation	—				—			—				—
Funds from Operations attributable to partnership unitholders and participating securities of TRG	$	68.8		88,672,767	$	0.78		$	80.3		87,055,776	$	0.92
TCO's average ownership percentage of TRG - basic	69.8		%					71.0		%
Funds from Operations attributable to TCO's common shareholders	$	48.0			$	0.78		$	57.0			$	0.92
Funds from Operations attributable to partnership unitholders and participating securities of TRG	$	68.8		88,672,767	$	0.78		$	80.3		87,055,776	$	0.92
Restructuring charge	0.1				—			(0.1		)		—
Costs related to pending Blackstone transactions (2)	2.1				0.02
Costs associated with shareholder activism	12.0				0.14			5.0				0.06
Fluctuation in fair value of equity securities								(9.3		)		(0.11		)
Adjusted Funds from Operations attributable to partnership unitholders and participating securities of TRG	$	82.9		88,672,767	$	0.94		$	75.9		87,055,776	$	0.87
TCO's average ownership percentage of TRG - basic	69.8		%					71.0		%
Adjusted Funds from Operations attributable to TCO's common shareholders	$	57.9			$	0.94		$	53.8			$	0.87

(1) Depreciation includes $5.7 million and $4.1 million of mall tenant allowance amortization for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

(2) Includes $0.5 million of disposition costs and $1.6 million of income tax expense related to the pending Blackstone transactions, which have been recorded within Nonoperating Income, Net and Income Tax Expense, respectively, in our Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(3) Amounts in this table may not recalculate due to rounding.

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Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to TCO Common Shareholders to Funds from Operations and Adjusted Funds from Operations

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019							2018
	Dollars in millions			Diluted Shares/ Units	Per Share/ Unit			Dollars in millions			Diluted Shares/ Units	Per Share/ Unit
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders - basic	$	21.4		61,147,947	$	0.35		$	33.9		60,954,924	$	0.56
Add impact of share-based compensation	—			206,481				—			264,738
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders - diluted	$	21.4		61,354,428	$	0.35		$	33.9		61,219,662	$	0.55
Add depreciation of TCO's additional basis	3.2				0.05			3.2				0.05
Add TCO's additional income tax expense								—				—
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders, excluding step-up depreciation and additional income tax expense	$	24.6		61,354,428	$	0.40		$	37.2		61,219,662	$	0.60
Add:
Noncontrolling share of income of TRG	10.2			25,672,953				15.2			24,953,313
Distributions to participating securities of TRG	1.2			871,262				1.2			871,262
Net income attributable to partnership unitholders and participating securities of TRG	$	36.0		87,898,643	$	0.41		$	53.6		87,044,237	$	0.60
Add (less) depreciation and amortization (1):
Consolidated businesses at 100%	89.2				1.01			78.0				0.90
Depreciation of TCO’s additional basis	(3.2		)		(0.04		)	(3.2		)		(0.04		)
Noncontrolling partners in consolidated joint ventures	(4.3		)		(0.05		)	(3.6		)		(0.04		)
Share of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	36.1				0.41			34.4				0.40
Non-real estate depreciation	(2.3		)		(0.03		)	(2.3		)		(0.03		)
Less gain on insurance recoveries - The Mall of San Juan	(1.4		)		(0.02		)
Less impact of share-based compensation	—				—			—				—
Funds from Operations attributable to partnership unitholders and participating securities of TRG	$	150.1		87,898,643	$	1.71		$	156.9		87,044,237	$	1.80
TCO's average ownership percentage of TRG - basic	70.4		%					71.0		%
Funds from Operations attributable to TCO's common shareholders, excluding additional income tax expense	$	105.8			$	1.71		$	111.3			$	1.80
Less TCO's additional income tax expense								—				—
Funds from Operations attributable to TCO's common shareholders	$	105.8			$	1.71		$	111.3			$	1.80
Funds from Operations attributable to partnership unitholders and participating securities of TRG	$	150.1		87,898,643	$	1.71		$	156.9		87,044,237	$	1.80
Restructuring charge	0.7				0.01			(0.4		)		—
Costs related to pending Blackstone transactions (2)	2.1				0.02
Costs associated with shareholder activism	16.0				0.18			8.5				0.10
Fluctuation in fair value of equity securities	(3.3		)		(0.04		)	0.9				0.01
Write-off of deferred financing costs								0.4				—
Adjusted Funds from Operations attributable to partnership unitholders and participating securities of TRG	$	165.5		87,898,643	$	1.88		$	166.2		87,044,237	$	1.91
TCO's average ownership percentage of TRG - basic	70.4		%					71.0		%
Adjusted Funds from Operations attributable to TCO's common shareholders	$	116.6			$	1.88		$	117.9			$	1.91

(1) Depreciation includes $11.2 million and $7.7 million of mall tenant allowance amortization for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

(2) Includes $0.5 million of disposition costs and $1.6 million of income tax expense related to the pending Blackstone transactions, which have been recorded within Nonoperating Income, Net and Income Tax Expense, respectively, in our Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

(3) Amounts in this table may not recalculate due to rounding.

58

Reconciliation of Net Income to Net Operating Income

	Three Months Ended June 30
	(in millions)
	2019			2018
Net income	$	16.9		$	30.1
Add (less) depreciation and amortization:
Consolidated businesses at 100%	44.3			43.0
Noncontrolling partners in consolidated joint ventures	(2.1		)	(1.7		)
Share of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	19.0			17.3
Add (less) interest expense and income tax expense:
Interest expense:
Consolidated businesses at 100%	38.0			33.0
Noncontrolling partners in consolidated joint ventures	(3.0		)	(3.0		)
Share of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	18.0			17.3
Income tax expense:
Consolidated businesses at 100%	2.4			—
Noncontrolling partners in consolidated joint ventures	(0.1		)	—
Share of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	0.9			0.7
Less noncontrolling share of income of consolidated joint ventures	(0.8		)	(1.5		)
Add EBITDA attributable to outside partners:
EBITDA attributable to noncontrolling partners in consolidated joint ventures	6.1			6.3
EBITDA attributable to outside partners in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	49.1			46.2
EBITDA at 100%	$	188.5		$	187.6
Add (less) items excluded from shopping center Net Operating Income:
General and administrative expenses	8.6			8.5
Management, leasing, and development services, net	(0.4		)	(0.4		)
Restructuring charge	0.1			(0.1		)
Costs associated with shareholder activism	12.0			5.0
Straight-line of rents	(2.3		)	(1.9		)
Nonoperating income, net	(7.6		)	(12.9		)
Unallocated operating expenses and other	8.4			8.4
Net Operating Income at 100% - total portfolio	$	207.3		$	194.2
Less Net Operating Income of non-comparable centers (1)	(18.2		)	(9.6		)
Net Operating Income at 100% - comparable centers	$	189.1		$	184.6
Less lease cancellation income - comparable centers	(5.9		)	(2.1		)
Net Operating Income at 100% - comparable centers excluding lease cancellation income (2)	$	183.2		$	182.6
NOI at 100% - comparable centers excluding lease cancellation income	$	183.2		$	182.6
Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuation adjustment	2.0
NOI at 100% - comparable centers excluding lease cancellation income using constant currency exchange rates	$	185.2		$	182.6

(1)    Includes Beverly Center, The Gardens Mall, The Mall of San Juan, and Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield.

(2) See "Non-GAAP Measures - Use of Non-GAAP Measures" above for a discussion of the use and utility of Net Operating Income excluding lease cancellation income as a performance measure.

(3) Amounts in this table may not add due to rounding.

59

Reconciliation of Net Income to Net Operating Income

	Six Months Ended June 30
	(in millions)
	2019			2018
Net income	$	46.6		$	64.7
Add (less) depreciation and amortization:
Consolidated businesses at 100%	89.2			78.0
Noncontrolling partners in consolidated joint ventures	(4.3		)	(3.6		)
Share of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	36.1			34.4
Add (less) interest expense and income tax expense:
Interest expense:
Consolidated businesses at 100%	74.9			63.8
Noncontrolling partners in consolidated joint ventures	(6.1		)	(6.0		)
Share of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	34.8			34.0
Income tax expense:
Consolidated businesses at 100%	2.9			0.2
Noncontrolling partners in consolidated joint ventures	(0.2		)	(0.1		)
Share of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	1.7			1.4
Less noncontrolling share of income of consolidated joint ventures	(2.3		)	(2.8		)
Add EBITDA attributable to outside partners:
EBITDA attributable to noncontrolling partners in consolidated joint ventures	12.9			12.5
EBITDA attributable to outside partners in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	96.3			97.2
EBITDA at 100%	$	382.5		$	373.8
Add (less) items excluded from shopping center Net Operating Income:
General and administrative expenses	17.1			17.0
Management, leasing, and development services, net	(1.1		)	(0.9		)
Restructuring charge	0.7			(0.4		)
Costs associated with shareholder activism	16.0			8.5
Straight-line of rents	(5.2		)	(7.4		)
Nonoperating income, net	(16.7		)	(6.1		)
Unallocated operating expenses and other	16.1			16.5
Net Operating Income at 100% - total portfolio	$	409.5		$	401.0
Less Net Operating Income of non-comparable centers (1)	(29.9		)	(18.8		)
Net Operating Income at 100% - comparable centers	$	379.6		$	382.1
Less lease cancellation income - comparable centers	(6.4		)	(13.7		)
Net Operating Income at 100% - comparable centers excluding lease cancellation income (2)	$	373.1		$	368.4
NOI at 100% - comparable centers excluding lease cancellation income	$	373.1		$	368.4
Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuation adjustment	3.4
NOI at 100% - comparable centers excluding lease cancellation income using constant currency exchange rates	$	376.5		$	368.4

(1)    Includes Beverly Center, The Gardens Mall, The Mall of San Juan, and Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield.

(2) See "Non-GAAP Measures - Use of Non-GAAP Measures" above for a discussion of the use and utility of Net Operating Income excluding lease cancellation income as a performance measure.

(3) Amounts in this table may not add due to rounding.

60

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The information required by this item is included in this report at Item 2 under the caption "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Sensitivity Analysis."

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of June 30, 2019, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods prescribed by the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

61

PART II

OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

On October 17, 2017, Plaza Internacional Puerto Rico LLC (Plaza Internacional), the owner of The Mall of San Juan (the Mall), filed a civil action in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Court of First Instance, San Juan Judicial Center, Superior Court, Civil No. SJ2017CV02094 (503), against Saks Fifth Avenue Puerto Rico, Inc. (Saks PR), and Saks Incorporated (Saks Inc.). The lawsuit asks the court to compel Saks PR and Saks Inc. to immediately remediate and repair the Saks Fifth Avenue store (the Store) that was damaged by Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017, to reopen the Store on the completion of the reconstruction, and to operate the Store in accordance with the Operating Covenant contained in the Construction, Operation and Reciprocal Easement Agreement among Plaza Internacional, Saks PR, and Nordstrom Puerto Rico LLC (Nordstrom PR) made as of April 23, 2013 (the REA). In response, Saks PR and Saks Inc. filed a Counterclaim, alleging that they have no obligation to repair, remediate, reconstruct, or reopen the Store, asserting various alleged breaches of the REA and other operating agreements. Plaza Internacional filed a motion for a preliminary injunction directing Saks PR to repair, reopen, and operate the Store, but, on March 28, 2018, the Court of First Instance denied Plaza Internacional’s motion, and, on September 12, 2018, the Court of Appeals of Puerto Rico affirmed that ruling, each without prejudging the merits of the substantive claims. Should Saks PR prevail in the action, Nordstrom PR and other mall tenants may then have the right to terminate their own operating covenants or leases. Plaza Internacional is vigorously prosecuting its claims and defending the Counterclaim. The outcome of the action cannot be predicted, and, at this time, we are unable to estimate the amount of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome. An unfavorable outcome may have a material and adverse effect on our business and our financial statements.

Item 1 A. Risk Factors

There were no material changes in our risk factors previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.

62

Item 6. Exhibits

		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number	Exhibit Description	Form	Period Ending	Exhibit	Filing Date	Filed Herewith
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 10A, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 10A, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					**
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					**
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.					X
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.					X
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.					X
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.					X
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.					X
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.					X
**	Documents are furnished, not filed.

63

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		TAUBMAN CENTERS, INC.
Date:	July 26, 2019	By: /s/ Simon J. Leopold
		Simon J. Leopold
		Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

64

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 10A, as Adopted Pursuant to

Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Robert S. Taubman, certify that:

1.    I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Taubman Centers, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this quarterly report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting, which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	July 26, 2019	/s/ Robert S. Taubman
		Robert S. Taubman
		Chairman of the Board of Directors, President, and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. Section 10A, as Adopted Pursuant to

Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Simon J. Leopold, certify that:

1.    I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Taubman Centers, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this quarterly report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting, which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	July 26, 2019	/s/ Simon J. Leopold
		Simon J. Leopold
		Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to

Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Robert S. Taubman, Chief Executive Officer of Taubman Centers, Inc. (the "Registrant"), certify that based upon a review of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2019 (the "Report"):

(i) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(ii) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Registrant.

/s/ Robert S. Taubman	Date:	July 26, 2019
Robert S. Taubman
Chairman of the Board of Directors, President, and Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to

Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Simon J. Leopold Chief Financial Officer of Taubman Centers, Inc. (the "Registrant"), certify that based upon a review of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2019 (the "Report"):

(i) The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(ii) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Registrant.

/s/ Simon J. Leopold	Date:	July 26, 2019
Simon J. Leopold
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

XML

Document and Entity Information Document - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jul. 25, 2019
Entity Information [Line Items]
Entity Tax Identification Number	382033632
Entity Address, Address Line One	200 East Long Lake Road,
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 300,
Entity Address, City or Town	Bloomfield Hills,
Entity Address, State or Province	Michigan,
Entity Address, Country	USA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	48304-2324
City Area Code	(248)
Entity Registrant Name	TAUBMAN CENTERS INC
Entity Central Index Key	0000890319
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Document Type	10-Q
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2019
Entity File Number	1-11530
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2019
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		61,209,345
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Local Phone Number	258-6800

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Assets:
Properties	$ 4,787,845,000	$ 4,717,569,000
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(1,484,486,000)	(1,404,692,000)
Real Estate Investment Property, Net	3,303,359,000	3,312,877,000
Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Notes 1, 2, and 4)	763,147,000	673,616,000
Cash and cash equivalents (Note 13)	42,749,000	48,372,000
Restricted cash (Note 13)	30,962,000	94,557,000
Accounts and notes receivable (Note 1)	78,569,000	77,730,000
Accounts receivable from related parties	1,191,000	1,818,000
Operating lease right-of-use assets (Note 1)	175,521,000
Deferred charges and other assets	89,600,000	135,136,000
Total Assets	4,485,098,000	4,344,106,000
Liabilities:
Notes payable, net (Note 5)	3,812,538,000	3,830,195,000
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	270,020,000	336,208,000
Operating lease liabilities (Note 1)	241,444,000
Distributions in excess of investments in and net income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Notes 1 and 4)	485,048,000	477,800,000
Total Liabilities	4,809,050,000	4,644,203,000
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9)
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Equity, Carrying Amount [Abstract]
Redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 6)	6,000,000	7,800,000
Equity (Deficit):
Series B Non-Participating Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.001 par and liquidation value, 40,000,000 shares authorized, 26,413,117 and 24,862,994 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018	26,000	25,000
Common Stock, $0.01 par value, 250,000,000 shares authorized, 61,208,580 and 61,069,108 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018	612,000	611,000
Additional paid-in capital	739,046,000	676,097,000
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 12)	(44,154,000)	(25,376,000)
Dividends in excess of net income (Notes 1 and 7)	(802,809,000)	(744,230,000)
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Parent	(107,279,000)	(92,873,000)
Noncontrolling interests (Notes 1 and 6)	(222,673,000)	(215,024,000)
Stockholders' Equity, Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	(329,952,000)	(307,897,000)
Total Liabilities and Equity	$ 4,485,098,000	$ 4,344,106,000

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Common stock, par value	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized	250,000,000	250,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	61,208,580	61,069,108
Common stock, shares outstanding	61,208,580	61,069,108
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred Stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred Stock, liquidation preference per share	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred Stock, shares authorized	40,000,000	40,000,000
Preferred Stock, shares issued	26,413,117	24,862,994
Preferred Stock, shares outstanding	26,413,117	24,862,994
Series J Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred Stock, par value	$ 0	$ 0
Preferred Stock, liquidation preference	$ 192,500,000	$ 192,500,000
Preferred Stock, shares authorized	7,700,000	7,700,000
Preferred Stock, shares issued	7,700,000	7,700,000
Preferred Stock, shares outstanding	7,700,000	7,700,000
Series K Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred Stock, par value	$ 0	$ 0
Preferred Stock, liquidation preference	$ 170,000,000	$ 170,000,000
Preferred Stock, shares authorized	6,800,000	6,800,000
Preferred Stock, shares issued	6,800,000	6,800,000
Preferred Stock, shares outstanding	6,800,000	6,800,000

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Revenues:
Rental revenues (Note 1)	$ 147,006,000		$ 291,295,000
Minimum rents (Note 1)		$ 87,580,000		$ 174,405,000
Overage rents	1,713,000	1,565,000	4,854,000	4,190,000
Expense recoveries (Note 1)		50,553,000		102,081,000
Management, leasing, and development services	892,000	826,000	2,108,000	1,620,000
Other (Note 1)	11,993,000	12,245,000	23,555,000	31,965,000
Total Revenues	161,604,000	152,769,000	321,812,000	314,261,000
Expenses:
Maintenance, taxes, utilities, and promotion	39,182,000	38,085,000	77,720,000	75,722,000
Other operating (Note 1)	21,232,000	21,034,000	40,457,000	44,900,000
Management, leasing, and development services	491,000	408,000	1,022,000	710,000
General and administrative	8,554,000	8,522,000	17,130,000	17,015,000
Restructuring charge (Note 1)	84,000	(77,000)	709,000	(423,000)
Costs associated with shareholder activism (Note 1)	12,000,000	5,000,000.0	16,000,000	8,500,000
Interest expense	38,010,000	33,023,000	74,895,000	63,846,000
Depreciation and amortization	44,259,000	42,996,000	89,215,000	78,018,000
Operating Expenses	163,812,000	148,991,000	317,148,000	288,288,000
Nonoperating income, net (Notes 9 and 11)	6,627,000	12,301,000	15,360,000	5,158,000
Income before income tax expense and equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	4,419,000	16,079,000	20,024,000	31,131,000
Income tax expense (Note 3)	(2,364,000)	(28,000)	(2,903,000)	(212,000)
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Note 4)	14,822,000	14,042,000	29,494,000	33,770,000
Net income	16,877,000	30,093,000	46,615,000	64,689,000
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (Note 6)	(4,240,000)	(8,402,000)	(12,470,000)	(18,025,000)
Net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc.	12,637,000	21,691,000	34,145,000	46,664,000
Distributions to participating securities of TRG (Note 8)	(593,000)	(599,000)	(1,220,000)	(1,198,000)
Preferred stock dividends	(5,785,000)	(5,785,000)	(11,569,000)	(11,569,000)
Net income attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc. common shareholders	6,259,000	15,307,000	21,356,000	33,897,000
Other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 12):
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate instruments	(9,533,000)	3,413,000	(14,421,000)	9,832,000
Cumulative translation adjustment	(13,829,000)	(10,568,000)	(10,511,000)	(6,847,000)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income	(423,000)	(1,004,000)	(1,846,000)	(230,000)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(23,785,000)	(8,159,000)	(26,778,000)	2,755,000
Comprehensive income (loss)	(6,908,000)	21,934,000	19,837,000	67,444,000
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	2,970,000	(6,032,000)	(4,394,000)	(18,825,000)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Taubman Centers, Inc.	$ (3,938,000)	$ 15,902,000	$ 15,443,000	$ 48,619,000
Basic earnings per common share (Note 10)	$ 0.10	$ 0.25	$ 0.35	$ 0.56
Diluted earnings per common share (Note 10)	$ 0.10	$ 0.25	$ 0.35	$ 0.55
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding – basic	61,171,614	60,992,200	61,147,947	60,954,924

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Series K Preferred Stock [Member]	Preferred Stock [Member]	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]	Accumulated Distributions in Excess of Net Income [Member]	Noncontrolling Interest [Member]	Series J Preferred Stock [Member]	Former Taubman Asia Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
Balance at Dec. 31, 2017	$ (150,028)		$ 25	$ 608	$ 675,333	$ (6,919)	$ (646,807)	$ (172,268)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2017			39,438,114	60,832,918
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 8 and 9), shares			(893)	3,353
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 8 and 9)	0
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8)	1,041			$ 2	1,039
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8), shares				155,941
Adjustments of noncontrolling interests (Note 6)	(110)				(155)	20		25
Dividends and distributions (1)	(126,754)						(92,664)
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption						(678)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests								(34,090)
Other	(633)					(678)	322	(277)
Net income (excludes net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) (Note 6)	64,799						46,664	18,135
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest	(110)									$ (110)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate instruments and other	9,832					6,978		2,854
Cumulative translation adjustment	(6,847)					(4,859)		(1,988)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income	(230)					(164)		(66)
Balance at Jun. 30, 2018	(208,930)		$ 25	$ 610	676,217	(5,622)	(692,485)	(187,675)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2018			39,437,221	60,992,212
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Declared				$ 1.31
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Declared		$ 0.78125							$ 0.8125
Balance at Mar. 31, 2018	(169,861)		$ 25	$ 610	673,727	157	(667,602)	(176,778)
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2018			39,437,221	60,991,114
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8)	2,574				2,574
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8), shares				1,098
Adjustments of noncontrolling interests (Note 6)	(58)				(84)	10		16
Dividends and distributions (1)	(63,336)						(46,333)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests								(17,003)
Other	(241)						(241)
Net income (excludes net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) (Note 6)	30,151						21,691	8,460
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest	(58)									(58)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate instruments and other	3,413					2,425		988
Cumulative translation adjustment	(10,568)					(7,500)		(3,068)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income	(1,004)					(714)		(290)
Balance at Jun. 30, 2018	(208,930)		$ 25	$ 610	676,217	(5,622)	(692,485)	(187,675)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2018			39,437,221	60,992,212
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Declared				$ 0.655
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Declared		0.390625							0.40625
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	(307,897)		$ 25	$ 611	676,097	(25,376)	(744,230)	(215,024)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018			39,362,994	61,069,108
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 8 and 9), shares			(41,060)	45,514
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 8 and 9)	0
Issuance of equity for acquisition of interest in UJV			1,500,000
Issuance of equity for acquisition of interest in unconsolidated joint venture (Note 2)	79,320		$ 1		79,319
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8)	3,650			$ 1	3,649
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8), shares			91,183	93,958
Former Taubman Asia President redeemable equity adjustment	1,800				1,800
Adjustments of noncontrolling interests (Note 6)	(237)				(21,819)	(76)		21,658
Dividends and distributions (1)	(131,068)						(95,367)
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption	4,919						3,156	1,763
Distributions to noncontrolling interests								(35,701)
Other	(513)						(513)
Net income (excludes net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) (Note 6)	46,852						34,145	12,707
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest	(237)									(237)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate instruments and other	(14,421)					(10,072)		(4,349)
Cumulative translation adjustment	(10,511)					(7,341)		(3,170)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income	(1,846)					(1,289)		(557)
Balance at Jun. 30, 2019	(329,952)		$ 26	$ 612	739,046	(44,154)	(802,809)	(222,673)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2019			40,913,117	61,208,580
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Declared				$ 1.35
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Declared		0.78125							0.8125
Balance at Mar. 31, 2019	(339,653)		$ 25	$ 612	677,755	(27,501)	(767,622)	(222,922)
Balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2019			39,355,694	61,161,539
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 8 and 9), shares			(33,760)	38,214
Issuance of stock pursuant to Continuing Offer (Notes 8 and 9)	0
Issuance of equity for acquisition of interest in UJV			1,500,000
Issuance of equity for acquisition of interest in unconsolidated joint venture (Note 2)	79,320		$ 1		79,319
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8)	1,820				1,820
Share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8), shares			91,183	8,827
Former Taubman Asia President redeemable equity adjustment	(1,800)				1,800
Adjustments of noncontrolling interests (Note 6)	(144)				(21,648)	(78)		21,582
Dividends and distributions (1)	(66,180)						(47,673)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests								(18,507)
Other	(151)						(151)
Net income (excludes net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest) (Note 6)	17,021						12,637	4,384
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest	(144)									$ (144)
Unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate instruments and other	(9,533)					(6,597)		(2,936)
Cumulative translation adjustment	(13,829)					(9,700)		(4,129)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income	(423)					(278)		(145)
Balance at Jun. 30, 2019	$ (329,952)		$ 26	$ 612	$ 739,046	$ (44,154)	$ (802,809)	$ (222,673)
Balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2019			40,913,117	61,208,580
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Declared				$ 0.675
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Declared		$ 0.390625							$ 0.40625

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Net income	$ 46,615	$ 64,689
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	89,215	78,018
Provision for bad debts		4,825
Fluctuation in fair value of equity securities (Note 11)	3,346	(914)
Income (loss) from Unconsolidated Joint Ventures net of distributions	8,337	(243)
Non-cash operating lease expense	1,017
Other	6,774	7,688
Increase (decrease) in cash attributable to changes in assets and liabilities:
Receivables, deferred charges, and other assets	(7,088)	(152)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(4,525)	(24,990)
Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities	136,999	130,749
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Additions to properties	(88,961)	(148,908)
Proceeds from sale of equity securities (Note 11)	52,077
Insurance proceeds for capital items at The Mall of San Juan (Note 9)	948	5,416
Contributions to Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Note 2)	(29,875)	(88,887)
Distributions from Unconsolidated Joint Ventures in excess of income	10,011	1,633
Other	46	44
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities	(55,754)	(230,702)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Proceeds from (payments to) revolving lines of credit, net	(13,425)	170,085
Debt proceeds		550,000
Debt payments	(5,636)	(479,300)
Debt issuance costs		(2,925)
Issuance of common stock and/or TRG Units in connection with incentive plans	(706)	(2,293)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	(35,701)	(34,090)
Distributions to participating securities of TRG	(1,220)	(1,198)
Cash dividends to preferred shareholders	(11,569)	(11,569)
Cash dividends to common shareholders	(82,578)	(79,897)
Net Cash Provided By (Used In) Financing Activities	(150,835)	108,813
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (Note 13)	372	467
Net Increase (Decrease) In Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash	(69,218)	9,327
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at Beginning of Period (Note 13)	142,929	164,404
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash at End of Period (Note 13)	$ 73,711	$ 173,731

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Interim Financial Statements

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Notes to Financial Statements [Abstract]

Interim Financial Statements

Interim Financial Statements

General

Taubman Centers, Inc. (TCO) is a Michigan corporation that operates as a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (REIT). TCO's sole asset is an approximate 70% general partnership interest in The Taubman Realty Group Limited Partnership (TRG), which owns direct or indirect interests in all of our real estate properties. In this report, the terms “we", "us", and "our'" refer to TCO, TRG, and/or TRG's subsidiaries as the context may require. We own, manage, lease, acquire, dispose of, develop, and expand shopping centers and interests therein. Our owned portfolio as of June 30, 2019 included 24 urban and suburban shopping centers operating in 11 U.S. states, Puerto Rico, South Korea, and China. The Taubman Company LLC (the Manager) provides certain management and administrative services for us and for our U.S. properties.

The Consolidated Businesses consist of shopping centers and entities that are controlled, by ownership or contractual agreements, by TRG, the Manager, or Taubman Properties Asia LLC and its subsidiaries and affiliates (Taubman Asia). Shopping centers owned through joint ventures that are not controlled by us by over which we have significant influence (Unconsolidated Joint Ventures or UJVs) are accounted for under the equity method.

In May 2018, we entered into a redevelopment agreement for Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield. On May 1, 2018, all operations at the center, as well as the building and improvements, were transferred to The Staenberg Group (TSG), and TSG leases the land from us through a long-term, participating ground lease. Both we and TSG have the ability to terminate the ground lease in the event that a redevelopment has not begun within five years, with the buildings and improvements reverting to us upon such a termination. We will defer recognition of a sale of the building and improvements and maintain the property on our Consolidated Balance Sheet until the foregoing termination right is no longer available to the parties, with this right ceasing upon TSG commencing a redevelopment. The shopping center has been excluded from our owned shopping center portfolio disclosure above.

The unaudited interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements for the interim periods have been made. The results of interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results for a full year.

Dollar amounts presented in tables within the notes to the financial statements are stated in thousands, except share data or as otherwise noted.

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of TCO include all accounts of TCO, TRG, and our consolidated businesses, including the Manager and Taubman Asia. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The entities included in these consolidated financial statements are separate legal entities and maintain records and books of account separate from any other entity. However, inclusion of these separate entities in the consolidated financial statements does not mean that the assets and credit of each of these legal entities are available to satisfy the debts or other obligations of any other such legal entity included in the consolidated financial statements.

In determining the method of accounting for partially owned joint ventures, we evaluate the characteristics of associated entities and determine whether an entity is a variable interest entity (VIE), and, if so, determine whether we are the primary beneficiary by analyzing whether we have both the power to direct the entity's significant economic activities and the obligation to absorb potentially significant losses or receive potentially significant benefits. Significant judgments and assumptions inherent in this analysis include the nature of the entity's operations, the entity's financing and capital structure, and contractual relationship and terms, including consideration of governance and decision making rights. We consolidate a VIE when we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary. All of our consolidated joint ventures, including TRG, meet the definition and criteria as VIEs, as either we or an affiliate of ours is the primary beneficiary of each VIE.

TCO's sole asset is an approximate 70% general partnership interest in TRG and, consequently, substantially all of TCO's consolidated assets and liabilities are assets and liabilities of TRG. All of TCO's debt (Note 5) is an obligation of TRG or our consolidated subsidiaries. Note 5 also provides disclosure of guarantees provided by TRG to certain consolidated joint ventures and UJVs. Note 6 provides additional disclosures of the carrying balance of the noncontrolling interests in our consolidated joint ventures and other information, including a description of certain rights of the noncontrolling owners.

Investments in UJVs are accounted for under the equity method. We have evaluated our investments in UJVs under guidance for determining whether an entity is a VIE and have concluded that the ventures are not VIEs. Accordingly, we account for our interests in these entities under general accounting standards for investments in real estate ventures (including guidance for determining effective control of a limited partnership or similar entity). Our partners or other owners in these UJVs have substantive participating rights including approval rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, financing, admission of new partners/members, or sale of the properties and we have concluded that the equity method of accounting is appropriate for these interests. Specifically, our 79% and 50.1% investments in Westfarms and International Plaza, respectively, are through general partnerships in which the other general partners have participating rights over annual operating budgets, capital spending, refinancing, or sale of the property. We provide our beneficial interest in certain financial information of our UJVs (Notes 4 and 5). This beneficial information is derived as our ownership interest in the investee multiplied by the specific financial statement item being presented. Investors are cautioned that deriving our beneficial interest in this manner may not accurately depict the legal and economic implications of holding a noncontrolling interest in the investee.

Ownership

In addition to common stock, we had three classes of preferred stock outstanding (Series B, J, and K) as of June 30, 2019. Dividends on the 6.5% Series J Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Series J Preferred Stock) and the 6.25% Series K Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (Series K Preferred Stock) are cumulative and are paid on the last business day of each calendar quarter. We own corresponding Series J and Series K Preferred Equity interests in TRG that entitle us to income and distributions (in the form of guaranteed payments) in amounts equal to the dividends payable on TCO's Series J and Series K Preferred Stock.

We are also obligated to issue to the noncontrolling partners of TRG, upon subscription, one share of Series B Non-Participating Convertible Preferred Stock (Series B Preferred Share) per each unit of limited partnership in TRG (TRG Unit). Each Series B Preferred Share entitles the holder to one vote per share on all matters submitted to our shareholders. The holders of Series B Preferred Shares, voting as a class, have the right to designate up to four nominees for election as directors of TCO. On all other matters on which the holders of common stock are entitled to vote, including the election of directors, the holders of Series B Preferred Shares will vote with the holders of common stock. The holders of Series B Preferred Shares are not entitled to dividends or earnings of TCO. The Series B Preferred Shares are convertible into common stock at a ratio of 14,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for one share of common stock.

Outstanding voting securities of TCO at June 30, 2019 consisted of 26,413,117 shares of Series B Preferred Stock and 61,208,580 shares of common stock.

TRG

At June 30, 2019, TRG’s equity included two classes of preferred equity (Series J and K) and the net equity of the TRG unitholders. Net income and distributions of TRG are allocable first to the preferred equity interests, and the remaining amounts to the general and limited partners in TRG in accordance with their percentage ownership. The Series J and Series K Preferred Equity are owned by TCO and are eliminated in consolidation.

TCO's ownership in TRG at June 30, 2019 consisted of a 70% managing general partnership interest, as well as the Series J and Series K Preferred Equity interests. Our average ownership percentage in TRG for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was 70% and 71%, respectively. At June 30, 2019, TRG had 87,639,296 TRG Units outstanding, of which we owned 61,208,580 TRG Units. Disclosures about TRG Units outstanding exclude TRG Profits Units granted or other share-based grants for which TRG Units may eventually be issued (Note 8).

The remaining approximate 30% of TRG Units are owned by TRG's partners other than TCO, including Robert S. Taubman, William S. Taubman, Gayle Taubman Kalisman, and the A. Alfred Taubman Restated Revocable Trust (the Revocable Trust).

Revenue Recognition

Disaggregation of Revenue

The nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of individual types of revenues may be affected differently by economic factors. Under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers", we are required to disclose a disaggregation of our revenues derived from contracts from customers that considers economic differences between revenue types. The following table summarizes our disaggregation of consolidated revenues for this purpose.

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Expense recoveries (1)			$	50,553			$	102,081
Shopping center and other operational revenues (2)	$	11,993	10,817		$	23,555	21,637
Management, leasing, and development services	892		826		2,108		1,620
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	12,885	$	62,196	$	25,663	$	125,338

(1) Pursuant to our adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", beginning January 1, 2019, expense recoveries has been combined with minimum rent on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Rental Revenues and is no longer required to be disaggregated.

(2) Represents consolidated Other revenue reported on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) excluding lease cancellation income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Pursuant to the adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", beginning January 1, 2019, lease cancellation income is now presented in Rental Revenues on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Information about Contract Balances and Unsatisfied Performance Obligations

Contract assets exist when we have a right to payment for services rendered that remains conditional on factors other than the passage of time. Similarly, contract liabilities are incurred when customers prepay for services to be rendered. Certain revenue streams within shopping center and other operational revenues may give rise to contract assets and liabilities. However, these revenue streams are generally short-term in nature and the difference between revenue recognition and cash collection, although variable, does not differ significantly from period to period. As of June 30, 2019, we had an inconsequential amount of contract assets and liabilities.

The aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to our performance obligations that were unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, as of June 30, 2019 were inconsequential.

Restructuring Charge

We have been undergoing a restructuring to reduce our workforce and reorganize various areas of the organization in response to the completion of another major development cycle and the current near-term challenges facing the U.S. retail industry. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we incurred $0.1 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of expense related to our restructuring efforts. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded a change in estimate to previously recognized restructuring charges resulting in a reversal of expense of $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively. These expenses and changes in estimates thereto have been separately classified as Restructuring Charge on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). As of June 30, 2019, an inconsequential amount of the restructuring costs recognized during 2018 and 2019 were unpaid and remained accrued.    

Costs Associated with Shareholder Activism

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we incurred $12.0 million and $16.0 million, respectively, of expense associated with activities related to shareholder activism, largely legal and advisory services. Expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 include $5.0 million pursuant to an agreement with Land & Buildings Investment Management, LLC (Land & Buildings) for a reimbursement of a portion of the billed fees and expenses incurred by Land & Buildings and its affiliated funds in connection with Land & Buildings' activist involvement with TCO and the service on our Board of Directors of its founder and Chief Investment Officer, Jonathan Litt, which reimbursement represents a related party transaction. We received written certification from Land and Buildings that the actual billed fees and expenses as of the payment date exceeded $5.0 million. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, expenses associated with activities related to shareholder activism were $5.0 million and $8.5 million, respectively.

Also included in the activism costs is a retention program for certain employees. Given the uncertainties associated with shareholder activism and to ensure the retention of top talent in key positions within TCO, certain key employees were provided certain incentive benefits in the form of cash and/or equity retention awards. We and our Board of Directors believe these benefits are instrumental in ensuring the continued success of TCO during the retention period. Due to the unusual and infrequent nature of these expenses in our history, they have been separately classified as Costs Associated with Shareholder Activism on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Unvested incentive benefits under the retention awards as of June 30, 2019 were $0.1 million, which will be recognized as service is rendered through December 31, 2019.

Management’s Responsibility to Evaluate Our Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

When preparing financial statements for each annual and interim reporting period, management has the responsibility to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. No such conditions or events were identified as of the issuance date of the financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Adoption of ASC Topic 842 ("Leases")

On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASC Topic 842, "Leases". ASC Topic 842 addresses off-balance sheet financing related to operating leases and introduces a new lessee model that bring substantially all leases onto the balance sheet. We adopted ASC Topic 842, recognizing operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets for ground and office leases under which we are the lessee on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, as of the date of adoption. These lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets will amortize over the remaining life of the respective leases. We also began expensing certain indirect leasing costs, which were capitalizable under the previous lease accounting standard. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we expensed $1.5 million and $2.9 million, respectively, of leasing costs under ASC Topic 842 that would have been capitalized under the previous accounting standard.

We implemented ASC Topic 842 using certain practical expedients. As a result of these elections, we did not reassess whether any existing contracts contained a lease, the lease classification of existing leases, or the initial direct costs of existing leases. In addition, in instances where we are the lessor, we elected to not separate non-lease components, most significantly certain common area maintenance recoveries, from the associated lease components. Due to this election, minimum rents and expense recoveries were combined into a single revenue line item, Rental Revenues, on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). We also elected the optional transition method to apply the provisions of ASC Topic 842 as of the adoption date, rather than the earliest period presented. As such, the requirements of ASC Topic 842 were not applied in the comparative periods presented in our consolidated financial statements.

In connection with the adoption of ASC Topic 842, lease cancellation payments from our tenants are now included in Rental Revenues on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term, if any. Lease cancellation income was previously accounted for under ASC Topic 606 and presented in Other revenue on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Shopping center space is leased to tenants and certain anchors pursuant to lease agreements. Future rental revenues under operating leases in effect at June 30, 2019 for operating centers, assuming no new or renegotiated leases or option extensions on anchor agreements, is summarized as follows:

2019	$	221,574
2020	436,998
2021	391,005
2022	343,802
2023	309,581
Thereafter	948,854

Certain shopping centers, as lessees, have ground and office leases expiring at various dates through the year 2105. As of June 30, 2019, these leases had an average remaining lease term of approximately 51 years. One center has an option to extend the term for three, 10 year periods and another center has the option to extend the lease term for one additional 10 year period. As of June 30, 2019, these extension options were not considered reasonably assured of being exercised and therefore were excluded from the respective lease terms for these centers. We also lease certain of our office facilities and certain equipment. Office facility and equipment leases expire at various dates through the year 2022.

In order to determine the operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets for ground and office leases under which we are the lessee, we utilized a synthetic corporate yield curve to determine an incremental borrowing rate for each of our leases. Significant judgment was required to develop the yield curve, which utilized certain peer and market observations. As of June 30, 2019, the weighted average discount rate for operating leases reported on our Consolidated Balance Sheet was 5.8%. In instances where variable consideration not dependent upon an index or rate existed, such future payments were excluded from the determination of the related operating lease liability and right-of-use asset.

For leases existing as of the adoption date of ASC Topic 842, rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis. Rental expense under operating leases was $4.2 million and $8.4 million for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. There was no contingent rent expense under operating leases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. Payables representing straight-line rent adjustments under lease agreements were $64.8 million as of December 31, 2018. These amounts are now presented within Operating Lease Liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet upon adoption of ASC Topic 842.

The following is a schedule of future minimum rental payments required under operating leases:

2019	$	7,286
2020	13,646
2021	12,588
2022	13,983
2023	14,142
Thereafter	723,068

We own the retail space subject to a long-term participating lease at City Creek Center, a mixed-use property in Salt Lake City, Utah. City Creek Reserve, Inc. (CCRI), an affiliate of the LDS Church is the participating lessor. We own 100% of the leasehold interest in the retail buildings and property. CCRI has an option to purchase our interest at fair value at various points in time over the term of the lease. In addition to the minimum rent included in the table above, we may pay contingent rent based on the performance of the center.

International Market Place, a shopping center located in Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii, is subject to a long-term participating ground lease. In addition to minimum rent included in the table above, we may pay contingent rent based on the performance of the center.

Accounts Receivable and Uncollectible Tenant Revenues

In connection with the adoption of ASC Topic 842, we now review the collectibility of both billed and accrued charges under our tenant leases each quarter taking into consideration the tenant’s historical payment status, credit profile, and known issues related to tenant operations. For any tenant receivable balances thought to be uncollectible, we now record an offset for uncollectible tenant revenues directly to Rental Revenues on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Uncollectible tenant revenues were previously reported as bad debt expense in Other Operating expense on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Our allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2018 was $10.4 million.

As a result of the above change in evaluation in uncollectible tenant revenues, the allowance for doubtful accounts was written off and an entry was recorded as of January 1, 2019 to adjust the receivables and equity balances of our Consolidated Businesses and Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. This resulted in a cumulative effect adjustment increasing Dividends in Excess of Net Income by $3.2 million and Non-redeemable Noncontrolling Interest by $1.8 million on our Consolidated Balance Sheet with offsetting increases in Accounts and Notes Receivable, Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, and Distributions in Excess of Investments In and Net Income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures balances on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

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Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Acquisition, Redevelopments, and Developments [Abstract]

Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments [Text Block]

Acquisition, Partial Disposition of Ownership Interests, Redevelopment, and Development

Acquisition

In April 2019, we acquired a 48.5% interest in The Gardens Mall in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, in exchange for 1.5 million newly issued TRG Units (Note 13). We also assumed our $94.6 million share of the existing debt at the center. Our ownership interest in the center is accounted for as an Unconsolidated Joint Venture under the equity method.

Partial Disposition of Ownership Interests

In February 2019, we announced agreements to sell 50% of our interests in Starfield Hanam, CityOn.Xi’an, and CityOn.Zhengzhou to funds managed by The Blackstone Group L.P. (Blackstone). Following the transactions, which are subject to customary closing conditions and are expected to close throughout 2019, we will retain a 17.15% ownership interest in Starfield Hanam, a 25% ownership interest in CityOn.Xi'an, and a 24.5% ownership interest in CityOn.Zhengzhou. We will remain the partner responsible for the joint management of the three shopping centers, with Blackstone paying a property service fee. The interests to be sold were valued at $480 million as of the sale agreement date, with net cash proceeds expected to be about $315 million, after transaction costs and the allocation to Blackstone of its share of third-party debt. Also, we may receive up to an additional $50 million of consideration based on the 2019 performance of the three assets.

Redevelopment

We substantially completed our redevelopment project at The Mall at Green Hills in June 2019. We expect some capital spending at The Mall at Green Hills to continue for the remainder of 2019 as certain costs are incurred subsequent to the project's completion, including construction on certain tenant spaces.

Asia Development

Starfield Anseong

We have partnered with Shinsegae Group, our partner in Starfield Hanam, to build, lease, and manage Starfield Anseong, an approximately 1.1 million square foot shopping center in Anseong, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. We own a 49% interest in the project and no longer expect to admit an additional capital partner during the development period. The shopping center is scheduled to open in late 2020. As of June 30, 2019, we have invested $121.3 million in the project, after cumulative currency translation adjustments. This investment is classified within Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

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Income Taxes

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Income Tax Expense

Our income tax expense (benefit) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Federal current	$	116		$	60		$	116		$	60
Federal deferred	428			(261		)	621			$	(348	)
Foreign current	476			462			596			634
Foreign deferred	1,320		(1)	(262		)	1,435		(1)	(124		)
State current	22						41			3
State deferred	2			29			94			(13		)
Total income tax expense	$	2,364		$	28		$	2,903		$	212

(1) As a result of our pending sale of 50% of our interests in Starfield Hanam, CityOn.Xi’an, and CityOn.Zhengzhou to funds managed by Blackstone (Note 2), we recognized foreign deferred tax expense in 2019 as we are no longer able to assert indefinite reinvestment in our China centers. The tax expense is related to an excess of the outside GAAP basis over the tax basis of our investments.

Deferred Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were as follows:

	2019			2018
Deferred tax assets:
Federal	$	5,093		$	5,662
Foreign	1,703			1,655
State	993			807
Total deferred tax assets	$	7,789		$	8,124
Valuation allowances	(1,904		)	(1,744		)
Net deferred tax assets	$	5,885		$	6,380
Deferred tax liabilities:
Foreign	$	3,432		$	2,454
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	3,432		$	2,454

We believe that it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to recognize the net deferred tax assets. These future operations are primarily dependent upon the Manager’s profitability, the timing and amounts of gains on peripheral land sales, the profitability of Taubman Asia's operations, and other factors affecting the results of operations of the taxable REIT subsidiaries. The valuation allowances relate to net operating loss carryforwards and tax basis differences where there is uncertainty regarding their realizability.

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Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

General Information

We own beneficial interests in joint ventures that own shopping centers. TRG is the sole direct or indirect managing general partner or managing member of Fair Oaks Mall, International Plaza, Stamford Town Center, Sunvalley, The Mall at University Town Center, and Westfarms; however, these joint ventures are accounted for under the equity method due to the substantive participation rights of the outside partners. TRG also provides certain management, leasing, and/or development services to the other shopping centers noted below.

Shopping Center	Ownership as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018
CityOn.Xi'an (1)	50%
CityOn.Zhengzhou (1)	49
Country Club Plaza	50
Fair Oaks Mall	50
The Gardens Mall (2)	48.5/0
International Plaza	50.1
The Mall at Millenia	50
Stamford Town Center	50
Starfield Anseong (under development)	Note 2
Starfield Hanam (1)	34.3
Sunvalley	50
The Mall at University Town Center	50
Waterside Shops	50
Westfarms	79

(1) In February 2019, we entered into agreements to sell 50% of our ownership interests in CityOn.Xi'an, CityOn.Zhengzhou, and Starfield Hanam, which are subject to customary closing conditions and are expected to close throughout 2019 (Note 2).

(2) In April 2019, we acquired a 48.5% interest in The Gardens Mall (Note 2).

The carrying value of our investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures differs from our share of the partnership or members’ equity reported on the combined balance sheet of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures due to (i) the cost of our investment in excess of the historical net book values of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures and (ii) TRG’s adjustments to the book basis, including intercompany profits on sales of services that are capitalized by the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. Our additional basis allocated to depreciable assets is recognized on a straight-line basis over 40 years. TRG’s differences in bases are amortized over the useful lives or terms of the related assets and liabilities.

On our Consolidated Balance Sheet, we separately report our investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures for which accumulated distributions have exceeded investments in and net income of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. The net equity of certain joint ventures is less than zero because distributions are usually greater than net income, as net income includes non-cash charges for depreciation and amortization. In addition, any distributions related to refinancing of the centers further decrease the net equity of the shopping centers.

Combined Financial Information

Combined balance sheet and results of operations information is presented in the following table for our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, followed by TRG's beneficial interest in the combined operations information. The combined financial information of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 excludes the balances of Starfield Anseong, which is currently under development (Note 2). Beneficial interest is calculated based on TRG's ownership interest in each of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures.

	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Assets:
Properties	$	3,835,131		$	3,728,846
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(967,212		)	(869,375		)
	$	2,867,919		$	2,859,471
Cash and cash equivalents	131,509			161,311
Accounts and notes receivable (1)	143,337			131,767
Operating lease right-of-use assets (1)	11,534
Deferred charges and other assets	131,435			140,444
	$	3,285,734		$	3,292,993
Liabilities and accumulated equity (deficiency) in assets:
Notes payable, net	$	3,097,056		$	2,815,617
Accounts payable and other liabilities	284,413			426,358
Operating lease liabilities (1)	13,286
TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets (1)	(122,555		)	(49,465		)
Unconsolidated Joint Venture Partners' accumulated equity in assets (1)	13,534			100,483
	$	3,285,734		$	3,292,993
TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets (above)	$	(122,555	)	$	(49,465	)
TRG's investment in Starfield Anseong (Note 2) and advances to CityOn.Zhengzhou	165,049			140,743
TRG basis adjustments, including elimination of intercompany profit	189,400			57,360
TCO's additional basis	46,205			47,178
Net investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$	278,099		$	195,816
Distributions in excess of investments in and net income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	485,048			477,800
Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$	763,147		$	673,616

(1) Upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases" on January 1, 2019, we valued our operating lease obligations and recorded operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets. These lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets will amortize over the remaining life of the respective leases.

	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Revenues (1)	$	154,385		$	144,347		$	297,026		$	299,635
Maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses (1)	$	56,535		$	52,391		$	104,410		$	105,181
Interest expense	36,213			33,650			68,711			66,117
Depreciation and amortization	33,669			33,152			66,640			65,936
Total operating costs	$	126,417		$	119,193		$	239,761		$	237,234
Nonoperating income, net	923			581			1,324			928
Income tax expense	(1,967		)	(1,428		)	(3,646		)	(2,844		)
Net income	$	26,924		$	24,307		$	54,943		$	60,485
Net income attributable to TRG	$	14,155		$	12,536		$	28,448		$	31,242
Realized intercompany profit, net of depreciation on TRG’s basis adjustments	1,152			1,991			2,018			3,500
Depreciation of TCO's additional basis	(485		)	(485		)	(972		)	(972		)
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$	14,822		$	14,042		$	29,494		$	33,770
Beneficial interest in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures’ operations:
Revenues less maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses	$	52,693		$	49,284		$	102,110		$	103,528
Interest expense	(18,005		)	(17,263		)	(34,781		)	(34,014		)
Depreciation and amortization	(18,954		)	(17,325		)	(36,146		)	(34,380		)
Income tax expense	(912		)	(654		)	(1,689		)	(1,364		)
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$	14,822		$	14,042		$	29,494		$	33,770

(1) Upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", uncollectible tenant revenues are now being recorded in Rental Revenues (Note 1).

Related Party

We have a note receivable outstanding with CityOn.Zhengzhou, which was originally issued for the purpose of funding development costs. The balance of the note receivable was $43.8 million and $43.6 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, and was classified within Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

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Beneficial Interest in Debt and Interest Expense

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Beneficial interest in Debt and Interest Expense

Beneficial Interest in Debt and Interest Expense

TRG's beneficial interest in the debt, capitalized interest, and interest expense of our consolidated subsidiaries and our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures is summarized in the following table. TRG's beneficial interest in the consolidated subsidiaries excludes debt and interest related to the noncontrolling interest in Cherry Creek Shopping Center (50%) and International Market Place (6.5%).

	At 100%					At Beneficial Interest
	Consolidated Subsidiaries			Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		Consolidated Subsidiaries			Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Debt as of:
June 30, 2019	$	3,812,538		$	3,097,056	$	3,521,884		$	1,588,728
December 31, 2018	3,830,195			2,815,617		3,539,588			1,437,445
Capitalized interest:
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019	$	4,354	(1)	$	85	$	4,345	(1)	$	47
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018	7,180			3		7,154			2
Interest expense:
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019	$	74,895		$	68,711	$	68,841		$	34,781
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018	63,846			66,117		57,807			34,014

(1) We capitalize interest costs incurred in funding our equity contributions to development projects accounted for as Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. The capitalized interest cost is included in our basis in our investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. Such capitalized interest reduces interest expense on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and in the table above is included within Consolidated Subsidiaries.

Upcoming Maturity

The $150 million loan for The Mall at Green Hills matures in December 2019. We expect to exercise the second and final one year extension option upon maturity.

Debt Covenants and Guarantees

Certain loan agreements contain various restrictive covenants, including the following corporate covenants on our primary unsecured revolving line of credit, as well as the $300 million and $250 million unsecured term loans and the loan on International Market Place: a minimum net worth requirement, a maximum total leverage ratio, a maximum secured leverage ratio, a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, a maximum recourse secured debt ratio, and a maximum payout ratio. In addition, our primary unsecured revolving line of credit and unsecured term loans have unencumbered pool covenants, which currently apply to Beverly Center, Dolphin Mall, and The Gardens on El Paseo on a combined basis. These covenants include a minimum number and minimum value of eligible unencumbered assets, a maximum unencumbered leverage ratio, a minimum unencumbered interest coverage ratio, and a minimum unencumbered asset occupancy ratio. As of June 30, 2019, the corporate total leverage ratio was the most restrictive covenant. We were in compliance with all of our covenants and loan obligations as of June 30, 2019. The maximum payout ratio covenant limits the payment of distributions generally to 95% of funds from operations, as defined in the loan agreements, except as required to maintain our tax status, pay preferred distributions, and for distributions related to the sale of certain assets.

In connection with the August 2018 financing at International Market Place, TRG provided an unconditional guarantee of the loan principal balance and all accrued but unpaid interest during the term of the loan. The $250 million loan is interest only during the initial three year term with principal amortization required during the extension periods, if exercised. Accrued but unpaid interest as of June 30, 2019 was $1.0 million. We believe the likelihood of a repayment under the guarantee to be remote.

In connection with the $175 million additional financing at International Plaza, which is owned by an Unconsolidated Joint Venture, TRG provided an unconditional and several guarantee of 50.1% of all obligations and liabilities related to an interest rate swap that was required on the debt for the term of the loan. As of June 30, 2019, the interest rate swap was a $0.7 million liability and in a receivable position for unpaid interest. We believe the likelihood of a payment under the guarantee to be remote.

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Noncontrolling Interests

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Noncontrolling Interest [Abstract]

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling Interests

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

Taubman Asia President

In September 2016, we announced the appointment of Peter Sharp (Successor Asia President) as president of Taubman Asia, a consolidated subsidiary, succeeding René Tremblay (Former Asia President) effective January 1, 2017. The Former Asia President was employed by us in another capacity through September 30, 2017.

The Former Asia President has an ownership interest in Taubman Asia. This interest entitles the Former Asia President to 5% of Taubman Asia's dividends, with 85% of his dividends relating to investment activities undergone prior to the Successor Asia President obtaining an ownership interest (see below) being withheld as contributions to capital. These withholdings will continue until he contributes and maintains his capital consistent with his percentage ownership interest, including all capital funded by TRG for Taubman Asia's operating and investment activities subsequent to the Former Asia President obtaining his ownership interest. TRG has a preferred investment in Taubman Asia to the extent the Former Asia President has not yet contributed capital commensurate with his ownership interest. This preferred investment accrues an annual preferential return equal to TRG's average borrowing rate (with the preferred investment and accrued return together being referred to herein as the preferred interest). In addition, Taubman Asia has the ability to call, and the Former Asia President has the ability to put, the Former Asia President’s ownership interest upon Taubman Asia's properties reaching certain specified milestones. The redemption price for the ownership interest is the fair value of the ownership interest less the amount required to return TRG's preferred interest. We have determined that the Former Asia President's ownership interest in Taubman Asia qualifies as an equity award, considering its specific redemption provisions, and account for it as a contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest. We present as temporary equity at each balance sheet date an estimate of the redemption value of the ownership interest, therefore falling into Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the carrying amount of this redeemable equity was $6.0 million and $7.8 million, respectively. Adjustments to the redemption value are recorded through equity.

In April 2016, we reacquired half of the Former Asia President’s previous 10% ownership interest in Taubman Asia for $7.2 million. The Former Asia President contributed $2 million to Taubman Asia, which may be returned, in part or in whole, upon satisfaction of the re-evaluation of the full liquidation value of Taubman Asia as of April 2016; such re-evaluation will be performed at the Former Asia President's election on or after the third anniversary of the opening of specified Asia projects. The Former Asia President’s current 5% interest is puttable beginning in 2019 at the earliest and was classified as Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The Successor Asia President also has an ownership interest in Taubman Asia. This interest entitles the Successor Asia President to 3% of Taubman Asia's dividends for investment activities undergone by Taubman Asia subsequent to him obtaining his ownership interest, with all of his dividends being withheld as contributions to capital. These withholdings will continue until he contributes and maintains his capital consistent with his percentage ownership interest, including all capital funded by TRG for Taubman Asia's operating and investment activities subsequent to the Successor Asia President obtaining his ownership interest. TRG has a preferred investment in Taubman Asia to the extent the Successor Asia President has not yet contributed capital commensurate with his ownership interest. This preferred investment accrues an annual preferential return equal to TRG's average borrowing rate (with the preferred investment and accrued return together being referred to herein as the preferred interest). In addition, Taubman Asia has the ability to call, and the Successor Asia President has the ability to put, the Successor Asia President’s ownership interest upon specified terminations of the Successor Asia President’s employment, although such put or call right may not be exercised for specified time periods after certain termination events. The redemption price for the ownership interest is 50% (increasing to 100% as early as January 2022) of the fair value of the ownership interest less the amount required to return TRG's preferred interest. We have determined that the Successor Asia President's ownership interest in Taubman Asia qualifies as an equity award, considering its specific redemption provisions, and account for it as a contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest. As of both June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the carrying amount of this redeemable equity was zero. Any adjustments to the redemption value are recorded through equity.

International Market Place

We own a 93.5% controlling interest in a joint venture that owns International Market Place in Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii. The 6.5% joint venture partner has no obligation and no right to contribute capital. We are entitled to a preferential return on our capital contributions. We have the right to purchase the joint venture partner's interest and the joint venture partner has the right to require us to purchase the joint venture partner's interest after the third anniversary of the opening of the center, and annually thereafter. The purchase price of the joint venture partner's interest will be based on fair value. Considering the redemption provisions, we account for the joint venture partner's interest as a contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest with a carrying value of zero at both June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Any adjustments to the redemption value are recorded through equity.

Reconciliation of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest

	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Beginning Balance	$	7,800		$	7,500		$	7,800		$	7,500
Allocation of net loss	(144		)	(58		)	(237		)	(110		)
Former Taubman Asia President adjustment of redeemable equity	(1,800		)				(1,800		)
Adjustments of redeemable noncontrolling interest	144			58			237			110
Ending Balance	$	6,000		$	7,500		$	6,000		$	7,500

Equity Balances of Non-redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

The net equity balance of the non-redeemable noncontrolling interests as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 included the following:

	2019			2018
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated joint ventures	$	(154,795	)	$	(156,470	)
Noncontrolling interests in partnership equity of TRG	(67,878		)	(58,554		)
	$	(222,673	)	$	(215,024	)

Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests

Net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interests for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 included the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling share of income of consolidated joint ventures	$	976		$	1,538
Noncontrolling share of income of TRG	3,408			6,922
	$	4,384		$	8,460
Redeemable noncontrolling interest:	(144		)	(58		)
	$	4,240		$	8,402

Net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interests for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 included the following:

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling share of income of consolidated joint ventures	$	2,498		$	2,934
Noncontrolling share of income of TRG	10,209			15,201
	$	12,707		$	18,135
Redeemable noncontrolling interest:	(237		)	(110		)
	$	12,470		$	18,025

Equity Transactions

The following table presents the effects of changes in TCO’s ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries on TCO’s equity for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018:

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders	$	21,356		$	33,897
Transfers (to) from the noncontrolling interest:
(Decrease) increase in TCO’s paid-in capital for adjustments of noncontrolling interest (1)	(21,819		)	(155		)
Net transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests	(21,819		)	(155		)
Change from net income attributable to TCO and transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests	$	(463	)	$	33,742

(1) In 2019 and 2018, adjustments of the noncontrolling interest were made as a result of changes in our ownership of TRG in connection with our share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8), issuances of common stock pursuant to the Continuing Offer (Note 9), issuances of TRG Units in connection with the acquisition of The Gardens Mall (Note 2), and in connection with the accounting for the Former Asia President's redeemable ownership interest.

Finite Life Entities

ASC Topic 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity” establishes standards for classifying and measuring as liabilities certain financial instruments that embody obligations of the issuer and have characteristics of both liabilities and equity. At June 30, 2019, we held a controlling interest in a consolidated entity with a specified termination date in 2083. The noncontrolling owners' interest in this entity is to be settled upon termination by distribution or transfer of either cash or specific assets of the underlying entity. The estimated fair value of this noncontrolling interest was approximately $370 million at June 30, 2019, compared to a book value of $(154.8) million that is classified in Noncontrolling Interests on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. The fair value of the noncontrolling interest was calculated as the noncontrolling interest's effective ownership share of the underlying property's fair value. The property's fair value was estimated by considering its in-place net operating income, current market capitalization rate, and mortgage debt outstanding.

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Derivative and Hedging Activities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative and Hedging Activities

Derivative and Hedging Activities

Risk Management Objective and Strategies for Using Derivatives

We use derivative instruments, such as interest rate swaps and interest rate caps, primarily to manage exposure to interest rate risks inherent in variable rate debt and refinancings. We may also enter into forward starting swaps or treasury lock agreements to set the effective interest rate on a planned fixed-rate financing. Our interest rate swaps involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for us making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Interest rate caps involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract in exchange for an up-front premium. In a forward starting swap or treasury lock agreement that we cash settle in anticipation of a fixed rate financing or refinancing, we will receive or pay an amount equal to the present value of future cash flow payments based on the difference between the contract rate and market rate on the settlement date.

We do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes and currently do not have any derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments under the accounting requirements for derivatives and hedging.

As of June 30, 2019, we had the following outstanding derivatives that were designated and are expected to be effective as cash flow hedges of the interest payments and/or the currency exchange rate on the associated debt.

Instrument Type	Ownership		Notional Amount	Swap Rate			Credit Spread on Loan			Total Swapped Rate on Loan			Maturity Date
Consolidated Subsidiaries:
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)	100	%	100,000	2.14	%		1.60	%	(1)	3.74	%	(1)	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)	100	%	100,000	2.14	%		1.60	%	(1)	3.74	%	(1)	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)	100	%	50,000	2.14	%		1.60	%	(1)	3.74	%	(1)	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)	100	%	50,000	2.14	%		1.60	%	(1)	3.74	%	(1)	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (2)	100	%	125,000	3.02	%	(2)	1.60	%	(2)	4.62	%	(2)	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (2)	100	%	75,000	3.02	%	(2)	1.60	%	(2)	4.62	%	(2)	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (2)	100	%	50,000	3.02	%	(2)	1.60	%	(2)	4.62	%	(2)	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (3)	100	%	12,000	2.09	%		1.40	%		3.49	%		March 2024
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures:
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (4)	50.1	%	160,410	1.83	%		1.75	%		3.58	%		December 2021
Receive variable (LIBOR) USD/pay-fixed Korean Won (KRW) cross-currency interest rate swap (5)	34.3	%	52,065 USD / 60,500,000 KRW	1.52	%		1.60	%		3.12	%		September 2020

(1) The hedged forecasted transaction for each of these swaps is the first previously unhedged one month LIBOR-indexed interest payment accrued and made each month on a debt principal amount equal to the swap notional amount, regardless of the specific debt agreement from which they may flow. We are currently using these swaps to manage interest rate risk on the $300 million unsecured term loan. The credit spread on this loan can vary within a range of 1.25% to 1.90%, depending on our total leverage ratio at the measurement date, resulting in an effective rate in the range of 3.39% to 4.04% during the swap period.

(2) The hedged forecasted transaction for each of these swaps is the first previously unhedged one-month LIBOR-indexed interest payment accrued and made each month on a debt principal amount equal to the swap notional amount, regardless of the specific debt agreement from which they may flow beginning with the March 2019 effective date of these swaps. We are currently using these swaps to manage interest rate risk on the $250 million unsecured term loan. The credit spread on this loan can vary within a range of 1.25% to 1.90%, depending on our total leverage ratio at the measurement date, resulting in an effective rate in the range of 4.27% to 4.92% during the swap period.

(3) The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the floating rate loan on the U.S. headquarters building.

(4) The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the floating rate loan on International Plaza.

(5) The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the U.S. dollar construction loan for Starfield Hanam. There is a cross-currency interest rate swap to fix the interest rate on the loan and swap the related principal and interest payments from U.S. dollars to KRW in order to reduce the impact of fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates on the cash flows of the joint venture. The currency swap exchange rate is 1,162.0.

Cash Flow Hedges

We recognize all changes in fair value for hedging instruments designated and qualifying for cash flow hedge accounting treatment as a component of Other Comprehensive Income (OCI).

Amounts reported in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) related to currently outstanding interest rate derivatives are recognized as an adjustment to income as interest payments are made on our variable-rate debt. Realized gains or losses on settled derivative instruments included in AOCI are recognized as an adjustment to income over the term of the hedged debt transaction. Amounts reported in AOCI related to the cross-currency interest rate swap are recognized as an adjustment to income as transaction gains or losses arising from the remeasurement of foreign currency denominated loans are recognized and as actual interest and principal obligations are repaid.

We expect that approximately $3.7 million of AOCI of TCO and the noncontrolling interests will be reclassified from AOCI and recognized as an increase in expense in the following 12 months.

The following tables present the effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. The tables include the amount of gains or losses on outstanding derivative instruments recognized in OCI in cash flow hedging relationships and the location and amount of gains or losses reclassified from AOCI into income resulting from outstanding derivative instruments.

	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative						Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income
	Three Months Ended June 30							Three Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018				2019			2018
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	$	(8,808	)	$	2,046		Interest Expense	$	(72	)	$	162
Interest rate contracts – UJVs	(1,075		)	494			Equity in Income of UJVs	132			20
Cross-currency interest rate contract – UJV	(73		)	(131		)	Equity in Income of UJVs	363			822
Total derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships	$	(9,956	)	$	2,409			$	423		$	1,004

	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative						Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income
	Six Months Ended June 30							Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018				2019		2018
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	$	(14,524	)	$	7,918		Interest Expense	$	766	$	(301	)
Interest rate contracts – UJVs	(1,700		)	1,866			Equity in Income of UJVs	269		(286		)
Cross-currency interest rate contract – UJV	(43		)	(182		)	Equity in Income of UJVs	811		817
Total derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships	$	(16,267	)	$	9,602			$	1,846	$	230

We record all derivative instruments at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The following table presents the location and fair value of our derivative financial instruments as reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

		Fair Value
	Consolidated Balance Sheet Location	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Asset derivatives:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	Deferred Charges and Other Assets				$	3,530
Interest rate contract - UJV	Investment in UJVs				1,345
Total assets designated as hedging instruments		$	—		$	4,875
Liability derivatives:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities	$	(16,706	)	$	(5,710	)
Interest rate contract – UJV	Investment in UJVs	(355		)
Cross-currency interest rate contract – UJV	Investment in UJVs	(267		)	(963		)
Total liabilities designated as hedging instruments		$	(17,328	)	$	(6,673	)

Contingent Features

Our outstanding derivatives contain provisions that state if the hedged entity defaults on its indebtedness above a certain threshold, then the derivative obligation could also be declared in default. The cross default thresholds vary for each agreement, ranging from $0.1 million of any indebtedness to $50 million of indebtedness on TRG's indebtedness. As of June 30, 2019, we are not in default on any indebtedness that would trigger a credit-risk-related default on our current outstanding derivatives.

As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the fair value of derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a liability position was $17.3 million and $6.7 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we were not required to post any collateral related to these agreements. If we breached any of these provisions we would be required to settle our obligations under the agreements at their fair value. See Note 5 regarding guarantees and Note 11 for fair value information on derivatives.

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Share-Based Compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Share-Based Compensation

Share-Based Compensation

General

In May 2018, our shareholders approved The Taubman Company LLC 2018 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (2018 Omnibus Plan). The 2018 Omnibus Plan provides for the award of restricted shares, restricted share units, restricted profits units of TRG (TRG Profits Units), options to purchase common shares, unrestricted shares, and dividend equivalent rights, in each case with or without performance conditions, to acquire up to an aggregate of 2.8 million common shares or TRG Profits Units to directors, officers, employees, and other service providers of TCO and our affiliates. Every share or TRG Profits Unit subject to awards under the 2018 Omnibus Plan shall be counted against this limit as one share or TRG Profits Unit for every one share or TRG Profits Unit granted. The amount of shares or TRG Profits Units available for future grants is adjusted when the number of contingently issuable common shares or units are settled. If an award issued under the 2018 Omnibus Plan is forfeited, expires without being exercised, or is used to pay tax withholding on such award, the shares or TRG Profits Units become available for issuance under new awards. TRG Profits Units are intended to constitute "profits interests" within the meaning of Treasury authority under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. In addition, non-employee directors have the option to defer their compensation under a deferred compensation plan. The 2018 Omnibus Plan allows us to permit or require the deferral of all or a part of an award payment into a deferred compensation arrangement. Prior to the adoption of the 2018 Omnibus Plan, we provided share-based compensation through The Taubman Company LLC 2008 Omnibus Long-Term Incentive Plan (2008 Omnibus Plan), as amended, which expired in May 2018. Awards that were issued under the 2008 Omnibus Plan are still outstanding and will be paid out of the 2008 Omnibus Plan upon vesting.

TRG Profits Units

The following types of TRG Profits Units awards were granted to certain senior management employees in prior years: (1) a time-based award with a three year cliff vesting period (Restricted TRG Profits Units); (2) a performance-based award that is based on the achievement of relative total shareholder return (TSR) over a three year period (Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units); and (3) a performance-based award that is based on the achievement of net operating income (NOI) over a three year period (NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units). The maximum number of Relative TSR and NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units are issued at grant, eventually subject to a recovery and cancellation of previously granted amounts depending on actual performance against TSR and NOI measures over the three year performance measurement period. NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units provide for a cap on the maximum number of units vested if absolute TSR is not positive over a three year period. Relative TSR and NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units are generally subject to the same performance measures as the TSR-Based and NOI-Based Performance Share Units (see 2019 Awards - Other Management Employee Grants below). Despite the difference in scaling of the grant programs, the final outcome of the TSR and NOI performance measures will result in similar numbers of either TRG Units or common shares being issued at vesting under the TRG Profits Units program and the Performance Share Unit program, respectively.

Each such award represents a contingent right to receive a TRG Unit upon vesting and the satisfaction of certain tax-driven requirements and, as to the TSR and NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units, the satisfaction of certain performance-based requirements. Until vested, a TRG Profits Unit entitles the holder to only one-tenth of the distributions otherwise payable by TRG on a TRG Unit. Therefore, we account for these TRG Profits Units as participating securities in TRG. A portion of the TRG Profits Units award represents estimated cash distributions that otherwise would have been payable during the vesting period and, upon vesting, there will be an adjustment in actual number of TRG Profits Units realized under each award to reflect TRG's actual cash distributions during the vesting period.

All currently unvested TRG Profits Units will vest by March 2021, if continuous service has been provided, or upon retirement or certain other events (such as death or disability) if earlier. Each holder of a TRG Profits Unit will be treated as a limited partner in TRG from the date of grant. To the extent the vested TRG Profits Units have not achieved the applicable criteria for conversion to TRG Units, vesting and economic equivalence to a TRG Unit prior to the tenth anniversary of the date of grant, the awards will be forfeited pursuant to the terms of the award agreement.

2019 Awards - Other Management Employee Grants

During 2019 and in prior years, other types of awards granted to management employees include those described below. The awards granted in 2019 vest in March 2022, if continuous service has been provided, or upon retirement or certain other events (such as death or disability) if earlier.

TSR - Based Performance Share Units (TSR PSU) - Each TSR PSU represents the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of common stock ranging from 0-300% of the TSR PSU based on our market performance relative to that of a peer group. The TSR PSU grants include a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period.

NOI - Based Performance Share Units (NOI PSU) - Each NOI PSU represents the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of common stock ranging from 0-300% of the NOI PSU based on our NOI performance, as well as a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period. These awards also provide for a cap on the maximum number of units vested if absolute TSR is not positive over a three year period.

Restricted Share Units (RSU) - Each RSU represents the right to receive upon vesting one share of common stock, as well as a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period.

Expensed and Capitalized Costs

The compensation cost charged to income for our share-based compensation plans was $2.0 million and $4.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. The compensation cost charged to income for our share-based compensation plans was $2.3 million and $4.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. Compensation cost capitalized as part of properties and deferred leasing costs was $0.1 million and 0.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively, and $0.2 million and $0.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.

Valuation Methodologies

We estimated the grant-date fair values of share-based grants using the methods as follows. Expected volatility and dividend yields are based on historical volatility and yields of our common stock, respectively, as well as other factors. The risk-free interest rates used are based on the U.S. Treasury yield curves in effect at the grant date. We assume no forfeitures for failure to meet the service requirement of Performance Share Units (PSU) or TRG Profits Units, due to the small number of participants and low turnover rate.

The valuations of all grants utilized our common stock price at the grant date. Common stock prices when used in valuing TRG Profits Units are further adjusted by the present value of expected differences in dividends payable on the common stock versus the distributions payable on the TRG Profits Units over the vesting period. We estimated the value of grants dependent on TSR performance using a Monte Carlo simulation and considering historical returns of TCO and the peer group.

For awards dependent on NOI performance, we consider the NOI measure a performance condition under applicable accounting standards, and as such, have estimated a grant-date fair value for each of its possible outcomes. The compensation cost ultimately will be recognized equal to the grant-date fair value of the award that coincides with the actual outcome of the NOI performance. The weighted average grant-date fair value shown for NOI-dependent awards corresponds with management's current expectation of the probable outcome of the NOI performance measure. The product of the NOI-dependent awards outstanding and the grant-date fair value represents the compensation cost being recognized over the service periods.

The valuations of TRG Profits Units consider the possibility that sufficient share price appreciation will not be realized, such that the conversion to TRG Units will not occur and the awards will be forfeited.

Summaries of Activity for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019

Restricted TRG Profits Units

	Number of Restricted TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	69,285		$	57.93
Units recovered and cancelled (1)	(368	)	59.49
Vested and converted (2)	(46,506	)	59.45
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	22,411		$	54.73

(1) This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted Restricted TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period.

(2) This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

As of June 30, 2019, there was $0.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested Restricted TRG Profits Units outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 1.2 years.

Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units

	Number of relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	148,078		$	25.17
Units recovered and cancelled (1)	(76,489	)	26.42
Vested and converted (2)	(21,169	)	26.30
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	50,420		$	22.81

(1) This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted (300% of target grant amount) Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the performance payout ratio of 22% and the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period. That is, despite the completion of applicable employee service requirements, the number of Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the TSR market performance measure was achieved during the performance period.

(2) This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

As of June 30, 2019, there was $0.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 1.3 years.

NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units

	Number of NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	149,949		$	19.29
Units recovered and cancelled (1)	(68,730	)	17.47
Vested and converted (2)	(30,799	)	18.86
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	50,420		$	18.29

(1) This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted (300% of target grant amount) NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the performance payout ratio of 30% and the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period. That is, despite the completions of applicable employee service requirements, the number of NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the NOI performance measure was achieved during the performance period.

(2) This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

As of June 30, 2019, there was $0.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 1.2 years.

TSR - Based Performance Share Units

	Number of TSR PSU	Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	14,197	$	79.13
Granted	20,936	85.44
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	35,133	$	82.89

As of June 30, 2019, there was $2.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested TSR PSU outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 2.2 years.

NOI - Based Performance Share Units

	Number of NOI PSU	Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	14,197	$	60.59
Granted	20,936	52.41
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	35,133	$	55.71

As of June 30, 2019, there was $1.4 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested NOI PSU outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 2.2 years.

Restricted Share Units

	Number of RSU		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	184,673		$	63.44
Vested	(63,165	)	66.82
Granted	87,720		52.41
Forfeited	(6,796	)	58.17
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	202,432		$	57.78

As of June 30, 2019, there was $6.6 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested RSU outstanding. This cost is expected to be recognized over an average period of 2.0 years.

Unit Option Deferral Election

Under a prior option plan, the 2008 Omnibus Plan, and the 2018 Omnibus Plan, vested unit options can be exercised by tendering mature units with a market value equal to the exercise price of the unit options. In 2002, Robert S. Taubman, our chief executive officer, exercised options for 3.0 million units by tendering 2.1 million mature units and deferring receipt of 0.9 million units under the unit option deferral election. As TRG pays distributions, the deferred option units receive their proportionate share of the distributions in the form of cash payments. Under an amendment executed in January 2011 and subsequent deferral elections (the latest being made in September 2016), beginning in December 2022 (unless Mr. Taubman retires earlier), the deferred options units will be issued as TRG Units in five annual installments. The deferred option units are accounted for as participating securities of TRG.

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Commitments and Contingencies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

Cash Tender

At the time of our initial public offering and acquisition of our partnership interest in TRG in 1992, we entered into an agreement (the Cash Tender Agreement) with the Revocable Trust and TRA Partners (now Taubman Ventures Group LLC or TVG), each of whom owned an interest in TRG, whereby each of the Revocable Trust and TVG (and/or any assignee of the Revocable Trust or TVG) has the right to tender to us TRG Units (provided that if the tendering party is tendering less than all of its TRG Units, the aggregate value is at least $50 million) and cause us to purchase the tendered interests at a purchase price based on a market valuation of TCO on the trading date immediately preceding the date of the tender (except as otherwise provided below). TVG is controlled by a majority-in-interest among the Revocable Trust and entities affiliated with the children of A. Alfred Taubman (Robert S. Taubman, William S. Taubman, and Gayle Taubman Kalisman). At the election of the tendering party, TRG Units held by members of A. Alfred Taubman’s family and TRG Units held by entities in which his family members hold interests may be included in such a tender.

We will have the option to pay for these interests from available cash, borrowed funds, or from the proceeds of an offering of common stock. Generally, we expect to finance these purchases through the sale of new shares of our common stock. The tendering partner will bear all market risk if the market price at closing is less than the purchase price and will bear the costs of sale. Any proceeds of the offering in excess of the purchase price will be for our sole benefit. We account for the Cash Tender Agreement as a freestanding written put option. As the option put price is defined by the current market price of our stock at the time of tender, the fair value of the written option defined by the Cash Tender Agreement is considered to be zero.

Based on a market value at June 30, 2019 of $40.83 per share for our common stock, the aggregate value of TRG Units that may be tendered under the Cash Tender Agreement was $1.0 billion. The purchase of these interests at June 30, 2019 would have resulted in us owning an additional 28% interest in TRG.

Continuing Offer

We have made a continuing, irrevocable offer to exchange shares of common stock for TRG Units (the Continuing Offer) to all present holders of TRG Units (other than a certain excluded holder, currently TVG), permitted assignees of all present holders of TRG Units, those future holders of TRG Units as we may, in our sole discretion, agree to include in the Continuing Offer, and all future optionees under the 2018 Omnibus Plan. Under the Continuing Offer agreement, one TRG Unit is exchangeable for one share of common stock. Upon a tender of TRG Units, the corresponding shares of Series B Preferred Stock, if any, will automatically be converted into common stock at a ratio of 14,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for one share of common stock.

Insurance

We carry liability insurance to mitigate our exposure to certain losses, including those relating to personal injury claims. We believe our insurance policy terms and conditions and limits are appropriate and adequate given the relative risk of loss and industry practice. However, there are certain types of losses, such as punitive damage awards, which may not be covered by insurance, and not all potential losses are insured against.

Hurricane Maria and The Mall of San Juan

The Mall of San Juan incurred significant damage from Hurricane Maria in 2017. We have substantial insurance to cover hurricane and flood damage, as well as business and service interruption. The business interruption coverage commences at time of loss and continues for one year after the damage is fully repaired. Our hurricane coverage includes a single deductible of $2 million and policy limits of $900 million, all subject to various terms and conditions. However, insurance proceeds have been lagging and were not received in the same period the losses were incurred. In June 2019, we reached a final settlement with our insurer and received final payment related to our claims.

The following table presents a summary of the insurance proceeds received relating to our claim for The Mall of San Juan for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018:

Proceeds Description	Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) Location	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
		2019				2018		2019				2018
Business interruption insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	$	4,531					$	8,574
Revenue reduction related to business interruption (1)	Reduction of Rental Revenues	(1,202		)				(1,202		)
Expense reimbursement insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	182				$	360	185				$	1,030
Reimbursement for capital items damaged in hurricane in 2017	Reversal of previously recognized Depreciation Expense	2,000			(2)	981		2,000			(2)	4,866
Gain on insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	1,418						1,418

(1) Represents amounts recognized in prior periods that were credited back to tenants in the current period upon receipt of business interruption claim proceeds.

(2) Represents reduction of depreciation expense recorded in June 2019 for proceeds received in final settlement of insurance claim, which offset the original deductible expensed in 2017.

On October 17, 2017, Plaza Internacional Puerto Rico LLC (Plaza Internacional), the owner of The Mall of San Juan (the Mall), filed a civil action in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Court of First Instance, San Juan Judicial Center, Superior Court, Civil No. SJ2017CV02094 (503), against Saks Fifth Avenue Puerto Rico, Inc. (Saks PR), and Saks Incorporated (Saks Inc.). The lawsuit asks the court to compel Saks PR and Saks Inc. to immediately remediate and repair the Saks Fifth Avenue store (the Store) that was damaged by Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017, to reopen the Store on the completion of the reconstruction, and to operate the Store in accordance with the Operating Covenant contained in the Construction, Operation and Reciprocal Easement Agreement among Plaza Internacional, Saks PR, and Nordstrom Puerto Rico LLC (Nordstrom PR) made as of April 23, 2013 (the REA). In response, Saks PR and Saks Inc. filed a Counterclaim, alleging that they have no obligation to repair, remediate, reconstruct, or reopen the Store, asserting various alleged breaches of the REA and other operating agreements. Plaza Internacional filed a motion for a preliminary injunction directing Saks PR to repair, reopen, and operate the Store, but, on March 28, 2018, the Court of First Instance denied Plaza Internacional’s motion, and, on September 12, 2018, the Court of Appeals of Puerto Rico affirmed that ruling, each without prejudging the merits of the substantive claims. Should Saks PR prevail in the action, Nordstrom PR and other Mall tenants may then have the right to terminate their own operating covenants or leases. Plaza Internacional is vigorously prosecuting its claims and defending the Counterclaim. The outcome of the action cannot be predicted, and, at this time, we are unable to estimate the amount of loss that could result from an unfavorable outcome. An unfavorable outcome may have a material and adverse effect on our business and our results of operations.

Other

See Note 5 for TRG's guarantees of certain notes payable, including guarantees relating to Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, Note 6 for contingent features relating to certain joint venture agreements, Note 7 for contingent features relating to derivative instruments, and Note 8 for obligations under existing share-based compensation plans.

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Earnings Per Share

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share amounts are based on the weighted average of common shares outstanding for the respective periods. Diluted earnings per common share amounts are based on the weighted average of common shares outstanding plus the dilutive effect of potential common stock. Potential common stock includes outstanding TRG Units exchangeable for common shares under the Continuing Offer (Note 9), TSR PSU, NOI PSU, Restricted and Performance-based TRG Profits Units, RSU, deferred shares under the Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan, and unissued TRG Units under a unit option deferral election (Note 8). In computing the potentially dilutive effect of potential common stock, TRG Units are assumed to be exchanged for common shares under the Continuing Offer, increasing the weighted average number of shares outstanding. The potentially dilutive effects of TRG Units outstanding and/or issuable under the unit option deferral elections are calculated using the if-converted method, while the effects of other potential common stock are calculated using the treasury method. Contingently issuable shares are included in diluted earnings per common share based on the number of shares, if any, which would be issuable if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period. 

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders (Numerator):
Basic	$	6,259	$	15,307	$	21,356	$	33,897
Impact of additional ownership of TRG	7		17		28		46
Diluted	$	6,266	$	15,324	$	21,384	$	33,943
Shares (Denominator) – basic	61,171,614		60,992,200		61,147,947		60,954,924
Effect of dilutive securities	168,311		240,333		206,481		264,738
Shares (Denominator) – diluted	61,339,925		61,232,533		61,354,428		61,219,662
Earnings per common share – basic	$	0.10	$	0.25	$	0.35	$	0.56
Earnings per common share – diluted	$	0.10	$	0.25	$	0.35	$	0.55

The calculation of diluted earnings per common share in certain periods excluded certain potential common stock including outstanding TRG Units and unissued TRG Units under a unit option deferral election, both of which may be exchanged for common shares of TCO under the Continuing Offer. The table below presents the potential common stock excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per common share as they were anti-dilutive in the period presented.

	Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30
	2019	2018	2019	2018
Weighted average noncontrolling TRG Units outstanding	6,040,239	4,141,848	5,094,653	4,143,548
Unissued TRG Units under unit option deferral elections	871,262	871,262	871,262	871,262

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Fair Value Disclosures

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Disclosures

Fair Value Disclosures

This note contains required fair value disclosures for assets and liabilities remeasured at fair value on a recurring basis and financial instruments carried at other than fair value, as well as assumptions employed in deriving these fair values.

Recurring Valuations

Derivative Instruments

The fair value of interest rate hedging instruments is the amount that we would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The valuations of our derivative instruments are determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative, and therefore fall into Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The valuations reflect the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and use observable market-based inputs, including forward curves. The fair values of interest rate hedging instruments also incorporate credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty's nonperformance risk.

Other

The valuations of both our investments in an insurance deposit and in SPG common shares utilize unadjusted quoted prices determined by active markets for the specific securities we have invested in, and therefore fall into Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. We measured our investment in SPG common shares at fair value with changes in value recorded through net income. We owned zero and 290,124 SPG common shares as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. In January 2019, we sold our remaining investment in 290,124 SPG common shares at an average price of $179.52 per share. Proceeds from the sale were used to pay down our revolving lines of credit.

For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, quantitative disclosure of the fair value for each major category of assets and liabilities is presented below:

	Fair Value Measurements as of June 30, 2019 Using					Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2018 Using
Description	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
SPG common shares						$	48,738
Insurance deposit	$	11,118				10,121
Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 7)								$	3,530
Total assets	$	11,118	$	—		$	58,859	$	3,530
Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 7)			$	(16,706	)			$	(5,710	)
Total liabilities			$	(16,706	)			$	(5,710	)

The insurance deposit shown above represents cash maintained in an escrow account in connection with a property and casualty insurance arrangement for our shopping centers, and is classified within Deferred Charges and Other Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Corresponding deferred revenue relating to amounts billed to tenants for this arrangement has been classified within Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Values

Notes Payable

The fair value of notes payable is estimated using cash flows discounted at current market rates and therefore falls into Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. When selecting discount rates for purposes of estimating the fair value of notes payable at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we employed the credit spreads at which the debt was originally issued.

The estimated fair values of notes payable at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were as follows:

	2019				2018
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Notes payable, net	$	3,812,538	$	3,844,576	$	3,830,195	$	3,755,757

The fair values of the notes payable are dependent on the interest rates used in estimating the values. An overall 1% increase in interest rates employed in making these estimates would have decreased the fair values of the debt shown above at June 30, 2019 by $138.4 million or 3.6%.

Cash Equivalents and Notes Receivable

The fair value of cash equivalents and notes receivable approximates their carrying value due to their short maturity. The fair value of cash equivalents is derived from quoted market prices and therefore falls into Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of notes receivable is estimated using cash flows discounted at current market rates and therefore falls into Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

See Note 7 regarding additional information on derivatives.

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax [Abstract]

Comprehensive Income (Loss) Note [Text Block]

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Changes in the balance of each component of AOCI for the six months ended June 30, 2019 were as follows:

	TCO AOCI									Noncontrolling Interests AOCI
	Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other			Total			Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other			Total
January 1, 2019	$	(16,128	)	$	(9,248	)	$	(25,376	)	$	(6,569	)	$	8,363		$	1,794
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(7,341		)	(10,072		)	(17,413		)	(3,170		)	(4,349		)	(7,519		)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI				(1,289		)	(1,289		)				(557		)	(557		)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(7,341	)	$	(11,361	)	$	(18,702	)	$	(3,170	)	$	(4,906	)	$	(8,076	)
Adjustments due to changes in ownership	275			(351		)	(76		)	(275		)	351			76
June 30, 2019	$	(23,194	)	$	(20,960	)	$	(44,154	)	$	(10,014	)	$	3,808		$	(6,206	)

Changes in the balance of each component of AOCI for the six months ended June 30, 2018 were as follows:

	TCO AOCI									Noncontrolling Interests AOCI
	Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other			Total			Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other			Total
January 1, 2018	$	384		$	(7,303	)	$	(6,919	)	$	159		$	9,220		$	9,379
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(4,859		)	6,978			2,119			(1,988		)	2,854			866
Amounts reclassified from AOCI				(164		)	(164		)				(66		)	(66		)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(4,859	)	$	6,814		$	1,955		$	(1,988	)	$	2,788		$	800
Adjustment related to SPG common shares investment for adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 (1)				(678		)	(678		)				(277		)	(277		)
Adjustments due to changes in ownership	1			19			20			(1		)	(19		)	(20		)
June 30, 2018	$	(4,474	)	$	(1,148	)	$	(5,622	)	$	(1,830	)	$	11,712		$	9,882

(1) On January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-01, "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities". Upon adoption, we applied the modified-retrospective approach and recorded a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to reclassify $1.0 million of historical unrealized gains on the fair value adjustments of our investment in SPG common shares as of December 31, 2017 from AOCI to Dividends in Excess of Net Income on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the six months ended June 30, 2019:

Details about AOCI Components	Amounts reclassified from AOCI			Affected line item on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Gains on interest rate instruments and other:
Realized gain on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries	$	(766	)	Interest Expense
Realized gain on interest rate contracts - UJVs	(269		)	Equity in Income of UJVs
Realized gain on cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV	(811		)	Equity in Income of UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(1,846	)

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the six months ended June 30, 2018:

Details about AOCI Components	Amounts reclassified from AOCI			Affected line item on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Losses (gain) on interest rate instruments and other:
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries	$	301		Interest Expense
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - UJVs	286			Equity in Income of UJVs
Realized gain on cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV	(817		)	Equity in Income of UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(230	)

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Cash Flow Disclosures and Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Cash Flow, Noncash Investing and Financing Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Cash Flow, Supplemental Disclosures [Text Block]

Cash Flow Disclosures and Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities

Interest paid for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, net of amounts capitalized of $4.4 million and $7.2 million, respectively, was $72.2 million and $58.9 million, respectively. Income taxes paid for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were $0.8 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Cash paid for operating leases for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $7.2 million. Other non-cash additions to properties during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were $89.8 million and $81.3 million, respectively, and primarily represent accrued construction and tenant allowance costs. In connection with the adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", we recorded $178.1 million of operating lease right-of-use assets as of January 1, 2019, which were classified as non-cash investing activities (Note 1). We issued 1.5 million TRG Units as partial consideration for the acquisition of The Gardens Mall, which were valued at $79.3 million as of the acquisition date.

Reconciliation of Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheet that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	42,749	$	48,372
Restricted cash	30,962		94,557
Total Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash shown on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows	$	73,711	$	142,929

Restricted Cash

We are required to escrow cash balances for specific uses stipulated by certain of our lenders and other various agreements. As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, our cash balances restricted for these uses were $31.0 million and $94.6 million, respectively. Our Restricted Cash as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, included $29.4 million and $92.5 million, respectively, of cash held as collateral for financing arrangements related to our Asia investments, which is being held in a foreign account. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, the cash held as collateral decreased as a result of pay downs of the related financing arrangement. During the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, the restricted cash balances related to the Asia investments increased by $0.4 million and $0.5 million as a result of exchange rate fluctuations.

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New Accounting Pronouncement

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

New Accounting Pronouncements, Policy [Abstract]

New Accounting Pronouncement, Policy [Policy Text Block]

New Accounting Pronouncement

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses", which introduces new guidance for an approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments. It also modifies the impairment model for equity securities and provides for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. Instruments in scope include loans, held-to-maturity debt securities, and net investments in leases as well as reinsurance and trade receivables. In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, "Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses", which clarifies that operating lease receivables are outside the scope of the new standard. ASU No. 2016-13 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. We are currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of the new standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Accounting Changes [Text Block]

Adoption of ASC Topic 842 ("Leases")

On January 1, 2019, we adopted ASC Topic 842, "Leases". ASC Topic 842 addresses off-balance sheet financing related to operating leases and introduces a new lessee model that bring substantially all leases onto the balance sheet. We adopted ASC Topic 842, recognizing operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets for ground and office leases under which we are the lessee on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, as of the date of adoption. These lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets will amortize over the remaining life of the respective leases. We also began expensing certain indirect leasing costs, which were capitalizable under the previous lease accounting standard. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we expensed $1.5 million and $2.9 million, respectively, of leasing costs under ASC Topic 842 that would have been capitalized under the previous accounting standard.

We implemented ASC Topic 842 using certain practical expedients. As a result of these elections, we did not reassess whether any existing contracts contained a lease, the lease classification of existing leases, or the initial direct costs of existing leases. In addition, in instances where we are the lessor, we elected to not separate non-lease components, most significantly certain common area maintenance recoveries, from the associated lease components. Due to this election, minimum rents and expense recoveries were combined into a single revenue line item, Rental Revenues, on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). We also elected the optional transition method to apply the provisions of ASC Topic 842 as of the adoption date, rather than the earliest period presented. As such, the requirements of ASC Topic 842 were not applied in the comparative periods presented in our consolidated financial statements.

In connection with the adoption of ASC Topic 842, lease cancellation payments from our tenants are now included in Rental Revenues on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term, if any. Lease cancellation income was previously accounted for under ASC Topic 606 and presented in Other revenue on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Shopping center space is leased to tenants and certain anchors pursuant to lease agreements. Future rental revenues under operating leases in effect at June 30, 2019 for operating centers, assuming no new or renegotiated leases or option extensions on anchor agreements, is summarized as follows:

2019	$	221,574
2020	436,998
2021	391,005
2022	343,802
2023	309,581
Thereafter	948,854

Certain shopping centers, as lessees, have ground and office leases expiring at various dates through the year 2105. As of June 30, 2019, these leases had an average remaining lease term of approximately 51 years. One center has an option to extend the term for three, 10 year periods and another center has the option to extend the lease term for one additional 10 year period. As of June 30, 2019, these extension options were not considered reasonably assured of being exercised and therefore were excluded from the respective lease terms for these centers. We also lease certain of our office facilities and certain equipment. Office facility and equipment leases expire at various dates through the year 2022.

In order to determine the operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets for ground and office leases under which we are the lessee, we utilized a synthetic corporate yield curve to determine an incremental borrowing rate for each of our leases. Significant judgment was required to develop the yield curve, which utilized certain peer and market observations. As of June 30, 2019, the weighted average discount rate for operating leases reported on our Consolidated Balance Sheet was 5.8%. In instances where variable consideration not dependent upon an index or rate existed, such future payments were excluded from the determination of the related operating lease liability and right-of-use asset.

For leases existing as of the adoption date of ASC Topic 842, rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis. Rental expense under operating leases was $4.2 million and $8.4 million for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. There was no contingent rent expense under operating leases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. Payables representing straight-line rent adjustments under lease agreements were $64.8 million as of December 31, 2018. These amounts are now presented within Operating Lease Liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet upon adoption of ASC Topic 842.

The following is a schedule of future minimum rental payments required under operating leases:

2019	$	7,286
2020	13,646
2021	12,588
2022	13,983
2023	14,142
Thereafter	723,068

We own the retail space subject to a long-term participating lease at City Creek Center, a mixed-use property in Salt Lake City, Utah. City Creek Reserve, Inc. (CCRI), an affiliate of the LDS Church is the participating lessor. We own 100% of the leasehold interest in the retail buildings and property. CCRI has an option to purchase our interest at fair value at various points in time over the term of the lease. In addition to the minimum rent included in the table above, we may pay contingent rent based on the performance of the center.

International Market Place, a shopping center located in Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii, is subject to a long-term participating ground lease. In addition to minimum rent included in the table above, we may pay contingent rent based on the performance of the center.

Accounts Receivable and Uncollectible Tenant Revenues

In connection with the adoption of ASC Topic 842, we now review the collectibility of both billed and accrued charges under our tenant leases each quarter taking into consideration the tenant’s historical payment status, credit profile, and known issues related to tenant operations. For any tenant receivable balances thought to be uncollectible, we now record an offset for uncollectible tenant revenues directly to Rental Revenues on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Uncollectible tenant revenues were previously reported as bad debt expense in Other Operating expense on our Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). Our allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2018 was $10.4 million.

As a result of the above change in evaluation in uncollectible tenant revenues, the allowance for doubtful accounts was written off and an entry was recorded as of January 1, 2019 to adjust the receivables and equity balances of our Consolidated Businesses and Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. This resulted in a cumulative effect adjustment increasing Dividends in Excess of Net Income by $3.2 million and Non-redeemable Noncontrolling Interest by $1.8 million on our Consolidated Balance Sheet with offsetting increases in Accounts and Notes Receivable, Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, and Distributions in Excess of Investments In and Net Income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures balances on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Text Block]

Revenue Recognition

Disaggregation of Revenue

The nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of individual types of revenues may be affected differently by economic factors. Under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers", we are required to disclose a disaggregation of our revenues derived from contracts from customers that considers economic differences between revenue types. The following table summarizes our disaggregation of consolidated revenues for this purpose.

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Expense recoveries (1)			$	50,553			$	102,081
Shopping center and other operational revenues (2)	$	11,993	10,817		$	23,555	21,637
Management, leasing, and development services	892		826		2,108		1,620
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	12,885	$	62,196	$	25,663	$	125,338

(1) Pursuant to our adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", beginning January 1, 2019, expense recoveries has been combined with minimum rent on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Rental Revenues and is no longer required to be disaggregated.

(2) Represents consolidated Other revenue reported on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) excluding lease cancellation income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Pursuant to the adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", beginning January 1, 2019, lease cancellation income is now presented in Rental Revenues on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Information about Contract Balances and Unsatisfied Performance Obligations

Contract assets exist when we have a right to payment for services rendered that remains conditional on factors other than the passage of time. Similarly, contract liabilities are incurred when customers prepay for services to be rendered. Certain revenue streams within shopping center and other operational revenues may give rise to contract assets and liabilities. However, these revenue streams are generally short-term in nature and the difference between revenue recognition and cash collection, although variable, does not differ significantly from period to period. As of June 30, 2019, we had an inconsequential amount of contract assets and liabilities.

The aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to our performance obligations that were unsatisfied, or partially unsatisfied, as of June 30, 2019 were inconsequential.

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Interim Financial Statements (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Notes to Financial Statements [Abstract]

Lessee, Operating Lease, Disclosure [Table Text Block]

The following is a schedule of future minimum rental payments required under operating leases:

2019	$	7,286
2020	13,646
2021	12,588
2022	13,983
2023	14,142
Thereafter	723,068

Schedule of Future Minimum Rental Payments for Operating Leases [Table Text Block]

Future rental revenues under operating leases in effect at June 30, 2019 for operating centers, assuming no new or renegotiated leases or option extensions on anchor agreements, is summarized as follows:

2019	$	221,574
2020	436,998
2021	391,005
2022	343,802
2023	309,581
Thereafter	948,854

Disaggregation of Revenue [Table Text Block]

The following table summarizes our disaggregation of consolidated revenues for this purpose.

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Expense recoveries (1)			$	50,553			$	102,081
Shopping center and other operational revenues (2)	$	11,993	10,817		$	23,555	21,637
Management, leasing, and development services	892		826		2,108		1,620
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	12,885	$	62,196	$	25,663	$	125,338

(1) Pursuant to our adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", beginning January 1, 2019, expense recoveries has been combined with minimum rent on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Rental Revenues and is no longer required to be disaggregated.

(2) Represents consolidated Other revenue reported on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) excluding lease cancellation income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. Pursuant to the adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", beginning January 1, 2019, lease cancellation income is now presented in Rental Revenues on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

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Income Taxes (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]

Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) [Table Text Block]

Our income tax expense (benefit) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Federal current	$	116		$	60		$	116		$	60
Federal deferred	428			(261		)	621			$	(348	)
Foreign current	476			462			596			634
Foreign deferred	1,320		(1)	(262		)	1,435		(1)	(124		)
State current	22						41			3
State deferred	2			29			94			(13		)
Total income tax expense	$	2,364		$	28		$	2,903		$	212

(1) As a result of our pending sale of 50% of our interests in Starfield Hanam, CityOn.Xi’an, and CityOn.Zhengzhou to funds managed by Blackstone (Note 2), we recognized foreign deferred tax expense in 2019 as we are no longer able to assert indefinite reinvestment in our China centers. The tax expense is related to an excess of the outside GAAP basis over the tax basis of our investments.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities

Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were as follows:

	2019			2018
Deferred tax assets:
Federal	$	5,093		$	5,662
Foreign	1,703			1,655
State	993			807
Total deferred tax assets	$	7,789		$	8,124
Valuation allowances	(1,904		)	(1,744		)
Net deferred tax assets	$	5,885		$	6,380
Deferred tax liabilities:
Foreign	$	3,432		$	2,454
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	3,432		$	2,454

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Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Beneficial Interests In Joint Ventures

We own beneficial interests in joint ventures that own shopping centers. TRG is the sole direct or indirect managing general partner or managing member of Fair Oaks Mall, International Plaza, Stamford Town Center, Sunvalley, The Mall at University Town Center, and Westfarms; however, these joint ventures are accounted for under the equity method due to the substantive participation rights of the outside partners. TRG also provides certain management, leasing, and/or development services to the other shopping centers noted below.

Shopping Center	Ownership as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018
CityOn.Xi'an (1)	50%
CityOn.Zhengzhou (1)	49
Country Club Plaza	50
Fair Oaks Mall	50
The Gardens Mall (2)	48.5/0
International Plaza	50.1
The Mall at Millenia	50
Stamford Town Center	50
Starfield Anseong (under development)	Note 2
Starfield Hanam (1)	34.3
Sunvalley	50
The Mall at University Town Center	50
Waterside Shops	50
Westfarms	79

(1) In February 2019, we entered into agreements to sell 50% of our ownership interests in CityOn.Xi'an, CityOn.Zhengzhou, and Starfield Hanam, which are subject to customary closing conditions and are expected to close throughout 2019 (Note 2).

(2)

In April 2019, we acquired a 48.5% interest in The Gardens Mall (Note 2).

Equity Method Investment Summarized Financial Information Text Block

Combined Financial Information

Combined balance sheet and results of operations information is presented in the following table for our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, followed by TRG's beneficial interest in the combined operations information. The combined financial information of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 excludes the balances of Starfield Anseong, which is currently under development (Note 2). Beneficial interest is calculated based on TRG's ownership interest in each of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures.

	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Assets:
Properties	$	3,835,131		$	3,728,846
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(967,212		)	(869,375		)
	$	2,867,919		$	2,859,471
Cash and cash equivalents	131,509			161,311
Accounts and notes receivable (1)	143,337			131,767
Operating lease right-of-use assets (1)	11,534
Deferred charges and other assets	131,435			140,444
	$	3,285,734		$	3,292,993
Liabilities and accumulated equity (deficiency) in assets:
Notes payable, net	$	3,097,056		$	2,815,617
Accounts payable and other liabilities	284,413			426,358
Operating lease liabilities (1)	13,286
TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets (1)	(122,555		)	(49,465		)
Unconsolidated Joint Venture Partners' accumulated equity in assets (1)	13,534			100,483
	$	3,285,734		$	3,292,993
TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets (above)	$	(122,555	)	$	(49,465	)
TRG's investment in Starfield Anseong (Note 2) and advances to CityOn.Zhengzhou	165,049			140,743
TRG basis adjustments, including elimination of intercompany profit	189,400			57,360
TCO's additional basis	46,205			47,178
Net investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$	278,099		$	195,816
Distributions in excess of investments in and net income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	485,048			477,800
Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$	763,147		$	673,616

(1) Upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases" on January 1, 2019, we valued our operating lease obligations and recorded operating lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets. These lease liabilities and related right-of-use assets will amortize over the remaining life of the respective leases.

	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Revenues (1)	$	154,385		$	144,347		$	297,026		$	299,635
Maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses (1)	$	56,535		$	52,391		$	104,410		$	105,181
Interest expense	36,213			33,650			68,711			66,117
Depreciation and amortization	33,669			33,152			66,640			65,936
Total operating costs	$	126,417		$	119,193		$	239,761		$	237,234
Nonoperating income, net	923			581			1,324			928
Income tax expense	(1,967		)	(1,428		)	(3,646		)	(2,844		)
Net income	$	26,924		$	24,307		$	54,943		$	60,485
Net income attributable to TRG	$	14,155		$	12,536		$	28,448		$	31,242
Realized intercompany profit, net of depreciation on TRG’s basis adjustments	1,152			1,991			2,018			3,500
Depreciation of TCO's additional basis	(485		)	(485		)	(972		)	(972		)
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$	14,822		$	14,042		$	29,494		$	33,770
Beneficial interest in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures’ operations:
Revenues less maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses	$	52,693		$	49,284		$	102,110		$	103,528
Interest expense	(18,005		)	(17,263		)	(34,781		)	(34,014		)
Depreciation and amortization	(18,954		)	(17,325		)	(36,146		)	(34,380		)
Income tax expense	(912		)	(654		)	(1,689		)	(1,364		)
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$	14,822		$	14,042		$	29,494		$	33,770

(1) Upon adoption of ASC Topic 842, "Leases", uncollectible tenant revenues are now being recorded in Rental Revenues (Note 1).

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Beneficial Interest in Debt and Interest Expense (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Operating Partnership's beneficial interest

TRG's beneficial interest in the debt, capitalized interest, and interest expense of our consolidated subsidiaries and our Unconsolidated Joint Ventures is summarized in the following table. TRG's beneficial interest in the consolidated subsidiaries excludes debt and interest related to the noncontrolling interest in Cherry Creek Shopping Center (50%) and International Market Place (6.5%).

	At 100%					At Beneficial Interest
	Consolidated Subsidiaries			Unconsolidated Joint Ventures		Consolidated Subsidiaries			Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
Debt as of:
June 30, 2019	$	3,812,538		$	3,097,056	$	3,521,884		$	1,588,728
December 31, 2018	3,830,195			2,815,617		3,539,588			1,437,445
Capitalized interest:
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019	$	4,354	(1)	$	85	$	4,345	(1)	$	47
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018	7,180			3		7,154			2
Interest expense:
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019	$	74,895		$	68,711	$	68,841		$	34,781
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018	63,846			66,117		57,807			34,014

(1) We capitalize interest costs incurred in funding our equity contributions to development projects accounted for as Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. The capitalized interest cost is included in our basis in our investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures. Such capitalized interest reduces interest expense on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and in the table above is included within Consolidated Subsidiaries.

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Noncontrolling Interests (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]

Reconciliation Of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest

	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Beginning Balance	$	7,800		$	7,500		$	7,800		$	7,500
Allocation of net loss	(144		)	(58		)	(237		)	(110		)
Former Taubman Asia President adjustment of redeemable equity	(1,800		)				(1,800		)
Adjustments of redeemable noncontrolling interest	144			58			237			110
Ending Balance	$	6,000		$	7,500		$	6,000		$	7,500

Net equity balance of noncontrolling interests

The net equity balance of the non-redeemable noncontrolling interests as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 included the following:

	2019			2018
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated joint ventures	$	(154,795	)	$	(156,470	)
Noncontrolling interests in partnership equity of TRG	(67,878		)	(58,554		)
	$	(222,673	)	$	(215,024	)

Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests

Net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interests for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 included the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling share of income of consolidated joint ventures	$	976		$	1,538
Noncontrolling share of income of TRG	3,408			6,922
	$	4,384		$	8,460
Redeemable noncontrolling interest:	(144		)	(58		)
	$	4,240		$	8,402

Net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interests for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 included the following:

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling share of income of consolidated joint ventures	$	2,498		$	2,934
Noncontrolling share of income of TRG	10,209			15,201
	$	12,707		$	18,135
Redeemable noncontrolling interest:	(237		)	(110		)
	$	12,470		$	18,025

Effects of changes in ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries on equity

The following table presents the effects of changes in TCO’s ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries on TCO’s equity for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018:

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders	$	21,356		$	33,897
Transfers (to) from the noncontrolling interest:
(Decrease) increase in TCO’s paid-in capital for adjustments of noncontrolling interest (1)	(21,819		)	(155		)
Net transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests	(21,819		)	(155		)
Change from net income attributable to TCO and transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests	$	(463	)	$	33,742

(1) In 2019 and 2018, adjustments of the noncontrolling interest were made as a result of changes in our ownership of TRG in connection with our share-based compensation under employee and director benefit plans (Note 8), issuances of common stock pursuant to the Continuing Offer (Note 9), issuances of TRG Units in connection with the acquisition of The Gardens Mall (Note 2), and in connection with the accounting for the Former Asia President's redeemable ownership interest.

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Derivative and Hedging Activities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]

Interest rate derivatives designated as cash flow hedges

As of June 30, 2019, we had the following outstanding derivatives that were designated and are expected to be effective as cash flow hedges of the interest payments and/or the currency exchange rate on the associated debt.

Instrument Type	Ownership		Notional Amount	Swap Rate			Credit Spread on Loan			Total Swapped Rate on Loan			Maturity Date
Consolidated Subsidiaries:
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)	100	%	100,000	2.14	%		1.60	%	(1)	3.74	%	(1)	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)	100	%	100,000	2.14	%		1.60	%	(1)	3.74	%	(1)	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)	100	%	50,000	2.14	%		1.60	%	(1)	3.74	%	(1)	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (1)	100	%	50,000	2.14	%		1.60	%	(1)	3.74	%	(1)	February 2022
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (2)	100	%	125,000	3.02	%	(2)	1.60	%	(2)	4.62	%	(2)	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (2)	100	%	75,000	3.02	%	(2)	1.60	%	(2)	4.62	%	(2)	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (2)	100	%	50,000	3.02	%	(2)	1.60	%	(2)	4.62	%	(2)	March 2023
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (3)	100	%	12,000	2.09	%		1.40	%		3.49	%		March 2024
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures:
Receive variable (LIBOR) /pay-fixed swap (4)	50.1	%	160,410	1.83	%		1.75	%		3.58	%		December 2021
Receive variable (LIBOR) USD/pay-fixed Korean Won (KRW) cross-currency interest rate swap (5)	34.3	%	52,065 USD / 60,500,000 KRW	1.52	%		1.60	%		3.12	%		September 2020

(1) The hedged forecasted transaction for each of these swaps is the first previously unhedged one month LIBOR-indexed interest payment accrued and made each month on a debt principal amount equal to the swap notional amount, regardless of the specific debt agreement from which they may flow. We are currently using these swaps to manage interest rate risk on the $300 million unsecured term loan. The credit spread on this loan can vary within a range of 1.25% to 1.90%, depending on our total leverage ratio at the measurement date, resulting in an effective rate in the range of 3.39% to 4.04% during the swap period.

(2) The hedged forecasted transaction for each of these swaps is the first previously unhedged one-month LIBOR-indexed interest payment accrued and made each month on a debt principal amount equal to the swap notional amount, regardless of the specific debt agreement from which they may flow beginning with the March 2019 effective date of these swaps. We are currently using these swaps to manage interest rate risk on the $250 million unsecured term loan. The credit spread on this loan can vary within a range of 1.25% to 1.90%, depending on our total leverage ratio at the measurement date, resulting in an effective rate in the range of 4.27% to 4.92% during the swap period.

(3) The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the floating rate loan on the U.S. headquarters building.

(4) The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the floating rate loan on International Plaza.

(5) The notional amount on this swap is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the U.S. dollar construction loan for Starfield Hanam. There is a cross-currency interest rate swap to fix the interest rate on the loan and swap the related principal and interest payments from U.S. dollars to KRW in order to reduce the impact of fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates on the cash flows of the joint venture. The currency swap exchange rate is 1,162.0.

Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income

	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative						Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income
	Three Months Ended June 30							Three Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018				2019			2018
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	$	(8,808	)	$	2,046		Interest Expense	$	(72	)	$	162
Interest rate contracts – UJVs	(1,075		)	494			Equity in Income of UJVs	132			20
Cross-currency interest rate contract – UJV	(73		)	(131		)	Equity in Income of UJVs	363			822
Total derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships	$	(9,956	)	$	2,409			$	423		$	1,004

	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative						Location of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income	Amount of Gain or (Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income
	Six Months Ended June 30							Six Months Ended June 30
	2019			2018				2019		2018
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	$	(14,524	)	$	7,918		Interest Expense	$	766	$	(301	)
Interest rate contracts – UJVs	(1,700		)	1,866			Equity in Income of UJVs	269		(286		)
Cross-currency interest rate contract – UJV	(43		)	(182		)	Equity in Income of UJVs	811		817
Total derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships	$	(16,267	)	$	9,602			$	1,846	$	230

Location and fair value of derivative instruments as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet

We record all derivative instruments at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The following table presents the location and fair value of our derivative financial instruments as reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

		Fair Value
	Consolidated Balance Sheet Location	June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Asset derivatives:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	Deferred Charges and Other Assets				$	3,530
Interest rate contract - UJV	Investment in UJVs				1,345
Total assets designated as hedging instruments		$	—		$	4,875
Liability derivatives:
Interest rate contracts – consolidated subsidiaries	Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities	$	(16,706	)	$	(5,710	)
Interest rate contract – UJV	Investment in UJVs	(355		)
Cross-currency interest rate contract – UJV	Investment in UJVs	(267		)	(963		)
Total liabilities designated as hedging instruments		$	(17,328	)	$	(6,673	)

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Share-Based Compensation (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]

Schedule of Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award Restricted Profits Units, Vested and Expected to Vest [Table Text Block]

	Number of Restricted TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	69,285		$	57.93
Units recovered and cancelled (1)	(368	)	59.49
Vested and converted (2)	(46,506	)	59.45
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	22,411		$	54.73

(1) This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted Restricted TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period.

(2) This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

Schedule of Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, TSR Performance-Based Profits Units, Vested and Expected to Vest [Table Text Block]

	Number of relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	148,078		$	25.17
Units recovered and cancelled (1)	(76,489	)	26.42
Vested and converted (2)	(21,169	)	26.30
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	50,420		$	22.81

(1) This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted (300% of target grant amount) Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the performance payout ratio of 22% and the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period. That is, despite the completion of applicable employee service requirements, the number of Relative TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the TSR market performance measure was achieved during the performance period.

(2) This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

Schedule of Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, NOI Performance-Based Profits Units, Vested and Expected to Vest1 [Table Text Block]

	Number of NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	149,949		$	19.29
Units recovered and cancelled (1)	(68,730	)	17.47
Vested and converted (2)	(30,799	)	18.86
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	50,420		$	18.29

(1) This reflects the recovery and cancellation of previously granted (300% of target grant amount) NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units, which vested on March 1, 2019, as a result of the performance payout ratio of 30% and the actual cash distributions made during the vesting period. That is, despite the completions of applicable employee service requirements, the number of NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units ultimately considered earned is determined by the extent to which the NOI performance measure was achieved during the performance period.

(2) This represents the conversion of Restricted TRG Profits Units to TRG Units, which satisfied certain tax-driven requirements on April 1, 2019 and had previously vested.

Schedule of Nonvested Performance-based Units Activity [Table Text Block]

	Number of TSR PSU	Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	14,197	$	79.13
Granted	20,936	85.44
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	35,133	$	82.89

Schedule of Nonvested NOI Performance-based Units Activity [Table Text Block]

	Number of NOI PSU	Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	14,197	$	60.59
Granted	20,936	52.41
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	35,133	$	55.71

Schedule of Nonvested Restricted Stock Units Activity [Table Text Block]

	Number of RSU		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2019	184,673		$	63.44
Vested	(63,165	)	66.82
Granted	87,720		52.41
Forfeited	(6,796	)	58.17
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	202,432		$	57.78

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Commitments and Contingencies Insurance Proceeds (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Business Interruption Loss [Line Items]

Business Insurance Recoveries [Text Block]

The following table presents a summary of the insurance proceeds received relating to our claim for The Mall of San Juan for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018:

Proceeds Description	Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) Location	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
		2019				2018		2019				2018
Business interruption insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	$	4,531					$	8,574
Revenue reduction related to business interruption (1)	Reduction of Rental Revenues	(1,202		)				(1,202		)
Expense reimbursement insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	182				$	360	185				$	1,030
Reimbursement for capital items damaged in hurricane in 2017	Reversal of previously recognized Depreciation Expense	2,000			(2)	981		2,000			(2)	4,866
Gain on insurance recoveries	Nonoperating Income, Net	1,418						1,418

(1) Represents amounts recognized in prior periods that were credited back to tenants in the current period upon receipt of business interruption claim proceeds.

(2) Represents reduction of depreciation expense recorded in June 2019 for proceeds received in final settlement of insurance claim, which offset the original deductible expensed in 2017.

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Earnings Per Share (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Basic and diluted earnings per share

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders (Numerator):
Basic	$	6,259	$	15,307	$	21,356	$	33,897
Impact of additional ownership of TRG	7		17		28		46
Diluted	$	6,266	$	15,324	$	21,384	$	33,943
Shares (Denominator) – basic	61,171,614		60,992,200		61,147,947		60,954,924
Effect of dilutive securities	168,311		240,333		206,481		264,738
Shares (Denominator) – diluted	61,339,925		61,232,533		61,354,428		61,219,662
Earnings per common share – basic	$	0.10	$	0.25	$	0.35	$	0.56
Earnings per common share – diluted	$	0.10	$	0.25	$	0.35	$	0.55

Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]

Schedule of Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Table Text Block]

The table below presents the potential common stock excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per common share as they were anti-dilutive in the period presented.

	Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30
	2019	2018	2019	2018
Weighted average noncontrolling TRG Units outstanding	6,040,239	4,141,848	5,094,653	4,143,548
Unissued TRG Units under unit option deferral elections	871,262	871,262	871,262	871,262

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Fair Value Disclosures (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]

Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis [Table Text Block]

For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, quantitative disclosure of the fair value for each major category of assets and liabilities is presented below:

	Fair Value Measurements as of June 30, 2019 Using					Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2018 Using
Description	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
SPG common shares						$	48,738
Insurance deposit	$	11,118				10,121
Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 7)								$	3,530
Total assets	$	11,118	$	—		$	58,859	$	3,530
Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 7)			$	(16,706	)			$	(5,710	)
Total liabilities			$	(16,706	)			$	(5,710	)

Estimated fair value of notes payable

The estimated fair values of notes payable at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were as follows:

	2019				2018
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Notes payable, net	$	3,812,538	$	3,844,576	$	3,830,195	$	3,755,757

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Jun. 30, 2018

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components [Line Items]

OtherComprehensiveIncomeLossReclassificationAdjustmentOnDerivativesIncludedInNetIncomeNetOfTax [Table Text Block]

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the six months ended June 30, 2019:

Details about AOCI Components	Amounts reclassified from AOCI			Affected line item on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Gains on interest rate instruments and other:
Realized gain on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries	$	(766	)	Interest Expense
Realized gain on interest rate contracts - UJVs	(269		)	Equity in Income of UJVs
Realized gain on cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV	(811		)	Equity in Income of UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(1,846	)

The following table presents reclassifications out of AOCI for the six months ended June 30, 2018:

Details about AOCI Components	Amounts reclassified from AOCI			Affected line item on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Losses (gain) on interest rate instruments and other:
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - consolidated subsidiaries	$	301		Interest Expense
Realized loss on interest rate contracts - UJVs	286			Equity in Income of UJVs
Realized gain on cross-currency interest rate contract - UJV	(817		)	Equity in Income of UJVs
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(230	)

Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Table Text Block]

Changes in the balance of each component of AOCI for the six months ended June 30, 2019 were as follows:

	TCO AOCI									Noncontrolling Interests AOCI
	Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other			Total			Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other			Total
January 1, 2019	$	(16,128	)	$	(9,248	)	$	(25,376	)	$	(6,569	)	$	8,363		$	1,794
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(7,341		)	(10,072		)	(17,413		)	(3,170		)	(4,349		)	(7,519		)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI				(1,289		)	(1,289		)				(557		)	(557		)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(7,341	)	$	(11,361	)	$	(18,702	)	$	(3,170	)	$	(4,906	)	$	(8,076	)
Adjustments due to changes in ownership	275			(351		)	(76		)	(275		)	351			76
June 30, 2019	$	(23,194	)	$	(20,960	)	$	(44,154	)	$	(10,014	)	$	3,808		$	(6,206	)

Changes in the balance of each component of AOCI for the six months ended June 30, 2018 were as follows:

	TCO AOCI									Noncontrolling Interests AOCI
	Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other			Total			Cumulative translation adjustment			Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate instruments and other			Total
January 1, 2018	$	384		$	(7,303	)	$	(6,919	)	$	159		$	9,220		$	9,379
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(4,859		)	6,978			2,119			(1,988		)	2,854			866
Amounts reclassified from AOCI				(164		)	(164		)				(66		)	(66		)
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(4,859	)	$	6,814		$	1,955		$	(1,988	)	$	2,788		$	800
Adjustment related to SPG common shares investment for adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 (1)				(678		)	(678		)				(277		)	(277		)
Adjustments due to changes in ownership	1			19			20			(1		)	(19		)	(20		)
June 30, 2018	$	(4,474	)	$	(1,148	)	$	(5,622	)	$	(1,830	)	$	11,712		$	9,882

(1)

On January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-01, "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities". Upon adoption, we applied the modified-retrospective approach and recorded a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to reclassify $1.0 million of historical unrealized gains on the fair value adjustments of our investment in SPG common shares as of December 31, 2017 from AOCI to Dividends in Excess of Net Income on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

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Cash Flow Disclosures and Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Cash Flow, Noncash Investing and Financing Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Cash Flow, Supplemental Disclosures [Table Text Block]

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheet that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

	June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	42,749	$	48,372
Restricted cash	30,962		94,557
Total Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash shown on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows	$	73,711	$	142,929

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Interim Financial Statements (Details)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($) Rate	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($) Rate	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Due, Next Twelve Months	$ 7,286,000		$ 7,286,000
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due in Two Years	13,646,000		13,646,000
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due in Three Years	12,588,000		12,588,000
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due in Four Years	13,983,000		13,983,000
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due in Five Years	14,142,000		14,142,000
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments, Due Thereafter	$ 723,068,000		$ 723,068,000
Operating Lease, Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term	51 years		51 years
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, Current	$ 221,574,000		$ 221,574,000
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Two Years	436,998,000		436,998,000
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Three Years	391,005,000		391,005,000
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Four Years	343,802,000		343,802,000
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Five Years	309,581,000		309,581,000
Operating Leases, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, Thereafter	948,854,000		948,854,000
Costs Associated With Shareowner Activism	12,000,000	$ 5,000,000.0	16,000,000	$ 8,500,000
Related Party Costs			5,000,000.0
Restructuring Charges	$ 84,000	(77,000)	$ 709,000	(423,000)
Number of urban and suburban shopping centers in the Company's owned portfolio	24		24
Number of states in which Company operates	11		11
Expense recoveries (1)		50,553,000		102,081,000
Shopping Center and Other Operational Revenues	11,993,000	10,817,000	23,555,000	21,637,000
Management Leasing And Development Services	892,000	826,000	2,108,000	1,620,000
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$ 12,885,000	62,196,000	25,663,000	125,338,000
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption			$ 4,919,000
Provision for Doubtful Accounts					$ 10,400,000
Operating Lease, Weighted Average Discount Rate, Percent | Rate	5.80%		5.80%
Operating Lease, Expense	$ 4,200,000	$ 4,200,000	$ 8,400,000	$ 8,400,000
Payables representing straightline rent adjustments under lease agreements					$ 64,800,000
Number Of Classes Of Preferred Equity			two
Westfarms [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Ownership percentage (in hundredths)	79.00%		79.00%		79.00%
International Plaza [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Ownership percentage (in hundredths)	50.10%		50.10%		50.10%
Taubman Prestige Outlets Chesterfield [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Period After Which Termination Option Available if Redevelopment Not Begun			5 years
City Creek Center [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Company's ownership in leasehold interest | Rate	100.00%		100.00%
Accounting Standards Update 2016-02 [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
New Accounting Pronouncement or Change in Accounting Principle, Effect of Change on Net Income	$ 1,500,000		$ 2,900,000
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption			3,200,000
Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption			1,763,000
Noncontrolling Interest [Member] | Accounting Standards Update 2016-02 [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Cumulative Effect New Accounting Principle In Period Of Adoption			$ 1,800,000

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Interim Financial Statements (Operating Partnership) (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
The Operating Partnership [Abstract]
Number Of Classes Of Preferred Stock			three
Common stock, shares outstanding	61,208,580		61,208,580		61,069,108
Number Of Classes Of Preferred Equity			two
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	70.00%		70.00%
Limited Liability Company (LLC) or Limited Partnership (LP), Managing Member or General Partner, Ownership Interest		71.00%	70.00%	71.00%
Units of Partnership Interest, Amount	87,639,296		87,639,296
Number Of Operating Partnership Units Outstanding Owned By Company	61,208,580		61,208,580
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Noncontrolling Owners	30.00%		30.00%
Substantial Doubt about Going Concern, Management's Evaluation			When preparing financial statements for each annual and interim reporting period, management has the responsibility to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. No such conditions or events were identified as of the issuance date of the financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Operating Leases, Rent Expense	$ 4,200,000	$ 4,200,000	$ 8,400,000	$ 8,400,000
Series J Preferred Stock [Member]
The Operating Partnership [Abstract]
Dividend rate (in hundredths)			6.50%
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding	7,700,000		7,700,000		7,700,000
Series K Preferred Stock [Member]
The Operating Partnership [Abstract]
Dividend rate (in hundredths)			6.25%
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding	6,800,000		6,800,000		6,800,000
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
The Operating Partnership [Abstract]
Units of Partnership Interest, Terms of Conversion			one share of Series B Non-Participating Convertible Preferred Stock (Series B Preferred Share) per each unit of limited partnership in TRG (TRG Unit)
Preferred Stock, voting rights			one vote per share
Convertible Preferred Stock, Terms of Conversion			ratio of 14,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for one share of common stock
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding	26,413,117		26,413,117		24,862,994
Retention Awards [Member]
The Operating Partnership [Abstract]
Retention Awards, Nonvested Awards, Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 100,000		$ 100,000

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Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($) ft² shares	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($) ft² shares	Feb. 14, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments
Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$ 763,147	$ 763,147		$ 673,616
Starfield Hanam [Member]
Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	34.30%	34.30%		34.30%
CityOn.Xi'an [Member]
Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%	50.00%		50.00%
CityOn.Zhengzhou [Member]
Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	49.00%	49.00%		49.00%
The Gardens Mall [Member]
Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Ownership Interest Acquired		48.50%
Noncash or Part Noncash Acquisition, Debt Assumed		$ 94,600
Blackstone Transaction [Member]
Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Ownership Interest Agreed to be Sold			50.00%
Equity Method Investment, Value of Ownership Interest Agreed to be Sold			$ 480,000
Expected Cash Proceeds from Agreement to Sell Partial Ownership Interests			315,000
Gain Contingency, Unrecorded Amount			$ 50,000
Blackstone Transaction [Member] | Starfield Hanam [Member]
Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage			17.15%
Blackstone Transaction [Member] | CityOn.Xi'an [Member]
Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage			25.00%
Blackstone Transaction [Member] | CityOn.Zhengzhou [Member]
Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage			24.50%
Starfield Anseong [Member]
Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	49.00%	49.00%
Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$ 121,300	$ 121,300
Area of Real Estate Property | ft²	1,100,000	1,100,000
Preferred Stock [Member]
Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments
Issuance of equity for acquisition of interest in UJV | shares	1,500,000	1,500,000
Preferred Stock [Member] | The Gardens Mall [Member]
Disposition, Redevelopments, and Developments
Issuance of equity for acquisition of interest in UJV | shares		1,500,000

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
Income tax expense (benefit) [Abstract]
Federal current	$ 116	$ 60	$ 116	$ 60
Federal deferred	428	(261)	621	(348)
Foreign current	476	462	596	634
Foreign deferred	1,320	(262)	1,435	(124)
State current	22		41	3
State deferred	2	29	94	(13)
Total income tax expense	2,364	$ 28	2,903	$ 212
Deferred tax assets:
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross	7,789		7,789		$ 8,124
Valuation allowances	(1,904)		(1,904)		(1,744)
Net deferred tax assets	5,885		5,885		6,380
Deferred tax liabilities:
Deferred tax liabilities	3,432		3,432		2,454
Domestic Country [Member]
Deferred tax assets:
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross	5,093		5,093		5,662
Foreign Country [Member]
Deferred tax assets:
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross	1,703		1,703		1,655
Deferred tax liabilities:
Deferred tax liabilities	3,432		3,432		2,454
State and Local Jurisdiction [Member]
Deferred tax assets:
Deferred Tax Assets, Gross	$ 993		$ 993		$ 807

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Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Feb. 14, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Depreciable Basis In Years	40 years
Equity of certain joint ventures	less than zero
CityOn.Xi'an [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%		50.00%
CityOn.Zhengzhou [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	49.00%		49.00%
Country Club Plaza [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%		50.00%
Fair Oaks Mall [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%		50.00%
The Gardens Mall [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	48.50%		0.00%
International Plaza [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.10%		50.10%
The Mall at Millenia [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%		50.00%
Stamford Town Center [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%		50.00%
Starfield Hanam [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	34.30%		34.30%
Sunvalley [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%		50.00%
The Mall at University Town Center [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%		50.00%
Waterside Shops [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	50.00%		50.00%
Westfarms [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage	79.00%		79.00%
Blackstone Transaction [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Ownership Interest Agreed to be Sold		50.00%
Blackstone Transaction [Member] | CityOn.Xi'an [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage		25.00%
Blackstone Transaction [Member] | CityOn.Zhengzhou [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage		24.50%
Blackstone Transaction [Member] | Starfield Hanam [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Ownership Percentage		17.15%
The Gardens Mall [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Ownership Interest Acquired	48.50%
CityOn.Zhengzhou [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Notes Receivable, Related Parties	$ 43.8		$ 43.6

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Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Combined Financial Information Balance Sheet) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Assets:
Properties	$ 3,835,131	$ 3,728,846
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(967,212)	(869,375)
Properties, net	2,867,919	2,859,471
Cash and cash equivalents	131,509	161,311
Accounts and notes receivable (1)	143,337	131,767
Operating lease right-of-use assets (1)	11,534
Deferred charges and other assets	131,435	140,444
Total Assets	3,285,734	3,292,993
Liabilities and accumulated equity (deficiency) in assets:
Notes payable, net	3,097,056	2,815,617
Accounts payable and other liabilities	284,413	426,358
Operating lease liabilities (1)	13,286
TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets (1)	(122,555)	(49,465)
Unconsolidated Joint Venture Partners' accumulated equity in assets (1)	13,534	100,483
Total Liabilities and Accumulated Equity (Deficiency) in Assets	3,285,734	3,292,993
TRG's accumulated deficiency in assets (above)	(122,555)	(49,465)
TRG's investment in Starfield Anseong (Note 2) and advances to CityOn.Zhengzhou	165,049	140,743
TRG basis adjustments, including elimination of intercompany profit	189,400	57,360
TCO's additional basis	46,205	47,178
Net investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	278,099	195,816
Distributions in excess of investments in and net income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	485,048	477,800
Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	$ 763,147	$ 673,616

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Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Combined Financial Information Income Statement) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Equity method investment, summarized financial information, income statement [Abstract]
Revenues (1)	$ 154,385	$ 144,347	$ 297,026	$ 299,635
Maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses (1)	56,535	52,391	104,410	105,181
Interest expense	36,213	33,650	68,711	66,117
Depreciation and amortization	33,669	33,152	66,640	65,936
Total operating costs	126,417	119,193	239,761	237,234
Nonoperating income, net	923	581	1,324	928
Income tax expense	(1,967)	(1,428)	(3,646)	(2,844)
Net income	26,924	24,307	54,943	60,485
Net income attributable to TRG	14,155	12,536	28,448	31,242
Realized intercompany profit, net of depreciation on TRG’s basis adjustments	1,152	1,991	2,018	3,500
Depreciation of TCO's additional basis	(485)	(485)	(972)	(972)
Equity in income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures	14,822	14,042	29,494	33,770
Beneficial interest in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures’ operations:
Revenues less maintenance, taxes, utilities, promotion, and other operating expenses	52,693	49,284	102,110	103,528
Interest expense	(18,005)	(17,263)	(34,781)	(34,014)
Depreciation and amortization	(18,954)	(17,325)	(36,146)	(34,380)
Income tax expense	$ (912)	$ (654)	$ (1,689)	$ (1,364)

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Beneficial Interest in Debt and Interest Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Noncontrolling Owners	30.00%		30.00%
At 100% [Abstract]
Notes Payable	$ 3,812,538		$ 3,812,538		$ 3,830,195
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Noncurrent Liabilities	3,097,056		3,097,056		2,815,617
Capitalized interest, consolidated subsidiaries at 100%			4,354	$ 7,180
Capitalized interest, unconsolidated joint ventures @100%			85	3
Interest expense, consolidated subsidiaries at 100%	38,010	$ 33,023	74,895	63,846
Interest Expense, Unconsolidated Joint Ventures, at 100%			68,711	66,117
At beneficial interest [Abstract]
Debt Consolidated Subsidiaries At Beneficial Interest	3,521,884		3,521,884		3,539,588
Debt, unconsolidated joint ventures at beneficial interest	1,588,728		1,588,728		$ 1,437,445
Capitalized interest, consolidated subsidiaries at beneficial interest			4,345	7,154
Capitalized Interest, Unconsolidated Joint Ventures at Beneficial Interest			47	2
Interest expense, consolidated subsidiaries at beneficial interest			68,841	57,807
Interest expense, unconsolidated joint ventures at beneficial interest	$ 18,005	$ 17,263	$ 34,781	$ 34,014
Cherry Creek Shopping Center [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Noncontrolling Owners	50.00%		50.00%
International Market Place [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Noncontrolling Owners	6.50%		6.50%
At 100% [Abstract]
Notes Payable	$ 250,000		$ 250,000

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Beneficial Interest in Debt and Interest Expense (Specific Debt Instrument Detail) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Notes Payable, Net	$ 3,812,538	$ 3,830,195
The Mall at Green Hills [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Notes Payable, Net	$ 150,000
Length Of Extension Option	one year

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Beneficial Interest in Debt and Interest Expense (Debt Covenants and Guarantees) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Other Restrictions on Payment of Dividends	95.00%
Notes Payable, Net	$ 3,812,538	$ 3,830,195
International Market Place [Member]
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Unconditional Guaranty Liability, Principal Balance, Percent	100.00%
Unconditional Guaranty Liability, Interest, Percent	100.00%
Notes Payable, Net	$ 250,000
Debt Instrument, Term	3 years
Interest Payable	$ 1,000
International Plaza [Member]
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Company's Percentage Share of Derivative Guarantee	50.10%
Debt Instrument, Face Amount	$ 175,000
Interest Payable	700
Cherry Creek Shopping Center [Member]
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Guarantor Obligations, Maximum Exposure, Undiscounted	10,000
Unsecured Debt $300M Term Loan [Member]
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Unsecured Debt	300,000
Unsecured Debt 250M Term Loan [Member]
Guarantor Obligations [Line Items]
Unsecured Debt	$ 250,000

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Noncontrolling Interests (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2016
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Percentage of noncontrolling interests (in hundredths)	30.00%		30.00%
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Equity, Carrying Amount	$ 6,000,000	$ 7,500,000	$ 6,000,000	$ 7,500,000	$ 7,800,000
Ownership percentage in consolidated subsidiary (in hundredths)	70.00%		70.00%
Noncontrolling Interest in Net Income (Loss) Joint Venture Partners, Nonredeemable	$ 976,000	1,538,000	$ 2,498,000	2,934,000
Noncontrolling Interest in Net Income (Loss) Operating Partnerships, Nonredeemable	3,408,000	6,922,000	10,209,000	15,201,000
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Nonredeemable Noncontrolling Interest	4,384,000	8,460,000	12,707,000	18,135,000
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest	(144,000)	(58,000)	(237,000)	(110,000)
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest	4,240,000	8,402,000	12,470,000	18,025,000
Reconciliation Of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests [Roll Forward]
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Equity, Carrying Amount			7,800,000
Allocation of net loss to redeemable noncontrolling interest	(144,000)	(58,000)	(237,000)	(110,000)
Former Taubman Asia President redeemable equity adjustment	1,800,000		(1,800,000)
Adjustments of redeemable noncontrolling interest	144,000	58,000	237,000	110,000
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Equity, Carrying Amount	6,000,000	7,500,000	6,000,000	7,500,000	7,800,000
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated joint ventures	(154,795,000)		(154,795,000)		(156,470,000)
Noncontrolling interests in partnership equity of TRG	(67,878,000)		(67,878,000)		(58,554,000)
Noncontrolling interests	(222,673,000)		(222,673,000)		(215,024,000)
Effects of changes in ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries on equity [Abstract]
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders	6,259,000	15,307,000	21,356,000	33,897,000	33,897,000
(Decrease) increase in TCO’s paid-in capital for adjustments of noncontrolling interest (1)	(144,000)	(58,000)	(237,000)	(110,000)
Change from net income attributable to TCO and transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests			$ (463,000)	33,742,000
Former Taubman Asia Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Percentage of dividends to which the President is entitled (in hundredths)			5.00%
Percentage of President's dividends withheld as contributions to capital (in hundredths)			85.00%
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Equity, Carrying Amount	6,000,000.0		$ 6,000,000.0		7,800,000
Percentage Of the Former Asia President's interest To Which Is Puttable Beginning In 2019			5.00%			10.00%
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest	(144,000)	(58,000)	$ (237,000)	(110,000)
Reconciliation Of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests [Roll Forward]
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Equity, Carrying Amount	7,800,000	7,500,000	7,800,000	7,500,000	7,500,000
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interest						$ (7,200,000)
Contributions						$ 2,000,000
Allocation of net loss to redeemable noncontrolling interest	(144,000)	(58,000)	(237,000)	(110,000)
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Equity, Carrying Amount	6,000,000.0		$ 6,000,000.0		7,800,000
Taubman Successor Asia President Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Percentage of dividends to which the President is entitled (in hundredths)			3.00%
Percentage of President's dividends withheld as contributions to capital (in hundredths)			100.00%
Temporary Equity Redemption Percentage 2017 to as Early as June 2020			50.00%
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Equity, Carrying Amount	0		$ 0
Temporary Equity Redemption Percentage Beginning as Early as January 2022			100.00%
Reconciliation Of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests [Roll Forward]
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Equity, Carrying Amount	$ 0		$ 0
International Market Place [Member]
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Percentage of noncontrolling interests (in hundredths)	6.50%		6.50%
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Equity, Carrying Amount	$ 0		$ 0		0
Ownership percentage in consolidated subsidiary (in hundredths)	93.50%		93.50%
Reconciliation Of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests [Roll Forward]
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Equity, Carrying Amount			$ 0
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest, Equity, Carrying Amount	$ 0		0		$ 0
Finite Life Entities [Member]
Non-redeemable noncontrolling interests:
Noncontrolling interests	(154,800,000)		$ (154,800,000)
Finite Life Entities [Abstract]
Termination date of partnership agreement			Jan. 01, 2083
Estimated Fair Value Of Noncontrolling Interests	370,000,000		$ 370,000,000
Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]
Reconciliation Of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests [Roll Forward]
Former Taubman Asia President redeemable equity adjustment	(1,800,000)		(1,800,000)
Effects of changes in ownership interest in consolidated subsidiaries on equity [Abstract]
(Decrease) increase in TCO’s paid-in capital for adjustments of noncontrolling interest (1)	$ (21,648,000)	$ (84,000)	(21,819,000)	(155,000)
Net transfers (to) from noncontrolling interests			$ (21,819,000)	$ (155,000)

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Derivative and Hedging Activities (Interest Rate Derivatives) (Details) ₩ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2019 KRW (₩)
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	70.00%	70.00%
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 3 [Domain]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 50,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	3.02%	3.02%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.60%	1.60%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	4.62%	4.62%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Mar. 01, 2023
Derivative, Effective Date	Mar. 01, 2019
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 3 [Domain]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Unsecured Debt	$ 250,000
Derivative, Lower Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.25%	1.25%
Derivative, Higher Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.90%	1.90%
Derivative, Lower Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	4.27%	4.27%
Derivative, Upper Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	4.92%	4.92%
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 3 [Domain] | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 3 Primary Line of Credit Swapped Portion [Domain] | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one-month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 4 [Domain]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 100,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.14%	2.14%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.60%	1.60%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.74%	3.74%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Feb. 01, 2022
Unsecured Debt	$ 300,000
Derivative, Lower Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.25%	1.25%
Derivative, Higher Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.90%	1.90%
Derivative, Lower Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	3.39%	3.39%
Derivative, Upper Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	4.04%	4.04%
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 4 [Domain] | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 5 [Domain]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 100,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.14%	2.14%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.60%	1.60%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.74%	3.74%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Feb. 01, 2022
Unsecured Debt	$ 300,000
Derivative, Lower Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.25%	1.25%
Derivative, Higher Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.90%	1.90%
Derivative, Lower Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	3.39%	3.39%
Derivative, Upper Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	4.04%	4.04%
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 5 [Domain] | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 6 [Domain]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 50,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.14%	2.14%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.60%	1.60%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.74%	3.74%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Feb. 01, 2022
Unsecured Debt	$ 300,000
Derivative, Lower Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.25%	1.25%
Derivative, Higher Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.90%	1.90%
Derivative, Lower Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	3.39%	3.39%
Derivative, Upper Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	4.04%	4.04%
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 6 [Domain] | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 7 [Domain]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 50,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.14%	2.14%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.60%	1.60%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.74%	3.74%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Feb. 01, 2022
Unsecured Debt	$ 300,000
Derivative, Lower Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.25%	1.25%
Derivative, Higher Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.90%	1.90%
Derivative, Lower Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	3.39%	3.39%
Derivative, Upper Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	4.04%	4.04%
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 7 [Domain] | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 13 [Domain]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 125,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	3.02%	3.02%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.60%	1.60%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	4.62%	4.62%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Mar. 01, 2023
Derivative, Effective Date	Mar. 01, 2019
Unsecured Debt	$ 250,000
Derivative, Lower Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.25%	1.25%
Derivative, Higher Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.90%	1.90%
Derivative, Lower Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	4.27%	4.27%
Derivative, Upper Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	4.92%	4.92%
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 13 [Domain] | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one-month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 12 [Domain]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 75,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	3.02%	3.02%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.60%	1.60%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	4.62%	4.62%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Mar. 01, 2023
Derivative, Effective Date	Mar. 01, 2019
Unsecured Debt	$ 250,000
Derivative, Lower Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.25%	1.25%
Derivative, Higher Range of Basis Spread, Variable Rate	1.90%	1.90%
Derivative, Lower Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	4.27%	4.27%
Derivative, Upper Range of Effective Rate, Variable Rate	4.92%	4.92%
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 12 [Domain] | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) [Member]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Debt Instrument, Description of Variable Rate Basis	one month LIBOR
Consolidated Subsidiaries Interest Rate Swap 8 [Domain]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	100.00%	100.00%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 12,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	2.09%	2.09%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.40%	1.40%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.49%	3.49%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Mar. 01, 2024
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures Interest Rate Swap 1 [Member]
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	50.10%	50.10%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 160,410
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	1.83%	1.83%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.75%	1.75%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.58%	3.58%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Dec. 01, 2021
Unconsolidated Joint Ventures Interest Rate Swap 2 (Member)
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interest, Ownership Percentage by Parent	34.30%	34.30%
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 52,065	₩ 60,500,000
Derivative, Fixed Interest Rate	1.52%	1.52%
Derivative, Basis Spread on Variable Rate	1.60%	1.60%
Total Swapped Rate On Loan	3.12%	3.12%
Derivative, Maturity Date	Sep. 01, 2020
Swapped Foreign Currency Exchange Rate	1,162.0

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Derivative and Hedging Activities (Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Effect of derivative instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Interest Rate Cash Flow Hedge Gain (Loss) to be Reclassified During Next 12 Months, Net	$ 3,700		$ 3,700
Cash Flow Hedging [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Arising During Period, before Tax	(9,956)	$ 2,409	(16,267)	$ 9,602
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	423	1,004	1,846	230
Consolidated Properties [Member] | Cash Flow Hedging [Member] | Interest Rate Contract [Member] | Other comprehensive income [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Arising During Period, before Tax	(8,808)	2,046	(14,524)	7,918
Consolidated Properties [Member] | Cash Flow Hedging [Member] | Interest Rate Contract [Member] | Interest expense [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	(72)	162	766	(301)
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] | Cash Flow Hedging [Member] | Interest Rate Contract [Member] | Other comprehensive income [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Arising During Period, before Tax	(1,075)	494	(1,700)	1,866
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] | Cash Flow Hedging [Member] | Interest Rate Contract [Member] | Equity Method Investments [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	132	20	269	(286)
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] | Cash Flow Hedging [Member] | Cross Currency Interest Rate Contract [Member] | Other comprehensive income [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Arising During Period, before Tax	(73)	(131)	(43)	(182)
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] | Cash Flow Hedging [Member] | Cross Currency Interest Rate Contract [Member] | Equity Method Investments [Member]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	$ 363	$ 822	$ 811	$ 817

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Derivative and Hedging Activities (Location and Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as Reported in the Consoiidated Balance Sheet) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	$ 0		$ 0		$ 4,875
Location and fair value of derivative instruments as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet [Abstract]
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	(17,328)		(17,328)		(6,673)
Default Option, Range, Minimum [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Interest Rate Recourse Provisions			100
Default Option, Range, Maximum [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Interest Rate Recourse Provisions			50,000
Consolidated Properties [Member] | Interest Rate Contract [Member] | Deferred Charges And Other Assets [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset					3,530
Consolidated Properties [Member] | Interest Rate Contract [Member] | Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities [Member]
Location and fair value of derivative instruments as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet [Abstract]
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	(16,706)		(16,706)		(5,710)
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] | Interest Rate Contract [Member] | Equity Method Investments [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset					1,345
Location and fair value of derivative instruments as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet [Abstract]
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	(355)		(355)
Unconsolidated Properties [Member] | Cross Currency Interest Rate Contract [Member] | Equity Method Investments [Member]
Location and fair value of derivative instruments as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet [Abstract]
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	(267)		(267)		$ (963)
Cash Flow Hedging [Member]
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion, Net	423	$ 1,004	1,846	$ 230
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Arising During Period, before Tax	$ (9,956)	$ 2,409	$ (16,267)	$ 9,602

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Share-Based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Share-based compensation, allocation and classification in financial statements [Abstract]
Compensation cost charged to income for the Company's share-based compensation plans	$ 2.0	$ 2.3	$ 4.2	$ 4.6
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs, Capitalized Amount	$ 0.1	$ 0.2	$ 0.2	$ 0.5
2018 Omnibus Plan [Member]
Deferred compensation arrangements [Abstract]
Aggregate number of Company common shares or Operating Partnership units approved for awards under the 2018 Omnibus Plan, amended (in shares)	2,800,000		2,800,000
The ratio at which awards granted are deducted from the shares available for grant			one share or TRG Profits Unit for every one share or TRG Profits Unit granted
Restricted TRG Profits Units [Member]
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 0.4		$ 0.4
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition			1 year 2 months 12 days
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at January 1, 2019			69,285
Units recovered and cancelled (1)			(368)
Units recovered and cancelled (1), weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			$ 59.49
Vested			(46,506)
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	22,411		22,411
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			$ 57.93
Vested, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			59.45
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 54.73		$ 54.73
TSR Performance-based TRG Profits Units [Member]
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 0.4		$ 0.4
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition			1 year 3 months 18 days
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at January 1, 2019			148,078
Units recovered and cancelled (1)			(76,489)
Units recovered and cancelled (1), weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			$ 26.42
Vested			(21,169)
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	50,420		50,420
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			$ 25.17
Vested, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			26.30
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 22.81		$ 22.81
Target Grant Amount			300.00%
Weighted Average Payout Rate for Vesting During Period			22.00%
NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units [Member]
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 0.3		$ 0.3
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition			1 year 2 months 12 days
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at January 1, 2019			149,949
Units recovered and cancelled (1)			(68,730)
Units recovered and cancelled (1), weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			$ 17.47
Vested			(30,799)
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	50,420		50,420
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			$ 19.29
Vested, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			18.86
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 18.29		$ 18.29
Target Grant Amount			300.00%
Weighted Average Payout Rate for Vesting During Period			30.00%
Performance Shares [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Grants in Period			20,936
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value			$ 85.44
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Awards under the Omnibus Plan			represents the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of common stock ranging from 0-300% of the TSR PSU based on our market performance relative to that of a peer group. The TSR PSU grants include a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period.
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 2.1		$ 2.1
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition			2 years 2 months 12 days
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at January 1, 2019			14,197
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	35,133		35,133
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			$ 79.13
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 82.89		$ 82.89
NOI Performance Shares [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Grants in Period			20,936
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value			$ 52.41
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Awards under the Omnibus Plan			represents the right to receive, upon vesting, shares of common stock ranging from 0-300% of the NOI PSU based on our NOI performance, as well as a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period. These awards also provide for a cap on the maximum number of units vested if absolute TSR is not positive over a three year period.
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 1.4		$ 1.4
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition			2 years 2 months 12 days
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at January 1, 2019			14,197
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	35,133		35,133
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			$ 60.59
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 55.71		$ 55.71
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Grants in Period			87,720
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value			$ 52.41
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Awards under the Omnibus Plan			represents the right to receive upon vesting one share of common stock, as well as a cash payment upon vesting equal to the aggregate cash dividends that would have been paid on such shares of common stock during the vesting period
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized	$ 6.6		$ 6.6
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Nonvested Awards, Total Compensation Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition			2 years
Summary of non-option activity [Roll Forward]
Outstanding at January 1, 2019			184,673
Vested			(63,165)
Forfeited			(6,796)
Outstanding at June 30, 2019	202,432		202,432
Outstanding at beginning of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			$ 63.44
Vested, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			66.82
Forfeited, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)			58.17
Outstanding at end of period, weighted average grant date fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 57.78		$ 57.78
Profits Units [Member]
Summary of non-option activity, additional disclosures [Abstract]
Awards under the Omnibus Plan			represents a contingent right to receive a TRG Unit upon vesting and the satisfaction of certain tax-driven requirements and, as to the TSR and NOI Performance-based TRG Profits Units, the satisfaction of certain performance-based requirements. Until vested, a TRG Profits Unit entitles the holder to only one-tenth of the distributions otherwise payable by TRG on a TRG Unit. Therefore, we account for these TRG Profits Units as participating securities in TRG. A portion of the TRG Profits Units award represents estimated cash distributions that otherwise would have been payable during the vesting period and, upon vesting, there will be an adjustment in actual number of TRG Profits Units realized under each award to reflect TRG's actual cash distributions during the vesting period
Unissued Partnership Units Under Unit Option Deferral Election Member
Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Aggregate Disclosures [Abstract]
Options exercised under unit option deferral election plan (in shares)			3,000,000.0
The number of mature units tendered for the exercise of previously issued stock options under the unit option deferral election plan (in shares)			2,100,000
The number of units deferred under the unit option deferral election upon the exercise of previously issued stock options (in shares)			900,000
Date at which deferred partnership units begin to be issued			December 2022
Number of Annual Installments during which Deferred Partnership Units will be issued			five

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Cash tender [Abstract]
Minimum aggregate value of Operating Partnership units to be tendered	$ 50,000		$ 50,000
Fair Value of Written Option, Cash Tender Agreement			0
Market value per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 40.83		$ 40.83
Approximate aggregate value of interests in the Operating Partnership that may be tendered	$ 1,000,000		$ 1,000,000
Additional interest the Company would have owned in the Operating Partnership upon purchase of interests (in hundredths)	28.00%		28.00%
Continuing offer [Abstract]
Common Stock, Conversion Basis			one TRG Unit is exchangeable for one share of common stock
The Mall of San Juan [Member]
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Insurance Deductible	$ 2,000		$ 2,000
Insurance Coverage Limit	900,000		900,000
Business Interruption Insurance Proceeds Received	4,531		8,574
Insurance Recoveries - Revenue Reduction	(1,202)		(1,202)
Insurance Recoveries - Expense Items	182	$ 360	185	$ 1,030
Insurance Recoveries - Capital Items	2,000	$ 981	2,000	$ 4,866
Gain on Business Interruption Insurance Recovery	$ 1,418		$ 1,418
Series B Preferred Stock [Member]
Continuing offer [Abstract]
Convertible Preferred Stock, Terms of Conversion			ratio of 14,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock for one share of common stock

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Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018
Net income attributable to TCO common shareholders (Numerator):
Basic	$ 6,259	$ 15,307	$ 21,356	$ 33,897
Impact of additional ownership of TRG	7	17	28	46
Diluted	$ 6,266	$ 15,324	$ 21,384	$ 33,943
Shares (Denominator) – basic	61,171,614	60,992,200	61,147,947	60,954,924
Effect of dilutive securities	168,311	240,333	206,481	264,738
Shares (Denominator) – diluted	61,339,925	61,232,533	61,354,428	61,219,662
Earnings per common share – basic	$ 0.10	$ 0.25	$ 0.35	$ 0.56
Earnings per common share – diluted	$ 0.10	$ 0.25	$ 0.35	$ 0.55
Weighted average noncontrolling partnership units outstanding
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share, Amount	6,040,239	4,141,848	5,094,653	4,143,548
Unissued TRG Units under unit option deferral elections
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share, Amount	871,262	871,262	871,262	871,262

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Fair Value Disclosures (Fair Value Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 7)	$ 0	$ 4,875
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	11,118	58,859
Investment in SPG Common Shares		48,738
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis [Abstract]
Insurance deposit	11,118	10,121
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 7)		3,530
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	0	3,530
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis [Abstract]
Derivative interest rate contracts (Note 7)	(16,706)	(5,710)
Total liabilities	$ (16,706)	$ (5,710)
SPG Units [Member]
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Simon Property Group Common Shares	0	290,124

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Fair Value Disclosures (Details) - SPG Units [Member] - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Simon Property Group Common Shares	0	290,124
Simon Property Group Common Shares Sold	290,124
SPG Common Shares Average Sales Price	$ 179.52

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Fair Value Disclosures (Estimated Fair Value of Notes Payable) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Notes Payable, Net	$ 3,812,538	$ 3,830,195
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 [Member]
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Notes Payable, Fair Value Disclosure	$ 3,844,576	$ 3,755,757
Notes Payable Fair Values Hypothetical Percent Increase In Interest Rates	1.00%
Impact Of Overall One Percent Increase In Interest Rates Decrease In Fair Values Of Notes Payable	$ 138,400
Impact Of Overall One Percent Increase In Interest Rates Decrease In Fair Values Of Notes Payable Percent	3.60%

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components [Line Items]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	$ (44,154)		$ (44,154)		$ (25,376)
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income	(423)	$ (1,004)	(1,846)	$ (230)
Adjustment related to SPG common shares investment for adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 (1)			4,919
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components [Line Items]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax	(23,194)	(4,474)	(23,194)	(4,474)	(16,128)	$ 384
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Cumulative Changes in Net Gain (Loss) from Cash Flow Hedges, Effect Net of Tax	(20,960)	(1,148)	(20,960)	(1,148)	(9,248)	(7,303)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	(44,154)	(5,622)	(44,154)	(5,622)	(25,376)	(6,919)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Gain (Loss), before Reclassification and Tax			(7,341)	(4,859)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Arising During Period, before Tax			(10,072)	6,978
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), before Tax, Portion Attributable to Parent			(17,413)	2,119
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income	(278)	(714)	(1,289)	(164)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax, Portion Attributable to Parent			(7,341)	(4,859)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Derivatives Qualifying as Hedges, Net of Tax, Portion Attributable to Parent			(11,361)	6,814
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax, Portion Attributable to Parent			(18,702)	1,955
Adjustment related to SPG common shares investment for adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 (1)				(678)
Other Comprehensive income Loss Adjustment Foreign Currency Attributable To Parent			275	1
Other comprehensive income (loss), adjustments, attributable to parent			(351)	19
Other comprehensive income (loss), total adjustments attributable to parent			(76)	20
Noncontrolling Interest [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components [Line Items]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax	(10,014)	(1,830)	(10,014)	(1,830)	(6,569)	159
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Cumulative Changes in Net Gain (Loss) from Cash Flow Hedges, Effect Net of Tax	3,808	11,712	3,808	11,712	8,363	9,220
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	$ (6,206)	$ 9,882	(6,206)	9,882	$ 1,794	$ 9,379
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Gain (Loss), before Reclassification and Tax			(3,170)	(1,988)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Derivatives Arising During Period, before Tax			(4,349)	2,854
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), before Tax, Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest			(7,519)	866
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income			(557)	(66)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Foreign Currency Transaction and Translation Adjustment, Net of Tax, Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest			(3,170)	(1,988)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Derivatives Qualifying as Hedges, Net of Tax, Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest			(4,906)	2,788
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax, Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest			(8,076)	800
Adjustment related to SPG common shares investment for adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 (1)				(277)
Other Comprehensive Income Loss Adjustment Foreign Currency Attributable To Noncontrolling Interest			(275)	(1)
Other comprehensive income (loss), adjustments, attributable to noncontrolling interests			351	(19)
Other comprehensive income (loss), total adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests			76	(20)
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components [Line Items]
Reclassification adjustment for amounts recognized in net income			(1,846)	(230)
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Member]
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components [Line Items]
Amount of gain/loss on interest rate contract reclassfied from AOCI			(766)	301
Amount of gain/loss on interest rate contract reclassfied from AOCI for unconsolidated joint ventures			(269)	286
Amount of gain/loss on cross-currency interest rate contract reclassified from AOCI for Unconsolidated Joint Ventures			$ (811)	$ (817)

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Cash Flow Disclosures and Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2018	Jan. 01, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Interest Costs Capitalized		$ 4,354	$ 7,180
Interest Paid, Excluding Capitalized Interest, Operating Activities		72,200	58,900
Income Taxes Paid, Net		800	400
Cash Paid for Operating Leases		7,200
Capital Expenditures Incurred but Not yet Paid		89,800	81,300
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 42,749	42,749			$ 48,372
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents	30,962	30,962			94,557
Total Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash shown on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows	73,711	73,711	173,731		142,929	$ 164,404
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (Note 13)		(372)	$ (467)
Operating Lease, Liability	241,444	241,444
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset	175,521	175,521		$ 178,100
Business Acquisition, Equity Interest Issued or Issuable, Value Assigned	79,300	79,300
Restricted Cash Stipulated by Lenders and Various Agreements [Member]
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents	31,000	31,000			94,600
Deposit Assets, Foreign [Member]
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents	$ 29,400	$ 29,400			$ 92,500
Preferred Stock [Member]
Issuance of equity for acquisition of interest in UJV	1,500,000	1,500,000
Preferred Stock [Member] | The Gardens Mall [Member]
Issuance of equity for acquisition of interest in UJV		1,500,000