Our activities expose us to a variety of financial risks, which include foreign exchange risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, commodity price risk, credit risk and other risks associated with capital markets. From time to time, we may use foreign exchange, commodity price and interest rate contracts to manage exposure to fluctuations in these variables. Our use of derivatives is based on established practices and parameters to mitigate risk and is subject to the oversight of our Financial Risk Management Committee and our Board of Directors.

We operate on an international basis, and therefore, foreign exchange risk exposures arise from transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the entity. Our foreign exchange risk arises primarily with respect to the U.S. dollar, Chilean peso and Peruvian sol. Our cash flows from Canadian, Chilean and Peruvian operations are exposed to foreign exchange risk, as commodity sales are denominated in U.S. dollars and a substantial portion of operating expenses is denominated in local currencies.

We also have various investments in U.S. dollar functional currency subsidiaries, whose net assets are exposed to foreign currency translation risk. This currency exposure is managed in part through our U.S. dollar denominated debt as a hedge against these net investments.


(US$ in millions)	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	664	$	23
Trade and settlement receivables	1,042		616
Trade accounts payable and other liabilities	(703)		(608)
Debt	(3,479)		(3,741)
Reduced by: Debt designated as a hedging instrument in our net investment hedge	2,697		3,575
Net U.S. dollar exposure	$	221	$	(135)

As at December 31, 2021, with other variables unchanged, a $0.10 strengthening of the Canadian dollar against the U.S. dollar would result in a $17 million pre-tax loss (2020 – $18 million pre-tax gain) from our financial instruments. There would also be a $582 million pre-tax loss (2020 – $415 million) in other comprehensive income (loss) from the translation of our foreign operations. The inverse effect would result if the Canadian dollar weakened by $0.10 against the U.S. dollar.

Liquidity risk arises from our general and capital funding requirements. We have planning, budgeting and forecasting processes to help determine our funding requirements to meet various contractual and other obligations. Note 18(d) details our available credit facilities as at December 31, 2021.


(CAD$ in millions)	Less Than 1 Year		2–3 Years		4–5 Years		More Than 5 Years		Total
Trade accounts payable and other liabilities	$	3,045	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,045
Debt (Note 18(f))	213		808		872		5,594		7,487
Lease liabilities	154		191		172		611		1,128
Obligation to Neptune Bulk Terminals	—		26		144		—		170
ENAMI preferential dividend liability	—		43		16		46		105
QB2 advances from SMM/SC	—		—		—		1,271		1,271
QB2 variable consideration to IMSA	—		63		63		—		126
Other liabilities	—		139		56		37		232
Estimated interest payments on debt	277		623		601		2,907		4,408
Estimated interest payments on QB2 advances from SMM/SC	—		—		—		1,753		1,753
Estimated interest payments on lease and other liabilities	16		24		12		30		82

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we entered into a receivable factoring facility for metal concentrate sales, where from time to time we are able to factor specified invoices. In addition, we also have a receivable factoring facility for steelmaking coal sales, which was entered into during the year ended December 31, 2020. The counterparty to these arrangements has discretion to determine the amount of invoices it factors under the arrangements. The derecognition criteria is met for these receivables upon execution of the transaction.

A 1% increase in the short-term interest rate at the beginning of the year, with other variables unchanged, would have resulted in a $1 million pre-tax decrease in our profit (loss) (2020 – $4 million). There would be no effect on other comprehensive income (loss).

We are subject to price risk from fluctuations in market prices of the commodities that we produce. From time to time, we may use commodity price contracts to manage our exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices. At the balance sheet date, we had zinc and lead derivative contracts outstanding as described in (b) below.

Our commodity price risk associated with financial instruments primarily relates to changes in fair value caused by final settlement pricing adjustments to receivables and payables, derivative contracts for zinc and lead and embedded derivatives in our TAK road and port contract, in the ongoing payments under our silver stream and gold stream arrangements and in the QB2 variable consideration to IMSA.

The following represents the effect on profit (loss) attributable to shareholders from a 10% change in commodity prices, based on outstanding receivables and payables subject to final pricing adjustments at December 31, 2021. There is no effect on other comprehensive income (loss).

A 10% change in the price of copper, zinc, lead, silver and gold, respectively, with other variables unchanged, would change our net asset relating to derivatives and embedded derivatives, excluding receivables and payables subject to final pricing adjustments and would change our pre-tax profit (loss) attributable to shareholders by $23 million (2020 – $32 million). There would be no effect on other comprehensive income (loss).

Credit risk arises from cash, cash equivalents, derivative contracts, debt securities and trade receivables. While we are exposed to credit losses due to the non-performance of our counterparties, there are no significant concentrations of credit risk and we do not consider this to be a material risk.

Our primary counterparties related to our cash, cash equivalents, derivative contracts and debt securities carry investment grade ratings as assessed by external rating agencies, which are monitored on an ongoing basis. All of our commercial customers are assessed for credit quality at least once a year or more frequently if business- or customer-specific conditions change based on an extensive credit rating scorecard developed internally using key credit metrics and measurements that were adapted from S&P’s and Moody’s rating methodologies. Sales to customers that do not meet the credit quality criteria are secured either by a parental guarantee, a letter of credit or prepayment.

For our trade receivables, we apply the simplified approach for determining expected credit losses, which requires us to determine the lifetime expected losses for all our trade receivables. The expected lifetime credit loss provision for our trade receivables is based on historical counterparty default rates and adjusted for relevant forward-looking information, as required. Since the majority of our customers are considered to have low default risk and our historical default rate and frequency of losses are low, the lifetime expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables is nominal as at December 31, 2021.

Our investments in debt securities carried at fair value through other comprehensive income (loss) are considered to have low credit risk, as our counterparties have investment grade credit ratings. The credit risk of our investments in debt securities has not increased significantly since initial recognition of these investments and accordingly, the loss allowance for investments in debt securities is determined based on the 12-month expected credit losses. The 12-month expected credit loss allowance is based on historical and forward-looking default rates for investment grade entities, which are low and, accordingly, the 12-month expected credit loss allowance for our investments in debt securities is nominal as at December 31, 2021.

We record adjustments to our settlement receivables and payables for provisionally priced sales and purchases, respectively, in periods up to the date of final pricing based on movements in quoted market prices or published price assessments for steelmaking coal. These arrangements are based on the market price of the commodity and the value of our settlement receivables and payables will vary, as prices for the underlying commodities vary in the metal markets. These final pricing adjustments result in gains (losses from purchases) in a rising price environment and losses (gains from purchases) in a declining price environment and are recorded in other operating income (expense).


	Outstanding at December 31, 2021			Outstanding at December 31, 2020
(Pounds in millions)	Pounds	US$/lb.		Pounds	US$/lb.
Receivable positions
Copper	156	$	4.42	132	$	3.52
Zinc	175	$	1.62	142	$	1.24
Lead	53	$	1.06	42	$	0.90
Payable positions
Zinc payable	63	$	1.62	112	$	1.24
Lead payable	10	$	1.06	19	$	0.90

At December 31, 2021, total outstanding settlement receivables were $1.1 billion (2020 – $949 million) and total outstanding settlement payables were $39 million (2020 – $61 million) (Note 17). These amounts are included in trade and settlement receivables and in trade accounts payable and other liabilities, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheet.

Due to ice conditions, the port serving our Red Dog mine is normally only able to ship concentrates from July to October each year. As a result, zinc and lead concentrate sales volumes are generally higher in the third and fourth quarter of each year than in the first and second quarter. During 2021 and 2020, we purchased and sold zinc and lead swaps to match our economic exposure to the average zinc and lead prices over our shipping year, which is from July of one year to June of the following year. We do not apply hedge accounting to the zinc or lead swaps.

Derivatives not designated as
hedging instruments

Quantity

Average Price
of Purchase
Commitments

Average Price
of Sale
Commitments

Fair Value
Asset
(CAD$ in millions)

Zinc swaps

140 million lbs.

US$1.60/lb.

US$1.57/lb.

Lead swaps

59 million lbs.

US$1.04/lb.

US$1.05/lb.

—


(CAD$ in millions)	Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Other Operating Income (Expense) and Non-Operating Income (Expense)
	2021		2020
Zinc derivatives	$	17	$	12
Lead derivatives	4		(5)
Settlement receivables and payables (Note 8)	442		47
Contingent zinc escalation payment embedded derivative (c)	(28)		(1)
Gold stream embedded derivative (c)	(8)		28
Silver stream embedded derivative (c)	(7)		28
QB2 variable consideration to IMSA (Note 10(a))	(97)		—
	$	323	$	109

We manage the foreign currency translation risk of our various investments in U.S. dollar functional currency subsidiaries in part through the designation of our U.S. dollar denominated debt as a hedge against these net investments. We designate the spot element of the U.S. dollar debt as the hedging instrument. As only the spot rate element of the debt is designated in the hedging relationship, no ineffectiveness is expected and no ineffectiveness was recognized in profit (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The hedged foreign currency risk component is the change in the carrying amount of the net assets of the U.S. dollar functional currency subsidiaries arising from spot U.S. dollar to Canadian dollar exchange rate movements. At December 31, 2021, US$2.7 billion of our debt (2020 – US$3.6 billion) and U.S. dollar investment in foreign operations were designated in a net investment hedging relationship. During the year ended December 31, 2021, $13 million (2020 – $128 million) of foreign exchange translation on our U.S. dollar investment in foreign operations was hedged by an offsetting amount of foreign exchange translation on our U.S. dollar denominated debt. Refer to Note 24(e) for the effect of our net investment hedges on other comprehensive income (loss).

The TAK road and port contract contains a contingent zinc escalation payment that is considered to be an embedded derivative. The fair value of this embedded derivative was $60 million at December 31, 2021 (2020 – $32 million), of which $9 million (2020 – $6 million) is included in trade accounts payables and other liabilities and the remaining $51 million (2020 – $26 million) is included in provisions and other liabilities.

The gold stream and silver stream agreements entered into in 2015 each contain an embedded derivative in the ongoing future payments due to us. The gold stream’s 15% ongoing payment contains an embedded derivative relating to the gold price. The fair value of this embedded derivative was $43 million at December 31, 2021 (2020 – $51 million), of which $3 million (2020 – $5 million) is included in prepaids and other current assets and the remaining $40 million (2020 – $46 million) is included in financial and other assets. The silver stream’s 5% ongoing payment contains an embedded derivative relating to the silver price. The fair value of this embedded derivative was $25 million at December 31, 2021 (2020 – $33 million), of which $2 million (2020 – $2 million) is included in prepaids and other current assets and the remaining $23 million (2020 – $31 million) is included in financial and other assets.