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Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]  
Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees
Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees
Commitments
The table below presents commitments by type.
 
As of
SeptemberDecember
$ in millions20232022
Commitment Type  
Commercial lending:  
Investment-grade$103,435 $100,438 
Non-investment-grade55,873 53,486 
Warehouse financing9,312 9,116 
Consumer
71,077 64,098 
Total lending239,697 227,138 
Risk participations8,651 9,173 
Collateralized agreement107,459 105,301 
Collateralized financing44,667 22,532 
Investment20,745 7,705 
Other7,831 9,690 
Total commitments$429,050 $381,539 
The table below presents commitments by expiration.
As of September 2023
Remainder2024 -2026 -2028 -
$ in millionsof 202320252027Thereafter
Commitment Type    
Commercial lending:    
Investment-grade$3,906 $26,191 $50,308 $23,030 
Non-investment-grade1,227 14,158 26,034 14,454 
Warehouse financing220 5,863 2,973 256 
Consumer
69,115 1,962 – – 
Total lending74,468 48,174 79,315 37,740 
Risk participations1,056 2,842 3,731 1,022 
Collateralized agreement99,463 7,230 – 766 
Collateralized financing40,027 4,586 – 54 
Investment15,246 1,474 1,015 3,010 
Other6,720 887 – 224 
Total commitments$236,980 $65,193 $84,061 $42,816 
In the tables above, beginning in the first quarter of 2023, the firm made certain changes to its methodology for determining internal credit ratings. See Note 9 for further information about these changes. Prior period amounts have been conformed to reflect the current methodology. The impact to December 2022 was an increase in commercial lending commitments classified as investment-grade and a decrease in commercial lending commitments classified as non-investment-grade of $2.78 billion.
Lending Commitments
The firm’s commercial and warehouse financing lending commitments are agreements to lend with fixed termination dates and depend on the satisfaction of all contractual conditions to borrowing. These commitments are presented net of amounts syndicated to third parties. The total commitment amount does not necessarily reflect actual future cash flows because the firm may syndicate portions of these commitments. In addition, commitments can expire unused or be reduced or cancelled at the counterparty’s request. The firm also provides credit to consumers by issuing credit card lines and through commitments to provide unsecured installment loans.
The table below presents information about lending commitments.
 
As of
SeptemberDecember
$ in millions20232022
Held for investment$232,949 $222,689 
Held for sale5,955 3,355 
At fair value793 1,094 
Total$239,697 $227,138 
In the table above:
•Held for investment lending commitments are accounted for at amortized cost. The carrying value of lending commitments was a liability of $877 million (including allowance for credit losses of $670 million) as of September 2023 and $1.01 billion (including allowance for credit losses of $774 million) as of December 2022. The estimated fair value of such lending commitments was a liability of $5.33 billion as of September 2023 and $5.95 billion as of December 2022. Had these lending commitments been carried at fair value and included in the fair value hierarchy, $2.77 billion as of September 2023 and $3.11 billion as of December 2022 would have been classified in level 2, and $2.56 billion as of September 2023 and $2.84 billion as of December 2022 would have been classified in level 3.
•Held for sale lending commitments are accounted for at the lower of cost or fair value. The carrying value of lending commitments held for sale was a liability of $58 million as of September 2023 and $88 million as of December 2022. The estimated fair value of such lending commitments approximates the carrying value. Had these lending commitments been included in the fair value hierarchy, they would have been primarily classified in level 3 as of both September 2023 and December 2022.
•Gains or losses related to lending commitments at fair value, if any, are generally recorded net of any fees in other principal transactions.
Commercial Lending. The firm’s commercial lending commitments were primarily extended to investment-grade corporate borrowers. Such commitments primarily included $136.26 billion as of September 2023 and $127.60 billion as of December 2022, related to relationship lending activities (principally used for operating and general corporate purposes), and $6.04 billion as of September 2023 and $7.71 billion as of December 2022, related to other investment banking activities (generally extended for contingent acquisition financing and are often intended to be short-term in nature, as borrowers often seek to replace them with other funding sources). The firm also extends lending commitments in connection with other types of corporate lending, commercial real estate financing and other collateralized lending. See Note 9 for further information about funded loans.
To mitigate the credit risk associated with the firm’s commercial lending activities, the firm obtains credit protection on certain loans and lending commitments through credit default swaps, both single-name and index-based contracts, and through the issuance of credit-linked notes.
Warehouse Financing. The firm provides financing to clients who warehouse financial assets. These arrangements are collateralized by the warehoused assets, primarily consisting of residential real estate, consumer and corporate loans.
Consumer. The firm’s consumer lending commitments includes:
•Credit card lines issued by the firm to consumers were $68.39 billion as of September 2023 and $62.22 billion as of December 2022. These credit card lines are cancellable by the firm.
•Commitments to provide unsecured installment loans to consumers were $2.68 billion as of September 2023. During the third quarter of 2023, such commitments were classified as held for sale in connection with the planned sale of GreenSky. As of December 2022, commitments to provide unsecured installment loans to consumers were $1.88 billion.

Risk Participations
The firm also risk participates certain of its commercial lending commitments to other financial institutions. In the event of a risk participant’s default, the firm will be responsible to fund the borrower.
Collateralized Agreement Commitments/ Collateralized Financing Commitments
Collateralized agreement commitments includes forward starting resale and securities borrowing agreements, and collateralized financing commitments includes forward starting repurchase and secured lending agreements that settle at a future date, generally within three business days. Collateralized agreement commitments also includes transactions where the firm has entered into commitments to provide contingent financing to its clients and counterparties through resale agreements. The firm’s funding of these commitments depends on the satisfaction of all contractual conditions to the resale agreement and these commitments can expire unused.
Investment Commitments
Investment commitments includes commitments to invest in private equity, real estate and other assets directly and through funds that the firm raises and manages. Investment commitments included $969 million as of September 2023 and $1.29 billion as of December 2022, related to commitments to invest in funds managed by the firm. If these commitments are called, they would be funded at market value on the date of investment. During the third quarter of 2023, the firm committed to purchase a portfolio of approximately $15.0 billion of private equity capital call commitments (including approximately $9.0 billion of funded loans) from the FDIC’s auction of Signature Bank’s loans. The firm has made a deposit of approximately $1.0 billion (included in customer and other receivables) with the FDIC in connection with this purchase. As of September 2023, the remaining commitment of approximately $14.0 billion was included in investment commitments.
Contingencies
Legal Proceedings. See Note 27 for information about legal proceedings.

Guarantees
The table below presents derivatives that meet the definition of a guarantee, securities lending and clearing guarantees and certain other financial guarantees.
$ in millionsDerivativesSecurities
 lending and
 clearing		Other
 financial
 guarantees
As of September 2023   
Carrying Value of Net Liability$6,894 $– $405 
Maximum Payout/Notional Amount by Period of Expiration
Remainder of 2023$46,927 $28,159 $478 
2024 - 2025216,351 – 3,539 
2026 - 202729,640 – 2,516 
2028 - thereafter33,683 – 878 
Total$326,601 $28,159 $7,411 
As of December 2022   
Carrying Value of Net Liability$7,485 $– $395 
Maximum Payout/Notional Amount by Period of Expiration
2023$110,599 $20,970 $1,634 
2024 - 2025133,090 – 3,308 
2026 - 202720,252 – 1,837 
2028 - thereafter27,518 – 93 
Total$291,459 $20,970 $6,872 
In the table above:
•The maximum payout is based on the notional amount of the contract and does not represent anticipated losses.
•Amounts exclude certain commitments to issue standby letters of credit that are included in lending commitments. See the tables in “Commitments” above for a summary of the firm’s commitments.
•The carrying value for derivatives included derivative assets of $363 million as of September 2023 and $578 million as of December 2022, and derivative liabilities of $7.26 billion as of September 2023 and $8.06 billion as of December 2022.

Derivative Guarantees. The firm enters into various derivatives that meet the definition of a guarantee under U.S. GAAP, including written equity and commodity put options, written currency contracts and interest rate caps, floors and swaptions. These derivatives are risk managed together with derivatives that do not meet the definition of a guarantee, and therefore the amounts in the table above do not reflect the firm’s overall risk related to derivative activities. Disclosures about derivatives are not required if they may be cash settled and the firm has no basis to conclude it is probable that the counterparties held the underlying instruments at the inception of the contract. The firm has concluded that these conditions have been met for certain large, internationally active commercial and investment bank counterparties, central clearing counterparties, hedge funds and certain other counterparties. Accordingly, the firm has not included such contracts in the table above. See Note 7 for information about credit derivatives that meet the definition of a guarantee, which are not included in the table above.
Derivatives are accounted for at fair value and therefore the carrying value is considered the best indication of payment/performance risk for individual contracts. However, the carrying values in the table above exclude the effect of counterparty and cash collateral netting.
Securities Lending and Clearing Guarantees. Securities lending and clearing guarantees include the indemnifications and guarantees that the firm provides in its capacity as an agency lender and in its capacity as a sponsoring member of the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation.
As an agency lender, the firm indemnifies most of its securities lending customers against losses incurred in the event that borrowers do not return securities and the collateral held is insufficient to cover the market value of the securities borrowed. The maximum payout of such indemnifications was $13.88 billion as of September 2023 and $12.23 billion as of December 2022. Collateral held by the lenders in connection with securities lending indemnifications was $14.37 billion as of September 2023 and $12.62 billion as of December 2022. Because the contractual nature of these arrangements requires the firm to obtain collateral with a market value that exceeds the value of the securities lent to the borrower, there is minimal performance risk associated with these indemnifications.

As a sponsoring member of the Government Securities Division of the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation, the firm guarantees the performance of its sponsored member clients to the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation in connection with certain resale and repurchase agreements. To minimize potential losses on such guarantees, the firm obtains a security interest in the collateral that the sponsored client placed with the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation. Therefore, the risk of loss on such guarantees is minimal. The maximum payout on this guarantee was $14.28 billion as of September 2023 and $8.74 billion as of December 2022. The related collateral held was $14.25 billion as of September 2023 and $8.70 billion as of December 2022.
Other Financial Guarantees. In the ordinary course of business, the firm provides other financial guarantees of the obligations of third parties (e.g., standby letters of credit and other guarantees to enable clients to complete transactions and fund-related guarantees). These guarantees represent obligations to make payments to beneficiaries if the guaranteed party fails to fulfill its obligation under a contractual arrangement with that beneficiary. Other financial guarantees also include a guarantee that the firm has provided to the Government of Malaysia that it will receive, by August 2025, at least $1.4 billion in assets and proceeds from assets seized by governmental authorities around the world related to 1Malaysia Development Berhad, a sovereign wealth fund in Malaysia (1MDB). In connection with this guarantee, the firm agreed to make a one-time interim payment of $250 million towards the $1.4 billion if the Government of Malaysia did not receive at least $500 million in assets and proceeds by August 2022. The firm does not believe that any interim payment is required. Any amounts paid by the firm would, in any event, be subject to reimbursement in the event the assets and proceeds received by the Government of Malaysia through August 18, 2028 exceed $1.4 billion.
On October 11, 2023, the firm filed a demand for arbitration alleging that the Government of Malaysia had, as of August 2022, recovered assets and proceeds well in excess of $500 million; it had recovered substantial additional assets and proceeds that should be credited against the guarantee; and it had not used all reasonable efforts to recover other assets and proceeds that could be credited against the guarantee. See Note 27 for further information about matters related to 1MDB.

Guarantees of Securities Issued by Trusts. The firm has established trusts, including Goldman Sachs Capital I, Goldman Sachs Capital II and Goldman Sachs Capital III (the Trusts), and other entities, for the limited purpose of issuing securities to third parties, lending the proceeds to the firm and entering into contractual arrangements with the firm and third parties related to this purpose. The firm does not consolidate these entities. See Notes 14 and 19 for further information about the transactions involving the Trusts.
The firm effectively provides for the full and unconditional guarantee of the securities issued by these entities. Timely payment by the firm of amounts due to these entities under the guarantee, borrowing, preferred stock and related contractual arrangements will be sufficient to cover payments due on the securities issued by these entities. No subsidiary of Group Inc. guarantees the securities of the Trusts.
Management believes that it is unlikely that any circumstances will occur, such as nonperformance on the part of paying agents or other service providers, that would make it necessary for the firm to make payments related to these entities other than those required under the terms of the guarantee, borrowing, preferred stock and related contractual arrangements and in connection with certain expenses incurred by these entities.
Indemnities and Guarantees of Service Providers. In the ordinary course of business, the firm indemnifies and guarantees certain service providers, such as clearing and custody agents, trustees and administrators, against specified potential losses in connection with their acting as an agent of, or providing services to, the firm or its affiliates.
The firm may also be liable to some clients or other parties for losses arising from its custodial role or caused by acts or omissions of third-party service providers, including sub-custodians and third-party brokers. In certain cases, the firm has the right to seek indemnification from these third-party service providers for certain relevant losses incurred by the firm. In addition, the firm is a member of payment, clearing and settlement networks, as well as securities exchanges around the world that may require the firm to meet the obligations of such networks and exchanges in the event of member defaults and other loss scenarios.
In connection with the firm’s prime brokerage and clearing businesses, the firm agrees to clear and settle transactions entered into by clients with other brokerage firms. The firm’s obligations in respect of such transactions are secured by the assets in the client’s account and proceeds received from the transactions cleared and settled by the firm on behalf of the client. In connection with joint venture investments, the firm may issue loan guarantees under which it may be liable in the event of fraud, misappropriation, environmental liabilities and other matters involving the borrower.
The firm is unable to develop an estimate of the maximum payout under these guarantees and indemnifications. However, management believes that it is unlikely the firm will have to make any material payments under these arrangements, and no material liabilities related to these guarantees and indemnifications have been recognized in the consolidated balance sheets as of both September 2023 and December 2022.
Other Representations, Warranties and Indemnifications. The firm provides representations and warranties to counterparties in connection with a variety of commercial transactions and occasionally indemnifies them against potential losses caused by the breach of those representations and warranties. The firm may also provide indemnifications protecting against changes in or adverse application of certain U.S. tax laws in connection with ordinary-course transactions, such as securities issuances, borrowings or derivatives.
In addition, the firm may provide indemnifications to some counterparties to protect them in the event additional taxes are owed or payments are withheld, due either to a change in or an adverse application of certain non-U.S. tax laws. These indemnifications, as well as indemnifications provided by the firm on other contractual or other obligations, generally are standard contractual terms and are entered into in the ordinary course of business. Generally, there are no stated or notional amounts included in these indemnifications, and the contingencies triggering the obligation to indemnify are not expected to occur. The firm is unable to develop an estimate of the maximum payout under these guarantees and indemnifications. However, management believes that it is unlikely the firm will have to make any material payments under these arrangements, and no material liabilities related to these arrangements have been recognized in the consolidated balance sheets as of both September 2023 and December 2022.
Guarantees of Subsidiaries. Group Inc. is the entity that fully and unconditionally guarantees the securities issued by GS Finance Corp., a wholly-owned finance subsidiary of the firm. Group Inc. has guaranteed the payment obligations of Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC (GS&Co.), GS Bank USA and Goldman Sachs Paris Inc. et Cie, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, Group Inc. has provided guarantees to Goldman Sachs International (GSI) and GSBE related to agreements that each entity has entered into with certain of its counterparties. Group Inc. guarantees many of the obligations of its other consolidated subsidiaries on a transaction-by-transaction basis, as negotiated with counterparties. Group Inc. is unable to develop an estimate of the maximum payout under its subsidiary guarantees. However, because these obligations are also obligations of consolidated subsidiaries, Group Inc.’s liabilities as guarantor are not separately disclosed.