UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 20-F

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____________ to _______________

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report. . . . . . . . . . .

Commission file number 000-20181

SAPIENS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION N.V.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Azrieli Center

26 Harokmim St.

Holon, 5885800 Israel

(Address of principal executive offices)

Roni Giladi, Chief Financial Officer

Tel: +972-3-790-2000

Fax+972-3-790 2942

Azrieli Center

26 Harokmim St.

Holon, 5885800 Israel

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Class:	Name of each exchange on which registered:
Common Shares, par value € 0.01 per share	NASDAQ Capital Market

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report

As of December 31, 2018, the issuer had 49,982,004 Common Shares, par value € 0.01 per share, outstanding (which excludes 2,328,296 Common Shares held in treasury).

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐       No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ☐       No ☒

Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒       No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒       No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or an emerging growth company. See definition of “accelerated filer” and “large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer: ☐    Accelerated filer: ☒

Non-accelerated filer: ☐    Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

☒ U.S. GAAP	☐ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued	☐ Other
	by the International Accounting Standards Board

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:

Item 17 ☐        Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐        No ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
Introduction		1
PART I		2
Item 1	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	2
Item 2	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	2
Item 3	Key Information	2
Item 4	Information on the Company	20
Item 4A	Unresolved Staff Comments	43
Item 5	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	43
Item 6	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	63
Item 7	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	69
Item 8	Financial Information	72
Item 9	The Offer and Listing	73
Item 10	Additional Information	75
Item 11	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	90
Item 12	Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities	90
PART II		91
Item 13	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	91
Item 14	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	91
Item 15	Controls and Procedures	91
Item 16	[Reserved]	91
Item 16A	Audit Committee Financial Expert	91
Item 16B	Code of Ethics	91
Item 16C	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	92
Item 16D	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	92
Item 16E	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	92
Item 16F	Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	92
Item 16G	Corporate Governance	92
Item 16H	Mine Safety Disclosures	93
PART III		94
Item 17	Financial Statements	94
Item 18	Financial Statements	94
Item 19	Exhibits	94
Signature		95

i

INTRODUCTION

Definitions

In this annual report, unless the context otherwise requires:

● references to “Sapiens,” the “Company,” the “Registrant,” “our company,” “us,” “we” and “our” refer to Sapiens International Corporation N.V., a Cayman Islands company, and its consolidated subsidiaries;

● references to “our shares,” “Common Shares” and similar expressions refer to Sapiens’ Common Shares, par value € 0.01 per share;

● references to “Sapiens Poland” refer to Sapiens Software Solutions (Poland) Sp.Z.O.O (formerly Insseco Sp. Z O.O), a Poland-based software and services provider for the insurance market that Sapiens acquired in the third quarter of 2015;

● references to “Adaptik”, refer to Adaptik Corporation, a New Jersey company engaged in the development of software solutions, which Sapiens acquired during the first quarter of 2018;

● references to “KnowledgePrice.com” refer to KnowledgePrice.com, a Latvian company that specializes in digital insurance services and consulting, which Sapiens acquired in the fourth quarter of 2017;

● references to “StoneRiver” refer to StoneRiver, Inc., a Denver, Colorado- based provider of technology solutions and services to the insurance industry that Sapiens acquired in the first quarter of 2017;

● references to “dollars”, “U.S. dollars”, “U.S. $” and “$” are to United States Dollars;

● references to “Euro” or “€” are to the Euro, the official currency of the Eurozone in the European Union;

● references to “shekels” and “NIS” are to New Israeli Shekels, the Israeli currency;

● references to the “Articles” are to our Amended Articles of Association, as currently in effect;

● references to the “Securities Act” are to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended;

● references to the “Exchange Act” are to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended;

● references to “NASDAQ” are to the NASDAQ Stock Market;

● references to the “TASE” are to the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange; and

● references to the “SEC” are to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Certain matters discussed in this annual report are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act, Section 21E of the Exchange Act and the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that are based on our beliefs and assumptions as well as information currently available to us. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “may,” “will,” “plan” and similar expressions. Such statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are subject to certain risks and uncertainties. While we believe such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, should one or more of the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, or these risks or uncertainties materialize, our actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Please read the risks discussed in Item 3 – “Key Information” under the caption “Risk Factors” and cautionary statements appearing elsewhere in this annual report in order to review conditions that we believe could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements.

We undertake no obligation publicly to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed in this annual report might not occur.

1

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

A. Selected Financial Data.

The following tables summarize certain selected consolidated financial data for the periods and as of the dates indicated. We derived the statement of operations financial data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. The selected consolidated statement of income financial data for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015, and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, are derived from our audited financial statements not included in this annual report. Our historical consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP, and presented in U.S. dollars. You should read the information presented below in conjunction with those statements.

The information presented below is qualified by the more detailed historical consolidated financial statements, the notes thereto and the discussion under “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report.

Selected Financial Data:	Year Ended December 31,
	(In thousands, except per share data)
Statement of Income Data:	2014			2015			2016			2017			2018
Revenues	$	157,450		$	185,636		$	216,190		$	269,194		$	289,707
Cost of revenues		99,095			111,192			130,402			175,678			180,138
Gross profit		58,355			74,444			85,788			93,516			109,569
Operating Expenses:
Research and development		11,352			10,235			16,488			31,955			34,415
Selling, marketing, general and administrative		32,097			39,859			44,460			60,559			52,133
Total operating expenses		43,449			50,094			60,948			92,514			86,547
Operating income		14,906			24,350			24,840			1,002			23,022
Financial income (expenses), net		124			163			533			(3,010	)		(3,991	)
Income before tax benefit (taxes on income)		15,030			24,513			25,373			(2,008	)		19,031
Tax benefit (taxes on income)		(454	)		(4,213	)		(5,772	)		2,564			(5,031	)
Net income		14,576			20,300			19,601			556			14,000
Attributed to non-controlling interest		131			59			(43	)		(189	)		215
Attributed to redeemable non-controlling interest		(18	)		1			(135	)		43			-
Adjustment to redeemable non-controlling interest		-			224			443			350			-
Net income attributable to Sapiens		14,463			20,016			19,336			352			13,785
Basic net earnings per share attributable to Sapiens’ shareholders	$	0.31		$	0.42		$	0.40		$	0.01		$	0.28
Diluted net earnings per share attributable to Sapiens’ shareholders	$	0.30		$	0.41		$	0.40		$	0.01		$	0.28
Weighted average number of shares used in computing basic net earnings per share		47,210			48,121			48,947			49,170			49,827
Weighted average number of shares used in computing diluted net earnings per share		48,637			49,327			49,780			49,926			50,106

2

	At December 31,
Balance Sheet Data:	2014		2015		2016		2017		2018
	(In thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,400	$	54,351	$	60,908	$	71,467	$	64,628
Marketable securities		33,098		39,651		35,448		-		-
Working capital		43,663		51,342		72,453		60,804		48,206
Total assets		233,210		242,271		257,851		373,619		378,865
Series B Debentures (1)		-		-		-		78,281		79,809
Capital stock		249,938		234,658		227,463		221,863		215,613
Total equity(2)	$	178,293	$	181,809	$	194,391	$	200,874	$	202,484

(1) In September 2017, we issued NIS 280 million (approximately $78.3 million, net of $0.96 million of debt discount and issuance costs) principal amount of Series B unsecured, non-convertible debentures, in a public offering and private placement in Israel. For more information concerning the Series B debentures, please see Item 5.B “Liquidity and Capital Resources”—“Israeli Public Offering and Private Placement of Debentures”.

(2) On April 22, 2015, March 31, 2016, October 18, 2017 and September 16, 2018, our Board of Directors declared one-time cash dividends of $0.15, $0.20, $0.20 and $0.20 per Common Share (or $7.2 million, $10.0 million, $9.8 million and $10.0 million, in the aggregate, respectively), which were paid on June 1, 2015, June 1, 2016, December 14, 2017 and October 30, 2018, respectively.

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness.

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds.

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors.

We operate globally in a dynamic and rapidly changing environment that involves numerous risks and uncertainties. The following section lists some, but not all, of those risks and uncertainties that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

3

Risks Relating to Our Business, Our Industry and our Financing Activities

The implementation of our M&A growth strategy, which requires the integration of our multiple acquired companies, including, most recently, Adaptik, KnowledgePrice, StoneRiver, MaxPro, 4Sight, and their respective businesses, operations and employees with our own, involves significant risks, and the failure to integrate successfully may adversely affect our future results.

In the past eight years we have completed eleven acquisitions. Most recently, in the first quarter of 2018, we have acquired Adaptik, after having acquired KnowledgePrice.com and StoneRiver in 2017, and Maximum Processing Inc, or MaxPro, and 4Sight Business Intelligence, or 4Sight, in 2016. These acquisitions are part of our integrated M&A growth strategy, which is centered on three key factors: growing our customer base, expanding geographically and adding complementary solutions to our portfolio— all while we seek to ensure our continued high quality of services and product delivery. Any failure to successfully integrate the business, operations and employees of our acquired companies, or to otherwise realize the anticipated benefits of these acquisitions, could harm our results of operations. Our ability to realize these benefits will depend on the timely integration and consolidation of organizations, operations, facilities, procedures, policies and technologies, and the harmonization of differences in the business cultures between these companies and their personnel. Integration of these businesses will be complex and time-consuming, will involve additional expense and could disrupt our business and divert management’s attention from ongoing business concerns. The challenges involved in integrating Adaptik, Knowledgeprice.com, StoneRiver MaxPro, 4Sight and other former acquisitions include:

● Preserving customer, supplier and other important relationships;

● Integrating complex, core products and services that we acquire with our existing products and services;

● Integrating financial forecasting and controls, procedures and reporting cycles;

● Combining and integrating information technology, or IT, systems; and

● Integrating employees and related HR systems and benefits, maintaining employee morale and retaining key employees.

The benefits we expect to realize from these acquisitions are, necessarily, based on projections and assumptions about the combined businesses of our company, Adaptik, KnowledgePrice.com, MaxPro, 4Sight and StoneRiver, and assume, among other things, the successful integration of these acquired entities into our business and operations. The acquisition of StoneRiver, in particular, has significantly expanded our presence and scale in the North American insurance industry, and is expected to help us further accelerate our growing market footprint in the U.S. P&C space. The StoneRiver acquisition is the largest acquisition that we have ever effected, and failure to successfully integrate the business, operation and employees of StoneRiver could, in and of itself, significantly harm our results of operations. Our projections and assumptions concerning our acquisitions may be inaccurate, however, and we may not successfully integrate the acquired companies and our operations in a timely manner, or at all. We may also be exposed to unexpected contingencies or liabilities of the acquired companies. If we do not realize the anticipated benefits of these transactions, our growth strategy and future profitability could be adversely affected.

Our development cycles are lengthy, we may not have the resources available to complete development of new, enhanced or modified solutions and we may incur significant expenses before we generate revenues, if any, from our solutions.

Because our solutions are complex and require rigorous testing, development cycles can be lengthy, taking us up to two years to develop and introduce new, enhanced or modified solutions. Moreover, development projects can be technically challenging and expensive. The nature of these development cycles may cause us to experience delays between the time we incur expenses associated with research and development and the time we generate revenues, if any, from such expenses. We may also not have sufficient funds or other resources to make the required investments in product development. Furthermore, we may invest substantial resources in the development of solutions that do not achieve market acceptance or commercial success. Even where we succeed in our sales efforts and obtain new orders from customers, the complexity involved in delivering our solutions to such customers makes it more difficult for us to consummate delivery in a timely manner and to recognize revenue and maximize profitability. Failure to deliver our solutions in a timely manner could result in order cancellations, damage our reputations and require us to indemnify our customers. Any of these risks relating to our lengthy and expensive development cycle could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and results of operations.

4

Our sales cycle is variable and often lengthy, depends upon many factors outside our control, and requires us to expend significant time and resources prior to generating associated revenues.

The typical sales cycle for our solutions and services is lengthy and unpredictable, requires pre-purchase evaluation by a significant number of persons in our customers’ organizations, and often involves a significant operational decision by our customers. Our sales efforts involve educating our customers and industry analysts and consultants about the use and benefits of our solutions, including the technical capabilities of our solutions and the efficiencies achievable by organizations deploying our solutions. Customers typically undertake a significant evaluation process, which frequently involves not only our solutions, but also those of our competitors and can result in a lengthy sales cycle. Our sales cycle for new customers is typically one year to two years and can extend even longer in some cases. We spend substantial time, effort and money in our sales efforts without any assurance that such efforts will produce any sales.

Investment in highly skilled research and development and customer support personnel is critical to our ability to develop and enhance our solutions and support our customers, but an increase in such investment may reduce our profitability.

As a provider of software solutions that rely upon technological advancements, we rely heavily on our research and development activities to remain competitive. We consequently depend in large part on the ability to attract, train, motivate and retain highly skilled information technology professionals for our research and development team, particularly individuals with knowledge and experience in the insurance industry. Because our software solutions are highly complex and are generally used by our customers to perform critical business functions, we also depend heavily on other skilled technology professionals to provide ongoing support to our customers. Skilled technology professionals are often in high demand and short supply. If we are unable to hire or retain qualified research and development personnel and other technology professionals to develop, implement and modify our solutions, we may be unable to meet the needs of our customers. Even if we succeed in retaining the necessary skilled personnel in our research and development and customer support efforts, our investments in our personnel and product development efforts increase our costs of operations and thereby reduce our profitability, unless accompanied by increased revenues. Given the highly competitive industry in which we operate, we may not succeed in increasing our revenues in line with our increasing investments in our personnel and research and development efforts.

Furthermore, as we seek to expand the marketing and offering of our products into new territories, it requires the retention of new, additional skilled personnel with knowledge of the particular market and applicable regulatory regime. Such skilled personnel may not be available at a reasonable cost relative to the additional revenues that we expect to generate in those territories, or may not be available at all. In particular, wage costs in lower-cost markets where we have recently added personnel, such as India, are increasing and we may need to increase the levels of our employee compensation more rapidly than in the past to remain competitive. The transition of projects to new locations may also lead to business disruptions due to differing levels of employee knowledge and organizational and leadership skills. Although we have never experienced an organized labor dispute, strike or work stoppage, any such occurrence, including in connection with unionization efforts, could disrupt our business and operations and harm our financial condition.

Failure to manage our rapid growth— both organic and non-organic—could effectively harm our business.

We have recently experienced, and expect to continue to experience, rapid growth in our number of employees and in our international operations that has placed, and will continue to place, a significant strain on our operational and financial resources and our personnel. To manage our anticipated future growth effectively, we must continue to maintain and may need to enhance our information technology infrastructure, financial and accounting systems and controls and manage expanded operations and employees in geographically distributed locations. We also must attract, train and retain a significant number of additional qualified sales and marketing personnel, professional services personnel, software engineers, technical personnel and management personnel. Our failure to manage our rapid growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of new services or product enhancements. For example, since it may take as long as six months to hire and train a new member of our professional services staff, we make decisions regarding the size of our professional services staff based upon our expectations with respect to customer demand for our products and services. If these expectations are incorrect, and we increase the size of our professional services organization without experiencing an increase in sales of our products and services, we will experience reductions in our gross and operating margins and net income. If we are unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our revenues could decline or grow more slowly than expected and we may be unable to implement our business strategy. Our rapid growth may also be accompanied by greater exposure to litigation, including suits by clients, vendors, employees or former employees, as the sizes of our workforce and our overall international operations increase. Restructuring strategies that we have been implementing as part of our management of the effectiveness of our growth require the termination of employees, which also increases our potential exposure to suits by former employees. All such litigation carries with it related costs and could divert our management’s attention from ongoing business concerns. We also intend to continue to expand into additional international markets which, if not technologically or commercially successful, could harm our financial condition and prospects.

5

The skilled and highly qualified workforce that we need to develop, implement and modify our solutions may be difficult to hire, train and retain, and we could face increased costs to attract and retain our skilled workforce.

Our business operations depend in large part on our ability to attract, train, motivate and retain highly skilled information technology professionals, software programmers and communications engineers on a worldwide basis. In addition, our competitive success will depend on our ability to attract and retain other outstanding, highly qualified employees, consultants and other professionals. Because our software products are highly complex and are generally used by our customers to perform critical business functions, we depend heavily on skilled technology professionals. Skilled technology professionals are often in high demand and short supply. If we are unable to hire or retain qualified technology professionals to develop, implement and modify our solutions, we may be unable to meet the needs of our customers. In addition, serving several new customers or implementing several new large-scale projects in a short period of time may require us to attract and train additional IT professionals at a rapid rate.

If existing customers are not satisfied with our solutions and services and either do not make subsequent purchases from us or do not continue using such solutions and services, or if our relationships with our largest customers are impaired, our revenue could be negatively affected.

We depend heavily on repeat product and service revenues from our base of existing customers. Five of our customers accounted for, in the aggregate, 22% and 20.7% of our revenues in the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. If our existing customers are not satisfied with our solutions and services, they may not enter into new project contracts with us or continue using our technologies. A significant decline in our revenue stream from existing customers, including due to termination of agreement(s), would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business often involves long-term, large, complex projects across the globe, some of which are fixed-price projects that involve uncertainties, such as estimated project costs and profit margins. Changes in the scope of a project or in the implementation schedule mid-stream can adversely impact our expected future revenues, profitability and/or, in some cases, our relationship with the relevant client.

Our business is characterized by relatively large, complex projects or engagements that can have a significant impact on our total revenue and cost of revenue from quarter to quarter. A high percentage of our expenses, particularly employee compensation, are relatively fixed. Therefore, variations in the timing of the initiation, estimate of scope of work, progress or completion of projects or engagements can cause significant variations in operating results from quarter to quarter.

This is particularly the case for fixed-price contracts, where our delivery requirements sometimes span more than one year. For a highly complex, fixed-price project that requires customization, we may not be able to accurately estimate our actual costs of completing the project. We are often dependent on the assistance of third-parties (such as our customers’ vendors or IT employees, or our system integrator partners) in implementing such a project, which may not be provided in a timely manner. If our actual cost-to-completion of such a project significantly exceeds the estimated costs, we could experience a loss on the related contract, which (when multiplied by multiple projects) could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position and cash flow.

6

Similarly, delays in executing client contracts (whether fixed price or not) may affect our revenue and cause our operating results to vary widely. Our solutions are delivered over periods of time ranging from several months to a few years. Payment terms are generally based on periodic payments or on the achievement of milestones. Any delays in payment or in the achievement of milestones may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

For non-fixed price contracts, we generally provide our customers with up-front estimates regarding the duration, budget and costs associated with the implementation of our products. Due to the complexities described above, however, we may not meet those upfront estimates and/or the expectations of our customers, which could lead to a dispute with a client.

As an example, in 2017 we were involved in a dispute with a significant customer (which accounted for approximately 12% of our revenues in 2016) under a software development project agreement, which agreement provided for the customizing, enhancement and implementation of a new product. The customer alleged that we had materially breached our agreement with the customer. After carefully examining the customer’s allegations, we informed the customer that we had not materially breached any of our obligations under the agreement and that the customer had itself materially breached the agreement. Work on the project was canceled due to the dispute. While we eventually entered into a settlement agreement with the customer, that settlement resulted in the termination of the software development project agreement, which resulted in a reduction in our revenues and operating profit relative to our prior estimates for 2017. Similar such disputes with other significant customers in the future, whether due to failure on our part to meet upfront estimates or customer expectations, or even absent such failures on our part, could harm our reputation, thereby adversely affecting our ability to attract new customers and to sell additional solutions and services to existing customers.

As a further example, in 2018, a South African customer changed the scope of an ongoing project significantly, which resulted in a decrease in the revenues realized from that customer during 2018. The project, as originally planned, will not continue. Currently, we provide some IT services to that customer, which provides a small revenue stream for us that is expected to continue in 2019. That decrease in revenue adversely impacted our revenues in 2018.

We may be liable to our clients for damages caused by a violation of intellectual property rights, the disclosure of other confidential information, including personally identifiable information, system failures, errors or unsatisfactory performance of services, and our insurance policies may not be sufficient to cover these damages.

We often have access to, and are required to collect and store, sensitive or confidential client information, including personally identifiable information. Some of our client agreements do not limit our potential liability for breaches of confidentiality, infringement indemnity and certain other matters. Furthermore, breaches of confidentiality may entitle the aggrieved party to equitable remedies, including injunctive relief. If any person, including any of our employees and subcontractors, penetrates our network security or misappropriates sensitive or confidential client information, including personally identifiable information, we could be subject to significant liability from our clients or from our clients’ customers for breaching contractual confidentiality provisions or privacy laws. Despite measures we take to protect the intellectual property and other confidential information or personally identifiable information of our clients, unauthorized parties, including our employees and subcontractors, may attempt to misappropriate certain intellectual property rights that are proprietary to our clients or otherwise breach our clients’ confidences. Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client information, including personally identifiable information, or a violation of intellectual property rights, whether through employee misconduct, breach of our computer systems, systems failure or otherwise, may subject us to liabilities, damage our reputation and cause us to lose clients.

Many of our contracts involve projects that are critical to the operations of our clients’ businesses and provide benefits to our clients that may be difficult to quantify. Any failure in a client’s system or any breach of security could result in a claim for substantial damages against us, regardless of our responsibility for such failure. Furthermore, any errors by our employees in the performance of services for a client, or poor execution of such services, could result in a client terminating our engagement and seeking damages from us.

7

In addition, while we have taken steps to protect the confidential information that we have access to, including confidential information we may obtain through usage of our cloud-based services, our security measures may be breached. If a cyber-attack or other security incident were to result in unauthorized access to or modification of our customers’ data or our own data or our IT systems or in disruption of the services we provide to our customers, or if our products or services are perceived as having security vulnerabilities, we could suffer significant damage to our business and reputation.

Although we attempt to limit our contractual liability for consequential damages in rendering our services, these limitations on liability may not apply in all circumstances, may be unenforceable in some cases, or may be insufficient to protect us from liability for damages. There may be instances when liabilities for damages are greater than the insurance coverage we hold and we will have to internalize those losses, damages and liabilities not covered by our insurance.

Changes in privacy regulations may impose additional costs and liabilities on us, limit our use of information, and adversely affect our business.

Personal privacy has become a significant issue in the United States, Europe, and many other countries where we operate. Many government agencies and industry regulators continue to impose new restrictions and modify existing requirements about the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information. Changes to laws or regulations affecting privacy and security may impose additional liability and costs on us and may limit our use of such information in providing our services to customers. If we were required to change our business activities, revise or eliminate services or products, or implement burdensome compliance measures, our business and results of operations may be harmed. Additionally, we may be subject to regulatory enforcement actions resulting in fines, penalties, and potential litigation if we fail to comply with applicable privacy laws and regulations.

In particular, our European activities are subject to the new European Union General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which has created additional compliance requirements for us. GDPR broadens the scope of personal privacy laws to protect the rights of European Union citizens and requires organizations to report on data breaches within 72 hours and be bound by more stringent rules for obtaining the consent of individuals on how their data can be used. GDPR became enforceable on May 25, 2018 and non-compliance may expose entities such as our company to significant fines or other regulatory claims. While we have invested in, and intend to continue to invest in, reasonably necessary resources to comply with these new standards, to the extent that we fail to adequately comply, that failure could have an adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows.

Errors or defects in our software solutions could inevitably arise and would harm our profitability and our reputation with customers, and could even give rise to claims against us.

The quality of our solutions, including new, modified or enhanced versions thereof, is critical to our success. Since our software solutions are complex, they may contain errors that cannot be detected at any point in their testing phase. While we continually test our solutions for errors or defects and work with customers to identify and correct them, errors in our technology may be found in the future. Testing for errors or defects is complicated because it is difficult to simulate the breadth of operating systems, user applications and computing environments that our customers use, and our solutions themselves are increasingly complex. Errors or defects in our technology have resulted in terminated work orders and could result in delayed or lost revenue, diversion of development resources and increased services, termination of work orders, damage to our brand and warranty and insurance costs in the future. In addition, time-consuming implementations may also increase the number of services personnel we must allocate to each customer, thereby increasing our costs and adversely affecting our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, since our customers rely on our solutions to operate, monitor and improve the performance of their business processes, they are sensitive to potential disruptions that may be caused by the use of, or any defects in, our software. As a result, we may be subject to claims for damages related to software errors in the future. Liability claims could require us to spend significant time and money in litigation or to pay significant damages. Regardless of whether we prevail, diversion of key employees’ time and attention from our business, the incurrence of substantial expenses and potential damage to our reputation might result. While the terms of our sales contracts typically limit our exposure to potential liability claims and we carry errors and omissions insurance against such claims, there can be no assurance that such insurance will continue to be available on acceptable terms, if at all, or that such insurance will provide us with adequate protection against any such claims. A significant liability claim against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial position.

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The market for software solutions and related services is highly competitive.

The market for software solutions and related services and for business solutions for the insurance and financial services industry in particular, is highly competitive. Many of our smaller competitors have been acquired by larger competitors, which provides such smaller competitors with greater resources and potentially a larger client base for which they can develop solutions. Our customers or potential customers may prefer suppliers that are larger than us, are better known in the market or that have a greater global reach. In addition, we and some of our competitors have developed systems to allow customers to outsource their core systems to external providers (known as BPO). We are seeking to partner with BPO providers, but there can be no assurance that such BPO providers will adopt our solutions rather than those of our competitors. Determinations by current and potential customers to use BPO providers that do not use our solutions may result in the loss of such customers and limit our ability to gain new customers.

Consolidation in the insurance industry in which some of our clients operate also increases competitiveness for us by reducing the number of potential clients for whose business we and our competitors compete. The high level of continuity with which insurance and other financial services clients remain with their providers of software-related services also increases general competitiveness by tying clients to their service providers and thereby shrinking the market of potential clients.

Incorrect or improper use of our products or our failure to properly train customers on how to implement or utilize our products could result in customer dissatisfaction and negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects.

Our products are complex and are deployed in a wide variety of network environments. The proper use of our solutions requires training of the customer. If our solutions are not used correctly or as intended, inadequate performance may result. Additionally, our customers or third-party partners may incorrectly implement or use our solutions. Our solutions may also be intentionally misused or abused by customers or their employees or third parties who are able to access or use our solutions. Similarly, our solutions are sometimes installed or maintained by customers or third parties with smaller or less qualified IT departments, potentially resulting in sub-optimal installation and, consequently, performance that is less than the level anticipated by the customer. Because our customers rely on our software, services and maintenance support to manage a wide range of operations, the incorrect or improper use of our solutions, our failure to properly train customers on how to efficiently and effectively use our solutions, or our failure to properly provide implementation or maintenance services to our customers has resulted in terminated work orders and may result in termination of work orders, negative publicity or legal claims against us in the future. Also, as we continue to expand our customer base, any failure by us to properly provide these services will likely result in lost opportunities for follow-on sales of our software and services.

In addition, if there is substantial turnover of customer personnel responsible for implementation and use of our products, or if customer personnel are not well trained in the use of our products, customers may defer the deployment of our products, may deploy them in a more limited manner than originally anticipated or may not deploy them at all. Further, if there is substantial turnover of the customer personnel responsible for implementation and use of our products, our ability to make additional sales may be substantially limited.

Assertions by third parties of infringement or other violation by us of their intellectual property rights could result in significant costs and substantially harm our business and results of operations.

The software industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. In particular, leading companies in the software industry own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets, which they may use to assert claims against us. From time to time, third parties, including certain of these leading companies, may assert patent, copyright, trademark or other intellectual property claims against us, our customers and partners, and those from whom we license technology and intellectual property.

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Although we believe that our products and services do not infringe upon the intellectual property rights of third parties, we cannot assure you that third parties will not assert infringement or misappropriation claims against us with respect to current or future products or services, or that any such assertions will not require us to enter into royalty arrangements or result in costly litigation, or result in us being unable to use certain intellectual property. We cannot assure you that we are not infringing or otherwise violating any third party intellectual property rights. Infringement assertions from third parties may involve patent holding companies or other patent owners who have no relevant product revenues, and therefore our own issued and pending patents may provide little or no deterrence to these patent owners in bringing intellectual property rights claims against us.

Any intellectual property infringement or misappropriation claim or assertion against us, our customers or partners, and those from whom we license technology and intellectual property could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, reputation and competitive position regardless of the validity or outcome. If we are forced to defend against any infringement or misappropriation claims, whether they are with or without merit, are settled out of court, or are determined in our favor, we may be required to expend significant time and financial resources on the defense of such claims. Furthermore, an adverse outcome of a dispute may require us to pay damages, potentially including treble damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed on a party’s intellectual property; cease making, licensing or using our products or services that are alleged to infringe or misappropriate the intellectual property of others; expend additional development resources to redesign our products or services; enter into potentially unfavorable royalty or license agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies or works; and to indemnify our partners, customers, and other third parties. Royalty or licensing agreements, if required or desirable, may be unavailable on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and may require significant royalty payments and other expenditures. Any of these events could seriously harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, any lawsuits regarding intellectual property rights, regardless of their success, could be expensive to resolve and divert the time and attention of our management and technical personnel.

Although we apply measures to protect our intellectual property rights and our source code, there can be no assurance that the measures that we employ to do so will be successful.

In accordance with industry practice, since we have no registered patents on our software solution technologies, we rely on a combination of contractual provisions and intellectual property law to protect our proprietary technology. We believe that due to the dynamic nature of the computer and software industries, copyright protection is less significant than factors such as the knowledge and experience of our management and personnel, the frequency of product enhancements and the timeliness and quality of our support services. We seek to protect the source code of our products as trade secret information and as unpublished copyright works. We also rely on security and copy protection features in our proprietary software. We distribute our products under software license agreements that grant customers a personal, non-transferable license to use our products and contain terms and conditions prohibiting the unauthorized reproduction or transfer of our products. In addition, while we attempt to protect trade secrets and other proprietary information through non-disclosure agreements with employees, consultants and distributors, not all of our employees have signed invention assignment agreements. Although we intend to protect our rights vigorously, there can be no assurance that these measures will be successful. Our failure to protect our rights, or the improper use of our products by others without licensing them from us could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We and our customers rely on technology and intellectual property of third parties, the loss of which could limit the functionality of our products and disrupt our business.

We use technology and intellectual property licensed from unaffiliated third parties in certain of our products, and we may license additional third-party technology and intellectual property in the future. Any errors or defects in this third-party technology and intellectual property could result in errors that could harm our brand and business. In addition, licensed technology and intellectual property may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. The loss of the right to license and distribute this third party technology could limit the functionality of our products and might require us to redesign our products.

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Further, although we believe that there are currently adequate replacements for the third-party technology and intellectual property we presently use and distribute, the loss of our right to use any of this technology and intellectual property could result in delays in producing or delivering affected products until equivalent technology or intellectual property is identified, licensed or otherwise procured, and integrated. Our business would be disrupted if any technology and intellectual property we license from others or functional equivalents of this software were either no longer available to us or no longer offered to us on commercially reasonable terms. In either case, we would be required either to attempt to redesign our products to function with technology and intellectual property available from other parties or to develop these components ourselves, which would result in increased costs and could result in delays in product sales and the release of new product offerings. Alternatively, we might be forced to limit the features available in affected products. Any of these results could harm our business and impact our results of operations.

We could be required to provide the source code of our products to our customers.

Some of our customers have the right to require the source code of our products to be deposited into a source code escrow. Under certain circumstances, our source code could be released to our customers. The conditions triggering the release of our source code vary by customer. A release of our source code would give our customers access to our trade secrets and other proprietary and confidential information which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. A few of our customers have the right to use the source code of some of our products based on the license agreements signed with such clients (mostly with respect to older versions of our solutions), although such use is limited for specific matters and cases, these clients are exposed to some of our trade secrets and other proprietary and confidential information which could harm us.

Significant disruptions of our information technology systems or breaches of our data security could adversely affect our business.

A significant invasion, interruption, destruction or breakdown of our information technology, or IT, systems and/or infrastructure by persons with authorized or unauthorized access could negatively impact our business and operations. We could also experience business interruption, information theft and/or reputational damage from cyber attacks, which may compromise our systems and lead to data leakage internally. Both data that has been inputted into our main IT platform, which covers records of transactions, financial data and other data reflected in our results of operations, as well as data related to our proprietary rights (such as research and development, and other intellectual property- related data), are subject to material cyber security risks. Our IT systems have been, and are expected to continue to be, the target of malware and other cyber attacks. To date, we are not aware that we have experienced any loss of, or disruption to, material information as a result of any such malware or cyber attack.

We have invested in advanced detection, prevention and proactive systems to reduce these risks. Based on independent audits, we believe that our level of protection is in keeping with the industry standards of peer technology companies. We also maintain a disaster recovery solution, as a means of assuring that a breach or cyber attack does not necessarily cause the loss of our information. We furthermore review our protections and remedial measures periodically in order to ensure that they are adequate.

Despite these protective systems and remedial measures, techniques used to obtain unauthorized access are constantly changing, are becoming increasingly more sophisticated and often are not recognized until after an exploitation of information has occurred. We may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement sufficient preventative measures, and we therefore cannot assure you that our preventative measures will be successful in preventing compromise and/or disruption of our information technology systems and related data. We furthermore cannot be certain that our remedial measures will fully mitigate the adverse financial consequences of any cyber attack or incident.

Catastrophes may adversely impact the P&C insurance industry, preventing us from expanding or maintaining our existing customer base and increasing our revenues.

Our customers include P&C insurance carriers that have experienced, and will likely experience in the future, catastrophe losses that adversely impact their businesses. Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including, amongst others, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, windstorms, earthquakes, hail, tornados, explosions, severe weather and fires. Moreover, acts of terrorism or war could cause disruptions in our or our customers’ businesses or the economy as a whole. The risks associated with natural disasters and catastrophes are inherently unpredictable, and it is difficult to predict the timing of such events or estimate the amount of loss they will generate. In the event a future catastrophe adversely impacts our current or potential customers, we may be prevented from maintaining and expanding our customer base and from increasing our revenues because such events may cause customers to postpone purchases of new products and professional service engagements or discontinue projects.

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Decreases in the capital markets may adversely impact the life insurance industry, thereby preventing us from expanding or maintaining our existing customer base and increasing our revenues.

Our customers include life insurance carriers that have invested some of their funds in the capital markets. Those carriers may experience in the future major losses in those capital market investments that may cause disruptions to their businesses or to the economy as a whole. Any such major disruption, may cause those existing or potential new customers to postpone purchases of new products or professional service engagements, or discontinue existing projects, which, in turn, may prevent us from increasing our revenues, or from maintaining or expanding our customer base.

There may be consolidation in the life insurance market, which could reduce the use of our products and services and adversely affect our revenues.

Mergers or consolidations among our customers could reduce the number of our customers and potential customers. This could adversely affect our revenues even if these events do not reduce the aggregate number of customers or the activities of the consolidated entities. If our customers merge with or are acquired by other entities that are not our customers, or that use fewer of our products and services, they may discontinue or reduce their use of our products and services. Any of these developments could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.

Some of our services and technologies may use “open source” software, which may restrict how we use or distribute our services or require that we release the source code of certain products subject to those licenses.

Some of our services and technologies may incorporate software licensed under so-called “open source” licenses, including, but not limited to, the GNU General Public License and the GNU Lesser General Public License. In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on origin of the software. Additionally, open source licenses typically require that source code subject to the license be made available to the public and that any modifications or derivative works to open source software continue to be licensed under open source licenses. These open source licenses typically mandate that proprietary software, when combined in specific ways with open source software, become subject to the open source license. If we combine our proprietary software with open source software, we could be required to release the source code of our proprietary software.

We take steps to ensure that our proprietary software is not combined with, and does not incorporate, open source software in ways that would require our proprietary software to be subject to an open source license. However, few courts have interpreted open source licenses, and the manner in which these licenses may be interpreted and enforced is therefore subject to some uncertainty. Additionally, we rely on multiple software programmers to design our proprietary technologies, and although we take steps to prevent our programmers from including open source software in the technologies and software code that they design, write and modify, we do not exercise complete control over the development efforts of our programmers and we cannot be certain that our programmers have not incorporated open source software into our proprietary products and technologies or that they will not do so in the future. In the event that portions of our proprietary technology are determined to be subject to an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the affected portions of our source code, re-engineer all or a portion of our technologies, or otherwise be limited in the licensing of our technologies, each of which could reduce or eliminate the value of our services and technologies and materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospects.

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Our deed of trust related to our Series B Debentures contains certain affirmative covenants and restrictive provisions that, if breached, could result in an increase in the interest rate and, potentially, an acceleration of our obligation to repay those debentures, which we may be unable to effect.

In the deed of trust that we have entered into with the trustee for the holders of our Series B Debentures, or the debentures, which we offered and sold in an Israeli public offering and Israeli private placement in September 2017, we have undertaken to maintain a number of conditions and limitations on the manner in which we can operate our business, including limitations on our ability to undergo a change of control, distribute dividends, incur a floating charge on our assets, or undergo an asset sale or other change that results in a fundamental change in our operations. The deed of trust also requires us to comply with certain financial covenants, including maintenance of a minimum shareholders’ equity level and a maximum ratio of financial indebtedness to shareholders’ equity, at levels that are customary for companies of comparable size. These limitations and covenants may force us to pursue less than optimal business strategies or forego business arrangements that could otherwise be financially advantageous to us and, by extension, our debenture holders. The deed of trust furthermore provides for an upwards adjustment in the interest rate payable under the debentures in the event that our debentures’ rating is downgraded below a certain level. A breach of the financial covenants for more than two successive quarters or a substantial downgrade in the Israeli rating of the debentures (below BBB-) would constitute an event of default that could result in the acceleration of our obligation to repay the debentures, of which there is NIS 280 million (approximately US $79.14 million) principal amount outstanding, which accelerated repayment may be difficult for us to effect.

Risks Relating to Our International Operations

Our international sales and operations subject us to additional risks that can adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are continuing to expand our international operations as part of our growth strategy. In fiscal years 2017 and 2018, 59%% and 52.8%, respectively, of our revenues were derived from outside of North America. Our current international operations and our plans to further expand our international operations subject us to a variety of risks, including:

● increased exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

● complexity in our tax planning, and increased exposure to changes in tax regulations in various jurisdictions in which we operate, which could adversely affect our operating results and frustrate our ability to conduct effective tax planning;

● increased management, travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with having multiple international operations;

● longer payment cycles and difficulties in enforcing contracts and collecting accounts receivable;

● the need to localize our products and licensing programs for international customers;

● lack of familiarity with and unexpected changes in foreign regulatory requirements;

● the burdens of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws and legal standards;

● compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or FCPA, particularly in emerging market countries;

● import and export license requirements, tariffs, taxes and other trade barriers;

● increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;

● weaker protection of intellectual property rights in some countries;

● multiple and possibly overlapping tax regimes; and

● political, social and economic instability abroad, terrorist attacks and security concerns in general.

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As we continue to expand our business globally, our success will depend, in large part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other risks associated with our international operations. Any of these risks could harm our international operations and reduce our international sales, adversely affecting our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects.

International operations in the insurance industry, in which a significant portion of our business is concentrated, are accompanied by additional costs related to adaptation to regulations in specific territories.

As we seek to expand the marketing and offering of our products into new territories, because insurance regulations vary by legal jurisdiction, the investment required to adapt our solutions to the legal and language requirements of such territories may prevent or delay us from effectively expanding into such territories. Such adaptation process requires the retention of new, additional skilled personnel with knowledge of the particular market and applicable regulatory regime. Such skilled personnel may not be available at a reasonable cost relative to the additional revenues that we expect to recognize in those territories, or may not be available at all.

Our international operations expose us to risks associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates that could adversely affect our business.

Most of our revenues are derived from international operations that are conducted in local currencies. Those operations are conducted in US dollars, GBP, Euro, New Israeli Shekels, or NIS, Indian rupee, or INR and Polish zloty, or PLN. In 2017 and 2018, our revenues were approximately 53% and 56.9%, respectively, in US dollars, with the remainder in the other currencies.

In some territories, like in Israel, India and Poland, our cost of operation in local currency is higher than the revenues derived from such operation. In other territories, our revenues are higher than our cost of operation in local currency. Because exchange rates between the NIS, GBP, Euro, INR and the PLN against the US dollar fluctuate continuously, exchange rate fluctuations and especially larger periodic devaluations could negatively affect our revenue and profitability.

 In certain locations, we engage in currency-hedging transactions intended to reduce the effect of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on our financial position and results of operations. However, there can be no assurance that any such hedging transactions will materially reduce the effect of fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates on such results. In addition, if for any reason exchange or price controls or other restrictions on the conversion of foreign currencies were imposed, our financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our business may be materially affected by changes to fiscal and tax policies. Potentially negative or unexpected tax consequences of these policies, or the uncertainty surrounding their potential effects, could adversely affect our results of operations and share price.

As a multinational corporation, we are subject to income taxes, withholding taxes and indirect taxes in numerous jurisdictions worldwide. Significant judgment and management attention and resources are required in evaluating our tax positions and our worldwide provision for taxes. In the ordinary course of business, there are many activities and transactions for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. In addition, our tax obligations and effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in the relevant tax, accounting, and other laws, regulations, principles and interpretations. This may include recognizing tax losses or lower than anticipated earnings in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated earnings in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, or changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities.

We may be audited in various jurisdictions, and such jurisdictions may assess additional taxes against us. If we experience unfavourable results from one or more such tax audits, there could be an adverse effect on our tax rate and therefore on our net income. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of any tax audits or litigation could be materially different from our historical tax provisions and accruals, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results or cash flows in the period or periods for which a determination is made. Additionally, we are subject to transfer pricing rules and regulations, including those relating to the flow of funds between us and our affiliates, which are designed to ensure that appropriate levels of income are reported in each jurisdiction in which we operate.

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The recently enacted U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, or the Tax Act, enacted in December 2017, introduced significant changes to the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. The primary impact of the Tax Act on us was a reduction of our effective tax rate in the US. The final impact of the Tax Act may differ from the tax expense we incurred, due to, among other things, possible changes in the interpretations and assumptions made by us as a result of additional information, additional guidance that will be issued by the U.S. Department of Treasury, the IRS or other standard-setting bodies. There may be additional tax effects of the Tax Act that may impact our future financial statements upon finalization of law, regulations, and additional guidance and will be accounted for when such guidance is issued.

Risks Related to an Investment in our Common Shares

There is limited trading volume for our common shares, which reduces liquidity for our shareholders, and may furthermore cause the share price to be volatile, all of which may lead to losses by investors.

There has historically been limited trading volume in our common shares, both on the NASDAQ Capital Market and the TASE. While recently there has been improvement, the trading volume is still limited, which results in reduced liquidity for our shareholders. As a further result of the limited volume, our common shares have experienced significant market price volatility in the past and may experience significant market price and volume fluctuations in the future, in response to factors such as announcements of developments related to our business, announcements by competitors, quarterly fluctuations in our financial results and general conditions in the industry in which we compete.

We are a foreign private issuer under the rules and regulations of the SEC and are therefore exempt from a number of rules under the Exchange Act and are permitted to file less information with the SEC than a domestic U.S. reporting company, which reduces the level and amount of disclosure that you receive.

As a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act, including the proxy rules, which impose certain disclosure and procedural requirements for proxy solicitations. Moreover, we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as domestic U.S. companies with securities registered under the Exchange Act; and are not required to comply with Regulation FD, which imposes certain restrictions on the selective disclosure of material information. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules under the Exchange Act with respect to their purchases and sales of our common shares. Accordingly, you receive less information about our company than you would receive about a domestic U.S. company, and are afforded less protection under the U.S. federal securities laws than you would be afforded in holding securities of a domestic U.S. company.

As a foreign private issuer, we are also permitted, and have begun, to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of those otherwise required under the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market for domestic U.S. issuers. We have informed NASDAQ that we follow home country practice—in the Cayman Islands— with regard to, among other things, composition of our Board of Directors (whereby a majority of the members of our Board of Directors need not be “independent directors,” as is generally required for domestic U.S. issuers), director nomination procedure and approval of compensation of officers. In addition, we have opted to follow home country law instead of the Listing Rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market that require that a listed company obtain shareholder approval for certain dilutive events, such as the establishment or amendment of certain equity-based compensation plans, an issuance that will result in a change of control of the Company, certain transactions other than a public offering involving issuances of a 20% or greater interest in the Company, and certain acquisitions of the stock or assets of another company. Following our home country governance practices as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a United States company listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market may provide our shareholders with less protection than they would have as stockholders of a domestic U.S. company.

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Our controlling shareholder, Formula Systems (1985) Ltd., beneficially owns approximately 48.1% of our outstanding Common Shares and therefore asserts a controlling influence over matters requiring shareholder approval, which could delay or prevent a change of control that may benefit our public shareholders.

Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. beneficially owns approximately 48.1% of our outstanding Common Shares. As a result, it exercises a controlling influence over our operations and business strategy and has sufficient voting power to control the outcome of various matters requiring shareholder approval. These matters may include:

■ the composition of our board of directors, which has the authority to direct our business and to appoint and remove our officers;

■ approving or rejecting a merger, consolidation or other business combination;

■ raising future capital; and

■ amending our Articles, which govern the rights attached to our Common Shares.

This concentration of ownership of our Common Shares could delay or prevent proxy contests, mergers, tender offers, open-market purchase programs or other purchases of our Common Shares that might otherwise give you the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of our Common Shares. This concentration of ownership may also adversely affect our share price.

Our U.S. shareholders may suffer adverse tax consequences if we are classified as a passive foreign investment company or as a “controlled foreign corporation”.

Generally, if for any taxable year 75% or more of our gross income is passive income, or at least 50% of the average quarterly value of our assets (which may be measured in part by the market value of our Common Shares, which is subject to change) are held for the production of, or produce, passive income, we would be characterized as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. Based on our gross income and gross assets, and the nature of our business, we believe that we were not classified as a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2018. Because PFIC status is determined annually based on our income, assets and activities for the entire taxable year, it is not possible to determine whether we will be characterized as a PFIC for the taxable year ending December 31, 2019, or for any subsequent year, until we finalize our financial statements for that year. Furthermore, because the value of our gross assets is likely to be determined in large part by reference to our market capitalization, a decline in the value of our Common Shares may result in our becoming a PFIC. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year. Our characterization as a PFIC could result in material adverse tax consequences for you if you are a U.S. investor, including having gains realized on the sale of our Common Shares treated as ordinary income, rather than a capital gain, the loss of the preferential rate applicable to dividends received on our Common Shares by individuals who are U.S. holders, and having interest charges apply to distributions by us and the proceeds of share sales. Certain elections exist that may alleviate some of the adverse consequences of PFIC status and would result in an alternative treatment (such as mark-to-market treatment) of our Common Shares. Prospective U.S. investors should consult their own tax advisers regarding the potential application of the PFIC rules to them. Prospective U.S. investors should refer to “Item 10.E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” for discussion of additional U.S. income tax considerations applicable to them based on our treatment as a PFIC.

Certain U.S. holders of our Common Shares may suffer adverse tax consequences if we or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are characterized as a “controlled foreign corporation”, or a CFC, under Section 957(a) of the Code. Certain changes to the CFC constructive ownership rules under Section 958(b) of the Code introduced by the TCJA [assuming this has been defined in main doc previously] may cause one or more of our non-U.S. subsidiaries to be treated as CFCs, may also impact our CFC status, and may adversely affect holders of our Common Shares that are United States shareholders. Generally, for U.S. shareholders that own 10% or more of the combined vote or combined value of our Common Shares, this may result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences and these shareholders may be subject to certain reporting requirements with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Any such 10% U.S. shareholder should consult its own tax advisors regarding the U.S. tax consequences of acquiring, owning, or disposing our Common Shares and the impact of the TCJA, especially the changes to the rules relating to CFCs.

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Risks Related to Our Israeli Operations and Our Status as a Cayman Islands Company

The tax benefits that are available to us require us to continue to meet various conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which could increase our costs and taxes

Certain of our Israeli subsidiaries were granted Approved Enterprise, or AE, status under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959, or the Investment Law. These subsidiaries elected the alternative benefits program, pursuant to which income derived from the AE program is tax-exempt for two years and enjoys a reduced tax rate of 10.0% to 25.0% for up to a total of eight years, subject to an adjustment based on the percentage of foreign investors’ ownership. We were also eligible for certain tax benefits provided to Benefited Enterprises, or BEs, under the Investment Law. In May 2015, we notified the Israel Tax Authority that we apply the new tax Preferred Enterprise, or PFE, regime under the Investment Law instead of our AE and BE. Accordingly, we are eligible for certain tax benefits provided to PFEs under the Investment Law. If we do not meet the conditions stipulated in the Investment Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, as amended, for the PFE, any of the associated tax benefits may be cancelled and we would be required to repay the amount of such benefits, in whole or in part, including interest and CPI linkage (or other monetary penalties). Further, in the future these tax benefits may be reduced or discontinued. If these tax benefits are reduced, cancelled or discontinued, our Israeli taxable income would be subject to regular Israeli corporate tax rates (25% in 2016, 24% in 2017 and 23% in 2018 and thereafter), which would harm our financial condition and results of operation. Additionally, if we increase our activities outside of Israel through acquisitions, for example, our expanded activities might not be eligible for inclusion in future Israeli tax benefit programs. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results—Impact of Tax Policies and Programs on our Operating Results —Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs.” 

In the event of distribution of dividends from said tax-exempt income, the amount distributed will be subject to corporate tax in respect of the amount of dividend distributed (grossed up to reflect such pre-tax income that it would have had to earn in order to distribute the dividend) at the corporate tax rate that would have otherwise been applicable on the AE/BE’s income if such income had not been exempted from tax.

The Israeli government grants that our Israeli subsidiary has received require us to meet several conditions and restrict our ability to manufacture products and transfer know-how developed using such grants outside of Israel and require us to satisfy specified conditions.

One of our Israeli subsidiaries received grants in the past from the government of Israel through the National Technological Innovation Authority, or the Innovation Authority (formerly operating as Office of the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Economy of the State of Israel, or the OCS), for the financing of a portion of its research and development expenditures in Israel with respect to our legacy technology. In consideration for receiving grants from the OCS, we are obligated to pay the Innovation Authority royalties from the revenues generated from the sale of products (and related services) developed (in whole or in part) using the OCS funds, in an amount that is up to 100% to 150% of the aggregate amount of the total grants that we received from the OCS, plus annual interest for grants received after January 1, 1999. We must fully and originally own any intellectual property developed using the OCS grants and any right derived therefrom unless transfer thereof is approved in accordance with the provisions of the Israeli Encouragement of Research, Development and Technological Innovation Law, 5744-1984, or the Innovation Law (formerly known as the Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development Law, 5744-1984, or the Research Law), and related regulations.

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When a company develops know-how, technology or products using grants provided by the Innovation Authority, the terms of these grants and the Innovation Law restrict the transfer of such know-how, and the transfer of manufacturing or manufacturing rights of such products, technologies or know-how outside of Israel. Even after the repayment of such grants in full, we will remain subject to the restrictions set forth under the Innovation Law, including:

● Transfer of know-how outside of Israel. Any transfer of the know-how that was developed with the funding of the Innovation Authority, outside of Israel, requires prior approval of the Innovation Authority, and the payment of a redemption fee.

● Local manufacturing obligation. The terms of the grants under the Innovation Law require that the manufacturing of products resulting from Innovation Authority-funded programs be carried out in Israel, unless a prior written approval of the Innovation Authority is obtained (except for a transfer of up to 10% of the production rights, for which a notification to the Innovation Authority is sufficient).

● Certain reporting obligations. We, as any recipient of a grant or a benefit under the Innovation Law, are required to file reports on the progress of activities for which the grant was provided as well as on our revenues from know-how and products funded by the Innovation Authority. In addition, we are required to notify the Innovation Authority of certain events detailed in the Innovation Law.

Therefore, if aspects of our technologies are deemed to have been developed with OCS funding, the discretionary approval of an OCS committee would be required for any transfer to third parties outside of Israel of know-how or manufacturing or manufacturing rights related to those aspects of such technologies. We may not receive those approvals. Furthermore, the OCS may impose certain conditions on any arrangement under which it permits us to transfer technology or development out of Israel.

The transfer of OCS-supported technology or know-how outside of Israel may involve the payment of significant amounts, depending upon the value of the transferred technology or know-how, the amount of OCS support, the time of completion of the OCS-supported research project and other factors. Furthermore, the consideration available to our shareholders in a transaction involving the transfer outside of Israel of technology or know-how developed with OCS funding (such as a merger or similar transaction) may be reduced by any amounts that we are required to pay to the OCS.

We received grants from the OCS prior to an extensive amendment to the Research Law that came into effect as of January 1, 2016, or the Amendment, which may also affect the terms of existing grants. The Amendment provides for an interim transition period (which has not yet expired), after which time our grants will be subject to terms of the Amendment. Under the Research Law, as amended by the Amendment, the Authority is provided with a power to modify the terms of existing grants. Such changes, if introduced by the Authority in the future, may impact the terms governing our grants.

Our shareholders may face difficulties in protecting their interests because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law

Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum of association, or the Memorandum, our articles of association, or the Articles, the Companies Law (2016 Revision) of the Cayman Islands, or the Companies Law, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under the laws of the Cayman Islands are not as clearly established under statutes or judicial precedent as in jurisdictions in the United States. Therefore, you may have more difficulty in protecting your interests than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States, due to the comparatively less developed nature of Cayman Islands law in this area.

The Companies Law permits mergers and consolidations between Cayman Islands companies and between Cayman Islands companies and non-Cayman Islands companies. Dissenting shareholders have the right to be paid the fair value of their shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Cayman Islands court) if they follow the required procedures, subject to certain exceptions. Court approval is not required for a merger or consolidation which is effected in compliance with these statutory procedures.

In addition, there are statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies, provided that the arrangement is approved by a majority in number of each class of shareholders and creditors with whom the arrangement is to be made, and who must in addition represent three-fourths in value of each such class of shareholders or creditors, as the case may be, that are present and voting either in person or by proxy at a meeting convened for that purpose. The convening of the meeting and subsequently the arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. A dissenting shareholder has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to be approved.

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When a takeover offer is made and accepted by holders of 90.0% of the shares within four months, the offeror may, within a two-month period, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but this is unlikely to succeed unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion.

If the arrangement and reconstruction is thus approved, the dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States, providing rights to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares. This may make it more difficult for you to assess the value of any consideration you may receive in a merger or consolidation or to require that the offeror give you additional consideration if you believe the consideration offered is insufficient.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records and accounts or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders. Our directors have discretion under our Memorandum and Articles to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Subject to limited exceptions, under Cayman Islands law, a minority shareholder may not bring a derivative action against the board of directors.

Service of process and enforcement of legal proceedings commenced against us in the United States may be difficult to obtain.

We operate under the laws of the Cayman Islands and a majority of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, most of our directors and executive officers reside outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to affect service of process within the United States upon us and such other persons, or to enforce judgments obtained against such persons in United States courts, and bring any action, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the United States securities laws. In addition, it may be difficult for investors to enforce, in original actions brought in courts or jurisdictions located outside of the United States, rights predicated upon the United States securities laws.

Based on the advice of our Cayman Islands legal counsel, we believe no reciprocal statutory enforcement of foreign judgments exists between the United States and the Cayman Islands, and that foreign judgments originating from the United States are not directly enforceable in the Cayman Islands. A prevailing party in a United States proceeding against us or our officers or directors would have to initiate a new proceeding in the Cayman Islands using the United States judgment as evidence of the party’s claim. A prevailing party could rely on the summary judgment procedures available in the Cayman Islands, subject to available defenses in the Cayman Islands courts, including, but not limited to, the lack of competent jurisdiction in the United States courts, lack of due service of process in the United States proceeding and the possibility that enforcement or recognition of the United States judgment would be contrary to the public policy of the Cayman Islands.

Depending on the nature of damages awarded, civil liabilities under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act for original actions instituted outside the Cayman Islands may or may not be enforceable. For example, a United States judgment awarding remedies unobtainable in any legal action in the courts of the Cayman Islands, such as treble damages, would likely not be enforceable under any circumstances.

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Item 4. Information on the Company

A. History and Development of the Company.

Corporate Details

Our legal and commercial name is Sapiens International Corporation N.V., and we were incorporated and registered in Curaçao on April 6, 1990. In August 2018, following shareholder approval, we migrated the legal domicile of our company to the Cayman Islands and now operate as a public limited liability company under the provisions of the Companies Law (2016 Revision) of the Cayman Islands. We are registered as an Israeli company for tax purposes only. Our principal place of business is located at Azrieli Center, 26 Harokmim Street, Holon, 5885800, Israel, and our telephone number there is +972-3-790-2000. Sapiens Americas Corporation is our agent in the United States. Our World Wide Web address is www.sapiens.com. The information contained on that web site is not a part of this annual report. Except as described elsewhere in this annual report, we have not had any important events in the development of our business since January 1, 2018.

Capital Expenditures and Divestitures since January 1, 2016

In the third quarter of 2016, we acquired Maximum Processing Inc., or MaxPro, a privately-held company headquartered in Bradenton, Florida, with offices in Garner, North Carolina. MaxPro is the provider of the Stingray System, a P&C insurance administration suite targeted towards the tier 4-5 U.S. market, as well as managing general agents, or MGAs, third-party administrators, or TPAs, and insurance brokers. We paid $4.3 million in cash for this acquisition (including $1.5 million that we placed in escrow at the closing).

In the third quarter of 2016, we acquired 4Sight Business Intelligence Inc., or 4Sight, a provider of business intelligence reports that is based in Austin, Texas. 4Sight offers insurance-specific business intelligence, or BI, solutions, including 4SightBI, a P&C-specific, off-the-shelf business intelligence (BI) product. We paid $330,000 in cash for this acquisition.

The seller of 4Sight, who was also one of the sellers of MaxPro, has the right to receive a total amount of approximately $5.5 million, subject to certain criteria which include, among others, continued employment criteria. For further information, please see Note 1(e) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

In the first quarter of 2017, we acquired StoneRiver, a US-based provider of a wide range of technology solutions and services to insurance carriers, agents, and broker-dealers, whose product groups encompass P&C solutions, Life solutions, workers compensation, reinsurance solutions and F&C for all major business lines. The acquisition will enable us to expand the range of solutions and services that we offer in North America. We paid approximately $101 million in cash, subject to certain adjustments based on working capital, transaction expenses, unpaid debt and certain litigation matters. For further information, please see Note 1(b) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

In the fourth quarter of 2017, we acquired KnowledgePrice.com, a Latvian company that specializes in digital insurance services and consulting. This acquired entity will join our Digital Division, which focuses on digital and business intelligence services and solutions, including portal and digital distribution offerings to customers worldwide. The total purchase price was approximately €5,840,500, out of which €3,100,000 was paid at closing and the remainder is subject to earn-outs based on the revenues of KnowledgePrice.com following the closing. For further information, please see Note 1(d) to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report.

In the first quarter of 2018, we acquired Adaptik, a New Jersey company engaged in the development of software solutions for P&C insurers, including policy administration, rating, billing, customer management, task management and product design. The total purchase price was approximately $18.2 million in cash, subject to adjustment, and about $3.5 million is subject to earn out-based specific criteria and continued employment of founders.

Our principal capital expenditures during the last three years related mainly to the purchase of computer equipment and software for use by our subsidiaries. Our capital expenditures totaled approximately $4.7 million in 2016, $2.6 million in 2017 and $1.9 million in 2018.

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B. Business Overview.

Sapiens is a leading global provider of software solutions for the insurance industry. Our extensive expertise is reflected in our innovative software platforms, suites, solutions and services for property & casualty (P&C); life, pension & annuity (L&A); reinsurance; financial and compliance (F&C); workers’ compensation (WC); and financial markets. Our company offers a full digital suite that facilitates an innovative, holistic and seamless digital experience for carriers, agents, customers and assorted insurance personnel, across multiple devices and technologies. Sapiens’ offerings enable our customers to effectively manage their core business functions, including policy administration, claims and billing, and to offer support during an insurer’s journey to becoming a digital insurer. Our portfolio also covers underwriting, illustration and electronic application.

Sapiens also supplies a complete reinsurance offering for providers and a decision management platform tailored to a variety of financial services providers, so business users can quickly deploy business logic and comply with policies and regulations across their organizations.

Our platforms possess modern, modular architecture and are digital-driven. They empower customers to respond to the rapidly changing insurance market and frequent regulatory changes, while improving the efficiency of their core operations. These process enhancements increase revenue and reduce costs.

2018 was a year of moderate growth for Sapiens, while building the foundation for growth for 2019 and beyond. As described further below, in 2018, the Company acquired Adaptik, a Pennsylvania-based firm that offers P&C insurers policy administration and billing capabilities for commercial, personal, specialty and workers’ compensation lines of business. The acquisition was another step in Sapiens' journey to offer the U.S. insurance market a modern, modular, fully integrated property and casualty insurance platform.

In February 2017, Sapiens acquired StoneRiver, a U.S. based company that offered a reach product portfolio that was comprised of claims, billing, rating, underwriting, illustration, reinsurance and F&C solutions for all major insurance business lines, across both P&C and L&A. StoneRiver’s rich set of solutions complements Sapiens’ offerings and has helped Sapiens accelerate its growth in the U.S. market, as well as globally.

In December 2017 Sapiens expanded its Digital division’s capabilities through the acquisition of KnowledgePrice.com (or KnowledgePrice), a technology specialist with expertise in digital insurance services and consulting. The expanded Digital division will create innovative offerings and provide full support during customers’ digital journeys.

Privately-held KnowledgePrice employed digital insurance technology experts and supplied services to leading insurance providers in the UK and Europe. KnowledgePrice personnel joined the Sapiens Digital division – which focuses on digital and business intelligence (BI) services and solutions, including customer and agent portal solutions and digital distribution offerings to customers worldwide. Former KnowledgePrice personnel now staff a Sapiens center for excellence for digital engagement services.

In March 2018, Sapiens also announced the acquisition of Adaptik, a North American (NA) P&C solution provider. This acquisition better positioned Sapiens to provide North American P&C carriers with an enhanced and complete platform, which has improved Sapiens’ competitive position and enabled the Company to increase its market share in the North American insurance market. The acquisition of Adaptik and StoneRiver (in February 2017) created synergy with Sapiens’ strong capabilities, and enable us to offer a truly modern, comprehensive property and casualty digital insurance platform to the U.S. market. Sapiens now offers an innovative P&C digital insurance platform that combines three powerful core components: Sapiens PolicyPro for Property & Casualty (formerly called Adaptik Policy), Sapiens BillingPro for Property & Casualty (formerly known as Adaptik Billing) and Sapiens ClaimsPro for Property & Casualty (formerly called StoneRiver Stream Claims), accompanied by Sapiens’ existing solutions for data and analytics, digital engagement and distribution, and the cloud.

Sapiens’ enhanced managed services offerings and cloud deployment have been adopted by several major customers and are expected to grow in the coming years. By allowing Sapiens to manage a substantial part of their ongoing IT operations, customers can focus on their core insurance competency and business.

In February 2019, Sapiens announced a complete rebranding that highlights our evolution to a unified global provider of insurance software solutions. The new brand identity marks Sapiens’ growth into a one-stop-shop for insurance software solutions. Sapiens has renamed its entire product portfolio and changed the look-and-feel and contents of all its collateral, and launched a new website. Our new master brand architecture and descriptive solution names quickly communicate our offerings’ main functions and frame Sapiens as a unified company (following the acquisitions described above). The updated look features our human-to-human (H2H) approach, reflecting the long-term partnerships we have with customers and employees and that is reflected in the entirely new marketing communications suite we have developed.

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Software Solutions

Our software portfolio is comprised of:

● Property & Casualty – a comprehensive software platform, suite and solutions supporting a broad range of business lines, including personal, commercial and specialty lines, as well as reinsurance and workers’ compensation (see below).

Our portfolio includes Sapiens Platform for Property & Casualty (which is comprised of core, data and digital solutions) and two core suites: Sapiens CoreSuite for Property & Casualty (for North America) and Sapiens IDITSuite for Property & Casualty (for EMEA and APAC). The core suites are offered as a full suite, or insurers can choose standalone components: policy, billing and claims. Sapiens CoreSuite is based on technology acquired from Adaptik and StoneRiver, while the IDITSuite technology evolved from our previous Sapiens IDIT offering. Smaller, more agile insurance providers can choose Sapiens Stingray for Property & Casualty.

· Life, Pension and Annuities – a comprehensive software platform, suite and complementary solutions for the management of a diversified range of products for life, pension and annuities. Our portfolio includes the Sapiens Platform for Life, Pension & Annuities; Sapiens CoreSuite for Life, Pension & Annuities (formerly called Sapiens ALIS), Sapiens UnderwritingPro for Life & Annuities (formerly called StoneRiver LifeSuite), Sapiens ApplicationPro for Life & Annuities (formerly called StoneRiver LifeApply), Sapiens IllustrationPro for Life & Annuities (formerly called StoneRiver LifePortrait) and Sapiens ConsolidationMaster for Life & Pension (formerly called Sapiens Closed Books).

● Digital – Sapiens provides a full digital insurance suite that is based on an enablement platform that digitalizes insurance carriers’ business and helps them transform. The suite is comprised of a set of integrative offerings, including: Sapiens DigitalSuite (formerly called Sapiens Digital Suite), which offers an end-to-end, holistic and seamless digital experience for customers, agents, brokers, customer groups and third-party service providers. The suite is pre-integrated with Sapiens core suites and is comprised of the Sapiens DigitalHub (API Layer and Digital Studio) that enables openness and connectivity with partners; Sapiens AgentConnect (formerly Sapiens PORTAL) and Sapiens CustomerConnect (formerly Sapiens PORTAL) portals, specifically designed for the life, pension and annuities, property and casualty, and additional insurance markets; and the Sapiens PartnerHub, which makes third-party technology and insuretech solutions available to insurers and their customers. Sapiens also offer Sapiens Intelligence or Sapiens IntelligencePro (advanced analytics).

● Reinsurance – complete reinsurance software solutions for full financial control and auditing support. Our portfolio includes: Sapiens ReinsuranceMaster, Sapiens ReinsurancePro and Sapiens Reinsurance GO.

● Workers’ Compensation – Sapiens’ workers’ compensation offerings handle comprehensive policy/billing and claims needs. Our solution portfolio includes Sapiens Platform for Workers’ Compensation, Sapiens CoreSuite for Workers’ Compensation (formerly called StoneRiver PowerSuite), Sapiens PolicyPro for Workers’ Compensation and Sapiens ClaimsPro for Workers’ Compensation. Providers looking to preserve greater agility may select Sapiens GO for Workers’ Compensation (formerly called StoneRiver CompSuite), which is comprised of Sapiens PolicyGo for Workers’ Compensation, Sapiens ClaimsGo for Workers’ Compensation and Sapiens Connect for Workers’ Compensation.

● Financial & Compliance – we offer financial & compliance solutions comprised of both annual statement and insurance accounting software. This software includes Sapiens FinancialPro (formerly called StoneRiver PRO), Sapiens Financial GO (formerly called StoneRiver PTE), Sapiens StatementPro (formerly called StoneRiver eFreedom), Sapiens CheckPro (formerly called StoneRiver Power2Pay) and Sapiens Reporting Tools.

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● Decision Management – Sapiens Decision is an enterprise-scale platform that enables institutions across verticals to centrally author, store and manage all organizational business logic. Organizations use it to track, verify and ensure that every decision is based on the most up-to-date rules and policies. Our Decision management offerings target the banking and insurance markets (P&C and life).

● Technology-Based – tailor-made solutions (unrelated to the insurance or financial services market) based on our Sapiens eMerge platform, which provides end-to-end, modular business solutions, ensuring rapid time to market.

Services

Our services modernize and automate processes for insurance providers and financial institutions around the globe, helping to create greater organizational efficiencies, reduce costs and provide a better end user experience. They can be divided into three main categories: program delivery, business services and managed services (our various methodologies are applied across the categories).

Program delivery includes:

● Project and program management

● Training

● Testing

● Migration

● Implementation and integration

Business services are comprised of:

● Business transformation – planning and strategy, business process evaluation, training and change management

● Digital transformation – business model and processes transformation and data management consolidation, as well as data migration

● User acceptance testing (UAT)

● System integration

Managed services include:

● Hosting services

● Application and system management

● Ongoing production support

Sapiens has partnered with Microsoft Azure to offer its policy administration systems and accompanying services over private and public (single tenant) clouds. The company maintains an agnostic approach that also utilizes Amazon Web Services (AWS). Sapiens’ cloud deployment includes full infrastructure for operations, plus the option of choosing cloud-related managed services delivered by Sapiens’ experienced professional services team.

Methodologies:

Sapiens offers various delivery methodologies, including waterfall and Agile (and a combination of the two). We also provide delivery tools and delivery performance indicators.

Built on a solid foundation of insurance domain expertise, proven technology and a history of successful deployments, our organization assists clients in identifying and eliminating IT barriers to achieve business objectives.

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Our Marketplace and its Needs

Our Target Markets

We operate in a large market undergoing significant transformation. According to the Gartner report “Forecast: Enterprise IT Spending for the Insurance Market, Worldwide, 2016-2022, 4Q18 Update” (a market statistics research report by Gartner, a research and consulting firm, written by James Ingham, Venecia K. Liu and Rika Narisawa that was published on February 10, 2019, and which we refer to herein as the Gartner report), Gartner forecasts that the global IT spending insurance market will grow by 3.7% in 2019, to $220.7 billion in U.S. dollars (on a constant-currency basis). This industry is forecast to reach nearly $244 billion by 2022, growing at a 3.6% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the period from 2017 through 2022.

We believe that our current total addressable market for core insurance software solutions and the accompanied point solutions is approximately $40 billion, which we expect will grow as a result of insurance carriers’ and financial institutions’ need to address, via modern software solutions from external providers, the operational challenges presented by the inefficiency of their legacy core systems. Legacy systems reflect technical and functional limitations that adversely impact carriers’ ability to swiftly launch new, innovative products that satisfy their customers’ changing needs and preferences.

By slowing down carriers’ business and geographic expansion, legacy systems create operational inefficiencies that result in increased business risk and financial costs. They are also a barrier for the adoption of digital capabilities, due to their inability to communicate and interact with innovative digital solutions. Today’s insurance providers are looking for more than just the traditional “core” capabilities. They seek insurance platforms with a wider range of capabilities, including full digitalization.

Our customers are operating in a constantly evolving regulatory environment. Often their legacy systems simply do not support new regulatory requirements and put carriers at risk of costly non-compliance. There is also a strong trend of shifting attention to the end-customer experience and activities, with a focus on digital operations. Many insurers are currently unable to provide the type of quality digital experience that their customers are already enjoying across most other verticals, and customer satisfaction is only one of the many recognized benefits of going digital. This can only be supported via increased usage of data for decision-making, risk analysis, customer evaluation and rating, which requires a streamlined data flow and easy access to information from multiple sources.

We believe these challenges will accelerate the shift from spending on legacy systems to new vendor software solutions. It is also Sapiens’ view that these challenges are too difficult to overcome via “in-house” systems and that the majority of insurers will turn to external software vendors, such as Sapiens.

Property & Casualty Market

Property & casualty insurance protects policyholders against a range of losses on items of value. P&C insurance includes the personal segment, which is insurance coverage for individuals, with products such as motor, home, personal property and travel; the commercial segment, covering aspects of commercial activity, such as commercial property, car fleets and professional liability; and specialty lines, covering unique domains, such as marine, art and credit insurance. This market also includes workers’ compensation for market carriers, administrators and state funds.

During the past few years, the P&C market has been characterized by a fast rate of digital adoption. New business and technology models are adopted rapidly, to launch innovative business offerings. This requires advanced software solutions, both on the “core” layer, which needs to be flexible and open, and with the variety of digital tools addressing customer experience needs.

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Life, Pension and Annuity Markets

Life, pension & annuity providers offer their customers a wide range of products for long-term savings, protection, pension and insurance. They assist policyholders with financial planning through life insurance, medical and investment products. Their products can be classified into several areas, primarily investment and savings, risk and protection, pension and health-related products. These products can be targeted to individuals, as well as group- and employee-benefit types of products.

The products in this field are long-term in nature. When insurance providers consider purchasing new platforms from Sapiens, the decision is typically slower and involves multiple decision-makers throughout the organization.

Digital Market

Insurance carriers risk losing their customers if they do not provide the type of digital experience that all of us have come to expect from the retailers and service providers we interact with daily. Agents, brokers and other channel and service providers also require a powerful digital ecosystem to capably carry out their crucial tasks.

It is not enough to simply provide a portal to offer today’s consumers the online presence they demand, or to work with an isolated analytics system to parse data. A big step up is needed via an all-encompassing digital approach featuring integrated components functioning at their highest levels and complementing each other.

Reinsurance Market

Reinsurance is insurance that is purchased by an insurance company (ceded reinsurance) from another insurance company (assumed reinsurance) as a means of risk management. The reinsurer and the insurer enter into a reinsurance agreement, which details the conditions upon which the reinsurer would pay the insurer’s losses. The reinsurer is paid a reinsurance premium by the insurer and the insurer issues insurance policies to its own policyholders. The insurer must maintain an accurate system of records to track its reinsurance contracts and treaties, to avoid claims leakage.

Workers’ Compensation

Workers’ compensation is one of the largest lines of business in the property and casualty (P&C) industry in North America. But future profitability is getting harder to maintain, with medical and indemnity costs per lost time claim increasing at rates greater than inflation. Insurance organizations require technology solutions that can adapt quickly to business and market conditions, offering high levels of accuracy and efficiency.

Financial & Compliance Market

Financial professionals face overwhelming challenges as they struggle to satisfy ever-changing regulatory requirements, while meeting the demands of managerial reporting. The move towards globalization has introduced new currencies, and CEOs need more performance data for strategic decision-making. Organizations require one partner to optimize efficiencies with solutions that can be implemented quickly.

Decision Management Markets

Increasing competition, regulatory burden, customer experience expectations and the proliferation of digital and product innovation requirements have necessitated a shift in thinking and approach among organizations across verticals. By replacing conventional policy and process management with the discipline known as “decision management,” financial institutions are bridging the gap between business and IT, by enabling business users to rapidly frame requirements in formal business models that can be easily understood by all stakeholders.

The decision management processes affect overall corporate performance, including its impact on customers and competitors. Decision management systems are a key performance component of every financial services organization, as they help the organization define, avoid and hedge financial risk.

Needs of our Target Markets

Large insurance and financial organizations must constantly invest in their IT systems to respond to key market drivers. They require the ability to:

● Satisfy today’s sophisticated, tech-savvy and demanding end-customers – who demand the type of instant, personalized service they enjoy via Facebook or Amazon – via digitalization and innovative initiatives, providing a stronger customer experience and engagement.

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● Use advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, to facilitate, improve and automate traditional insurance processes.

● Provide innovative business models, based on technology capabilities and digital operation (such as a portal, a web-based acquisition process, advanced analytics, customer engagement platforms and the usage of data sources – including wearables, the Internet of Things (IoT) and robo-advice.

● Respond to complex and evolving regulatory standards, such as Solvency II, IFRS 17, Dodd-Frank legislation, GDPR, etc.

● Support internal customers’ growth and operations. This includes reducing the time to market of new products, expanding into new geographies, reducing costs and streamlining operations.

● Rapidly launch new products and propositions to the market, within a short timeframe and using existing, pre-defined capabilities.

Specific Needs of the Insurance Markets

The insurance market is a large, complex and highly regulated environment. Insurance carriers operate in a super-competitive and quickly evolving market, which necessitates differentiating their value propositions. Additionally, carriers operate under a rigid regulatory regime that demands fast compliance. The insurance market is going through a rapid evolution process, driven by new technologies, digital capabilities and new business models, all enabled by new technologies.

To efficiently manage their operations, insurance carriers require IT platforms that enable rapid introduction of changes via configurable, user-driven activities, integration with internal and external systems, control and auditing of employees’ work, support for omni-channel distribution and clear visibility into the carrier’s business operations, through streamlining and intelligent usage of data.

To compete in the rapidly-changing environment, and win the competition for end-customers, insurance carriers require a coherent digital proposition, allowing them to better interact with their customers in a digital and omni-channel manner. They are increasingly using robotics, predictive analytics, AI and machine learning to automate processes and obtain stronger business insights. The cloud can also be utilized for improved operations and scale.

Insurance carriers are experiencing substantial operational challenges due to the inefficiency of their legacy policy administration systems and their lack of digitalization. These legacy systems, which include both technical and functional limitations, acutely impact carriers’ ability to cope with growing challenges, such as the need for innovation, the shift of power to the consumer, and the dynamic and constantly changing regulatory environment.

We believe the following are key considerations for insurance carriers when they think about upgrading their legacy systems:

● Dynamic business environment with constantly changing regulations – many insurance carriers still use outdated legacy systems that are costly and time-consuming to modify or upgrade. This has prevented insurance carriers from innovating and growing. Carriers who use legacy systems may find that it is difficult for them to modify existing products, introduce new products and reach untapped market segments. Varied and frequently changing global regulatory requirements require specialized data and business rules, which makes change implementation particularly challenging.

● Change in end-consumers’ behavior and the shift of power to consumers – insurance carriers must rapidly adapt to the shifting needs and behaviors of consumers, including the types and terms of insurance products offered, and how consumers access information. Insurance carriers require systems with integration capability and support for multi-channel distribution, so they can reach their clients’ customers and partners using multiple methods, including social media, across devices.

● A need to improve operational efficiency and reduce total cost of ownership – Sapiens believes that a majority of insurance carriers are still using inefficient and outdated processes that do not automate operations and workflows, and thus don’t offer efficient process management. Many of these processes may have high error rates. Additionally, the ongoing maintenance of legacy systems is expensive and technically difficult. A specialized IT staff with the requisite skills and experience needed to maintain these systems is difficult to find and then eventually replace. Insurers seek systems that are modern, digital, automated, efficient and easy to maintain, and can lower costs over the long term.

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● Increasing global and multi-national operation – a rising number of insurers are accelerating their growth initiatives through global acquisitions. These insurers seek a single provider who can deliver solutions that will be used across markets, combining the support of local regulatory requirements and specific customer needs, while driving a generic corporate business approach and strategy across the globe, reducing costs and overhead.

● Going digital – digitalization holds significant potential for insurers, but only if they manage to efficiently digitalize their operations, support multi-channel distribution and ensure that agents and customers are able to access real-time, accurate data at any time and from anywhere – including tablets and other mobile devices.

● Exploring new business models and innovative propositions – carriers are increasingly looking to: adopt and use new technologies and innovative capabilities; bring modern and differentiating propositions to the market, reduce cost, enhance and speed customer engagement, and improve their business parameters and KPIs.

Business Decision Management Market Needs

Many large organizations, particularly in the financial services market, must comply with complex regulations. They operate in highly competitive markets that require quick responses. Business logic drives most of the financial services transactions and is the backbone of an organization’s policies and strategies, and its ability to successfully operate.

To achieve efficiency, business owners must assume ownership of the business logic and possess the ability to define and modify it, standardize it and reuse it across the organization. Business logic is defined today by business owners and compliance officers, but IT departments translate the requirements into code. This process raises several key challenges: the result does not always accurately reflect the business requirements; the new requirements might conflict with, or override, previous requirements; and the entire process is not fully audited. These gaps often create an inefficient and risk-exposed organization.

Sapiens’ Software Solutions

Overview

Sapiens is a leading global provider of software solutions for the insurance industry. By enabling our insurance and financial services customers to digitize their business and be more agile in the face of changing business environments, we help them take advantage of powerful current trends – such as the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, machine learning, customer engagement, chat bots, etc. – while simultaneously reducing IT costs.

We offer our insurance customers a range of packaged software solutions that are:

● Digital – revealing their history and anticipating their future needs, while facilitating easy engagement across preferred interaction channels and multiple devices.

● Data-driven – based on set of data analysis tools, from data-warehouse and reporting, through business intelligence and analytics, to predictive and advanced analytics – so our customers can become a data-driven operation.

● Highly automated – by using various technologies, from decision to robotics, we improve efficiency and offer agile customer engagement.

● Comprehensive and functionally-rich – support for insurance standards, regulations and processes, by providing field-proven functionality and best practices.

● Customizable & configurable – easily matches our customers’ specific business requirements. Our flexible architecture and configurable structure allow quick functionality augmentation that permits our platform to be used across different markets, unique business requirements and regulatory regimes. We utilize our knowledge and extensive insurance best practices and feature business-led configuration.

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● Open architecture and insuretech ecosystem – provides easy integration to any external application under any technology, allowing streamlined connectivity to all satellite applications. This enhances the digital experience and omni-channel distribution, while maintaining total platform independence and system reliability. Easy interaction with various insuretech companies providing point-solutions that can be consumed by our platforms is enabled.

● Component-based and scalable – allows our customers to deploy platforms and solutions in a phased and modular approach, reducing risk and harm to the business, while supporting the growth plans and cost efficiency of the organization.

Our packaged software solutions enable:

● Rapid deployment of new insurance products – via configurable software, which creates a competitive advantage in all the insurance markets we serve.

● Improvement of operational efficiency and reduction of risk – full insurance process automation, with configurable workflows, audit and control, streamlined insurance practices, and simple integration and maintenance.

● Reduction of overhead for IT maintenance – easy-to-integrate solutions with flexible and modern architecture, resulting in lower costs for ongoing maintenance, modifications, additions and integration.

● Enhanced omni-channel distribution and focus on the customers – event-driven architecture, a proactive client management approach, rapid access to all levels of data, and a holistic view of clients and distributors.

● Cloud-first as a preferred deployment model – with the flexibility to also provide an on-premises deployment approach.

● Support for digitalization –insurers and financial services institutions who manage to efficiently digitalize their operations, support omni-channel distribution and ensure that agents and customers are able to access real-time, accurate data at any time and from anywhere – including tablets and mobile devices – will unlock massive potential.

● Managed services – offering our customers access to a long-term engagement by providing comprehensive support for their daily IT operations, while allowing them to focus on their business KPIs.

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Sapiens Property & Casualty Solutions

Sapiens Platform for Property & Casualty

The Sapiens Platform for Property & Casualty is an end-to-end, cloud-based platform with advanced digital capabilities. It can be implemented as a pre-integrated platform, or as standalone modules. The platform addresses all P&C carrier needs across all lines of business and distribution channels, offering a wealth of digital features. It is comprised of core (policy, billing and claims), data (advanced analytics) and digital (a full suite) solutions.

Sapiens offers two core suites, based on region:

Sapiens CoreSuite for Property & Casualty (North America)

Sapiens CoreSuite for Property & Casualty is comprised of three fully integrated, core components that can also be deployed stand-alone: Sapiens PolicyPro, Sapiens BillingPro and Sapiens ClaimsPro.

CoreSuite is pre-integrated with additional components that can be selected, including business intelligence, reinsurance and portal solutions (customer and agent), as well as various interfaces.

This modular, automated, highly customizable suite offers a single platform for personal, commercial and specialty lines of business (LoBs). This increases organizational efficiency by reducing manual effort, generates competitive advantages and saves costs.

Sapiens IDITSuite for Property & Casualty (EMEA & APAC)

The Sapiens IDITSuite for Property & Casualty (formerly called Sapiens IDIT) is a component-based, standalone software solution suite that offers policy, billing and claims and forms the core of the Sapiens Platform for Property & Casualty. IDITSuite supports all end-to-end core operations and processes for the non-life P&C market from inception, to renewal and claims. This pre-integrated, fully digital suite offers customer and agent portals, business intelligence and more. IDITSuite enables insurers to expand their offerings by testing new lines of business, products and services using our flexible product factory.

The suite is modular, or can integrate with your ecosystem’s components. IDITSuite for Property & Casualty includes multiple lines of business in one policy for multiple insured objects and assets. It can support corporate agreements and master policy structures. IDITSuite is designed with growth and change in mind, with extensive multi-company, multi-branding, multi-currency and multi-lingual capabilities. The IDITSuite management system is built on open technology and can be used on desktops, laptops and tablets, as well as smartphones (requiring a mobile portal).

Sapiens Policy Administration Solutions

The Sapiens’ policy solutions for property & casualty come pre-integrated with the core system. They are easily integrated with existing and external systems and applications. The solutions manage the end-to-end policy administration lifecycle of an insurance contract, from initial quote, through rating and policy issuance. They also feature a complete range of policy issuance and amendment capabilities. Agents, underwriters and customers use the solutions to quote, issue and administer policies. The offerings provide comprehensive policy lifecycle support for all P&C lines of business.

Sapiens Billing Solutions

The Sapiens’ billing solution for P&C enables carriers, MGAs and brokers to manage the full lifecycle of premium services, taxes and fees, along with commission billing, collection and disbursements. P&C carriers can integrate with third-party systems and data repositories, enjoy best-in-class usability and automate processes throughout the billing lifecycle.

Sapiens Claims Solutions

Sapiens’ claims solutions for property & casualty provide simplified management and automated control of claims management handling and the settlement process. They offer intelligent, rules-driven workflow with effective claim assignment, ensuring faster cycle times, as well as rules-driven automatic claims payment.

Sapiens Stingray for Property & Casualty

Sapiens Stingray for Property & Casualty is a complete solution with quick implementation for all P&C insurance lines, providing a complete core processing solution right out of the box. Its modular software components are designed with flexibility in mind. This solution is customizable and well-suited for tiers 4-5.

P&C Digital Offerings

The Sapiens DigitalSuite (formerly known as Sapiens Digital Suite) offers an end-to-end, holistic and seamless digital experience for P&C customers, agents, brokers, customer groups and third-party service providers. The suite is pre-integrated with Sapiens’ P&C core and is comprised of digital engagement and digital enablement and API layer components. The suite is cloud-based.

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Sapiens Life, Pension & Annuity Solutions

Sapiens Platform for Life, Pension & Annuities

The Sapiens Platform for Life, Pension & Annuities is a modern, digital insurance platform that includes core, data and digital solutions. With the ability to deploy its offerings as a complete platform, or as standalone modules, Sapiens can address life providers’ needs across all their lines of business and distribution channels. Our mature platform is cloud and API-based, and features a strong core and advanced analytics, as well as data enablement and full digital engagement capabilities.

Sapiens CoreSuite for Life, Pension & Annuities

Sapiens CoreSuite for Life, Pension & Annuities (formerly called Sapiens ALIS) is designed to provide excellence in the administration of insurance business, facilitate digital transformation and fast time-to-value for digital strategies, and create greater efficiency via legacy consolidation. It offers insurers:

● A single platform for individual and group business

● Transformation, enablement and execution for digital strategies

● Greater efficiency via improved automation, user experience and system consolidation

Single Platform

The Sapiens CoreSuite software suite supports the end-to-end administration of group and individual life, annuities, pension and investment business ‒ in a single system. The suite offers a 360-degree view of the customer from their policy administration system, across all distribution channels and communication streams.

Existing System Consolidation

Many insurers still use systems developed decades ago that cannot support today’s regulatory changes, digital marketplace and demanding customers. Too many manual processes can lead to errors that impact customer experience. Our unique conversion approach reduces the risks involved in migrating from existing legacy systems.

Sapiens UnderwritingPro for Life, Pension & Annuities

Sapiens UnderwritingPro for Life, Pension & Annuities (formerly called StoneRiver LifeSuite) is a web-based solution for automated underwriting and new business case management that is part of Sapiens’ core suite. It speeds new business processes for insurance carriers and their channels, offering an intuitive user interface with critical updates and task assignments provided on a real-time dashboard. Sapiens UnderwritingPro enables underwriters and case managers to work on multiple cases simultaneously.

Sapiens ApplicationPro for Life & Annuities

Sapiens ApplicationPro for Life & Annuities (formerly known as StoneRiver LifeApply) is web-based insurance application software that provides carriers with the choice of a standalone eApplication system, or a more comprehensive solution that seamlessly integrates with Sapiens IllustrationPro for Life & Annuities (formerly called StoneRiver Life Portraits) and Sapiens UnderwritingPro for Life & Annuities (formerly StoneRiver LifeSuite). Sapiens ApplicationPro is robust electronic application software that helps carriers address critical business drivers, such as decreasing time-to-issue and reducing policy acquisition costs, all in an extremely intuitive and easy-to-use package.

Sapiens IllustrationPro for Life & Annuities

Sapiens IllustrationPro for Life & Annuities (formerly called StoneRiver Life Portraits) is a point-of-sale solution, offering responsive product illustrations from any location in an electronic environment, with internet and desktop support. ACORD®-compliant, it offers straight-through processing, from point-of-sale to application e-submission, supported by a needs analysis suite. IllustrationPro explains complex products in a compelling way. Its powerful calculation engines handle the most complex product illustrations, including the appropriate historical and hypothetical references. 

Sapiens ConsolidationMaster for Life & Pension

Sapiens ConsolidationMaster (formerly called Sapiens Closed Books) is a purpose-built, end-to-end, legacy, portfolio-focused system with a unique migration methodology that deals with “dirty” data. The solution has over 500 product templates capable of supporting the compliant administration of legacy products in any language and regulatory jurisdiction. ConsolidationMaster is designed to significantly cut the costs that are commonly associated with legacy platforms.

Digital Transformation

Sapiens CoreSuite features full pre-integration to the Sapiens DigitalSuite and digital capabilities have been enhanced via adaptors. This facilitates digital transformation and fast time-to-value for digital strategies. It enables life carriers to become engaged, agile organizations with increased sales opportunities. By integrating CoreSuite with our advanced analytics solution and data warehouse, we can quickly generate actionable insights, self-service business intelligence and data discovery capabilities, across all mobile devices (and in the cloud).

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Sapiens Digital Offerings

Sapiens Intelligence

Sapiens Intelligence is an innovative business intelligence solution specifically designed for the insurance market. The solution is based on the advanced technology of SAP’s analytics platform and on insights from scores of customers in production. It empowers business users to quickly and easily draw business conclusions and insights from raw data, via self-service analytics and easy-to-use, modern tools. Sapiens Intelligence drives analytics adoption across the organization with compelling, insightful dashboards and apps.

Sapiens IntelligencePro

Sapiens IntelligencePro (formerly 4SightBI) suite is a comprehensive, affordable BI solution, with over 100 pre-configured reports, dashboards, scorecards, ad hoc reporting and hundreds of analytics. With “what-if?” capabilities and ease-of-use in underwriting, claims, billing, management, reinsurance and other areas, carriers can generate actionable insights and heal their pain-points.

Sapiens DigitalSuite

Sapiens DigitalSuite offers an end-to-end, holistic and seamless digital experience for customers, agents, brokers, customer groups and third-party service providers. The suite is pre-integrated with Sapiens’ core suites and is comprised of Sapiens DigitalHub (API Layer and Digital Studio) that enables openness and connectivity with partners; Sapiens AgentConnect (formerly Sapiens PORTAL) and Sapiens CustomerConnect (formerly Sapiens PORTAL) portals, specifically designed for the life, pension and annuities (L&A), property and casualty (P&C), and additional insurance markets; and Sapiens PartnerHub. The suite is cloud-based.

Sapiens CustomerConnect

Sapiens CustomerConnect (formerly called Sapiens PORTAL) is a modular, highly innovative portal solution specifically designed for the life, pension & annuity (L&A) and property and casualty (P&C) insurance markets. It is a direct-to-consumer application, enabling insureds to buy policies, view the statuses of their policies and accounts, and issue claims. Many other transactions can be performed that save both consumers and insurers time, and reduce costs, while increasing overall consumer satisfaction.

Sapiens AgentConnect

Sapiens AgentConnect (formerly called Sapiens PORTAL) is a modular, highly innovative portal solution specifically designed for the life, pension & annuity (L&A) and property & casualty (P&C) insurance markets. It empowers agents with full lifecycle enablement, including the ability to manage their pipeline, sell policies to their consumers and provide top-level customer service in real-time. Agents can also see a holistic view of their business performance overall and benefit from full access to all their remunerations, payments, commission transactions and statements.

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Sapiens DigitalHub

Sapiens DigitalHub (API Layer and Digital Studio) facilitates an open-communication, API-based platform that enables carriers to interact with insuretech companies, ecosystem technology providers and business partners. By enabling seamless interaction with any service under any technology, Sapiens’ open architecture ensures that providers will easily choose the building blocks they need. They’ll be able to seamlessly integrate all elements within their insurance ecosystem, to succeed today and prepare for the future.

Sapiens PartnerHub

Sapiens is a global organization with over three decades of extensive experience in insurance innovation and technology. We seek out and identify the most relevant, advanced and innovative technology solutions for the insurance market. We connect third-party technology and insuretech solutions to our Sapiens PartnerHub, from where we make their offerings available to insurers for their own use, and for the use of their customers.

Sapiens ReinsuranceMaster

Sapiens ReinsuranceMaster (formerly called Sapiens Reinsurance) is a comprehensive business and accounting system, providing a superior solution for all types of reinsurance contracts – treaty and facultative, and proportional and non-proportional. It enables insurers of all sizes to manage their entire range of reinsurance contracts and activities for all lines of business, including rich accounting functionality and reporting capabilities.

Our reinsurance solution enables full and flexible control of reinsurance processes, with built-in automation of contracts, calculations and processes. By incorporating fully automated functions adapted conveniently for your business procedures, Sapiens Reinsurance provides flexible and total financial control of your reinsurance processes, including complete support for all auditing requirements and statutory compliance.

Sapiens ReinsurancePro

Sapiens ReinsurancePro (formerly called StoneRiver URS) is an efficient reinsurance administration system, supporting all types of reinsurance processing, regardless of volume, in one comprehensive and powerful reinsurance system. The system produces Schedule F automatically. Our solution enables insurance companies to manage and automate the underwriting and administration of reinsurance, including treaty and facultative, ceded, assumed and retroceded reinsurance.

Sapiens Reinsurance GO

Sapiens Reinsurance GO (formerly called StoneRiver FRS) is designed to meet the ceded reinsurance processing needs of property and casualty providers, from calculating premium and claim cessions, to producing the data required for Schedule F. Sapiens Reinsurance GO consolidates reinsurance accounting and cash management into one area. It automatically attaches and calculates ceded premium, commissions, losses, reserves and LAE, and automatically allocates ceded transactions to reinsurers.

Sapiens Workers’ Compensation Offerings

Sapiens Platform for Workers’ Compensation

The Sapiens Platform for Workers’ Compensation includes the Sapiens CoreSuite for Workers’ Compensation, Sapiens Connect for Worker’s Connection (a portal solution) and Sapiens IntelligencePro (business intelligence).

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Sapiens CoreSuite for Workers’ Compensation

The Sapiens CoreSuite for Workers’ Compensation (formerly StoneRiver PowerSuite) offers larger carriers, administrators and state funds the technology solutions that enable them to adapt quickly to business and market conditions, offering high levels of accuracy and efficiency. The suite provides broad functionality throughout the entire insurance lifecycle for workers’ compensation, via a core suite, as well as policy, claims and intelligence modules that can be deployed individually, or as an integrated solution. This suite can be purchased as an integrated offering, or standalone components:

Sapiens PolicyPro and Sapiens ClaimsPro.

Sapiens GO for Workers’ Compensation

Sapiens GO for Workers’ Compensation (formerly called StoneRiver CompSuite) was developed specifically for carriers, managing general agents (MGAs), self-insurance funds and third-party administrators. Sapiens GO can deliver a turnkey solution in just 120 days. With its streamlined user interface and advanced business features, the suite addresses critical objectives for carriers, MGAs, self-insurance funds and third-party administrators (TPAs). This suite can be purchased as an integrated offering, or standalone components:

Sapiens PolicyGO and Sapiens ClaimsGO for Workers’ Compensation

Sapiens Financial and Compliance Solutions

Sapiens FinancialPro

Sapiens FinancialPro (formerly called StoneRiver PRO) is accounting software designed for insurers to meet their unique requirements for cash, statutory and GAAP reporting, well as unique allocation and consolidation needs. It handles multi-basis accounting and inter-company transactions, and facilitates the speed and accuracy of financial reporting. Sapiens insurance experts assist carriers in collecting and reporting information they need to expedite all regulatory processes.

Sapiens Financial GO

Sapiens Financial GO (formerly called StoneRiver PTE) gives small- and mid-sized insurers a competitive edge in today’s marketplace, because it’s developed and supported by highly experienced insurance experts. The solution is designed to meet insurers’ specific requirements for cash, statutory and GAAP reporting, as well as unique allocation and consolidation needs. Sapiens Financial GO manages and presents data to help insurance managers make informed decisions.

Sapiens StatementPro

Sapiens StatementPro (formerly StoneRiver eFreedom) makes statement preparation faster and simpler by offering one-click navigation between statements, pages and form validations (cross-checks) to the pages they reference. Intuitive workflow and helpful wizards lead users effortlessly through each step, transforming the filing process and offering one-step filing Additionally, Sapiens offers Sapiens CheckPro (formerly called StoneRiver Power2Pay) and Sapiens Reporting Tools.

Sapiens Business Decision Management Solutions

Sapiens Decision is a set of complete decision management solutions that place software development in the hands of the business domain and enforce business logic across all enterprise applications. Decision effectively addresses the complexity of determining and then translating business logic – data, business rules and machine learning used to make business decisions – into operational code. The business side of the organization can model, validate, test and simulate the business logic required for all new processes using Sapiens Decision. The process takes days or weeks, instead of months or years. A rigorous, structured approach ensures accuracy, efficiency and consistency during modeling. The models may then be automatically generated and deployed as code into automated DevOps environments, ensuring that the software is fully aligned with the organization’s business needs.

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We are currently focusing on the development and marketing of Sapiens Decision in the financial services market in North America and Western Europe, and we are building best practices to be used primarily by mortgage, retail and investment banking where the scale and complexity of operations requires enterprise-grade technology that can easily be adapted as policies and business strategies rapidly evolve. We also developed and market Sapiens Decision for the insurance industry and leverage our industry knowledge and close relationships with our existing customers and partners Decision targets multiple markets, including consumer and commercial, investment and mortgage banking; as well as the P&C and life insurance markets.

Sapiens Decision for Insurance (formerly called Sapiens DECISION) enables insurers to efficiently adapt their business operations to the demands of digital transformation, changing regulations, customer demands and increasing competition. It is currently used by a top-tier, P&C insurance company to implement process automation and effect digital transformation. Sapiens Decision transforms how insurance carriers are approaching change, by modernizing traditional business rules management. It enables insurers to grow their business and respond to market needs through accurate and consistent enforcement of business rules and policies.

Technology-Based Solutions

Sapiens eMerge

Sapiens eMerge is a rules-based, model-driven architecture that enables the creation of tailor-made, mission-critical core enterprise applications with little or no coding. Our technology is intended to allow customers to meet complex and unique requirements using a robust development platform. For example, we perform proxy porting for our customers in an efficient, cost effective manner with Sapiens eMerge.

Sapiens’ Global Services

As noted previously, the Sapiens Service Suite is comprised of three main pillars: program delivery, business services and managed services, as well as our various methodologies (which are applied across the first three pillars).

Program delivery includes:

● Project and program management

● Core development and implementation

● Integration

● Deployment

● Testing

Business transformation services are comprised of:

● Business transformation – planning and strategy, business process evaluation, training and change management

● Digital transformation – business model and processes transformation, plus data management consolidation and data migration

● User acceptance testing (UAT)

● System integration

Managed services include:

● Hosting services

● Application and system management

● Ongoing production support

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Our services modernize and automate processes for insurance providers and financial institutions around the globe, helping to create greater organizational efficiencies, reduce costs and provide a better end-user experience. Built on a solid foundation of insurance domain expertise, proven technology and a heritage of successful deployments, we assist clients in identifying and eliminating IT barriers to achieve business objectives.

Benefits include:

● Project delivery experience – more than 35 years of field-proven project delivery of core system solutions, based on best practices and accumulated experience.

● System integration – we help our customers deploy modern solutions, while expertly integrating these solutions with their legacy environments that must be supported.

● Global presence – insurance and technology domain experts are located close to our customers to provide professional services.

Our implementation teams assist customers in building implementation plans, integrating our software solutions with their existing systems, and deploying specific requirements unique to each customer and installation. Sapiens’ business services include API integration management and business intelligence (BI) and advanced analytics consolidation. Our managed services offer ongoing production support and a 24/7 help desk.

Sapiens’ service teams possess strong technology skills and industry expertise. The level of service and business understanding they provide contributes to the long-term success of our customers. This helps us develop strategic relationships with our customers, enhances information exchange and deepens our understanding of the needs of companies within the industry.

Through our service teams, we provide a wide scope of services and consultancy around our core solutions, both in the initial project implementation stage, as well as ongoing additional services. Many of our customers also use our services and expertise to assist them with various aspects of daily maintenance, ongoing system administration and the addition of new solution enhancements.

Such services include:

● Adding new lines of business and functional coverage to existing solutions running in production

● Ongoing support services for managing and administering the solutions

● Creating new functionalities, per specific requirements of our customers

● Assisting with compliance for new regulations and legal requirements

In addition, most of our clients elect to enter into an ongoing maintenance and support contract with us. The terms of such a contract are usually twelve months and are renewed every year. A maintenance contract entitles the customer to technology upgrades (when made generally available) and technical support. We also offer introductory and advanced classes and training programs available at our offices and customer sites.

We partner with several system integration and consulting firms to achieve scalable, cost-effective implementations for our customers. We have developed an efficient, repeatable methodology that is closely aligned with the unique capabilities of our solutions.

Our Strengths

Comprehensive digital platform of high-end, crucial business-solutions for insurance – Sapiens is a one-stop-shop offering end-to-end solutions for both the P&C and L&A markets, supporting most sub-segments of these markets and the complete lifecycle of product lines. Our software supports and enables our customers’ core insurance business processes throughout the full lifecycle, including policy administration, billing and claims. These are accompanied by the Sapiens DigitalSuite, which offers strong analytics, data management and customer engagement capabilities. We believe this is a unique offering among software providers. Built for global and multi-national operations, our solutions are used in a variety of international regulatory, language and currency environments. And our digital suite is pre-integrated with our Sapiens core products.

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Innovative solutions with leading functionality and technology – Our platforms, suites and solutions are based on advanced, modern architectures that are specifically designed to satisfy our customers’ needs. These offerings are integrated, modular and component-based, and include scalable product suites supporting various lines of business. By using our solutions, carriers can support new sales channels, including mobile and social, reduce time to market for new product launches, and lower total cost of ownership. Additionally, we significantly invest in research and development to ensure that our products employ new technology, are compatible with the needs of our clients and are easy to use. As a result, our products maintain a leadership position, as recognized by top industry analysts – such as Celent, Gartner and Novarica – for their levels of technology and functionality.

One-stop-shop across products and services – In addition to our market-leading products across P&C and L&A, we possess consulting and implementation capabilities, which we use to customize our products and design the solution that best meets our customers’ requirements. We believe that our customers do business with us not only because of our leading products, but also due to our complementary service offerings, which enhance our products and enable clients to maximize the value derived from our solutions.

Additionally, Sapiens’ managed services proposition enables our customers to benefit from a long-term engagement model that helps them take care of their IT operational aspects and ongoing business support. We believe that this approach lowers the risks for our clients, as they transition to a new system, and at the same time provides them with the desired functionality. We consult with each of our customers to determine their specific needs and then enhance our core solution and customize the appropriate interfaces.

Strong, diverse and stable customer base – Sapiens currently serves more than 450 customers globally, including some of the world’s largest global insurance carriers and financial institutions. Our customer base is diversified across insurance providers of all types and sizes. We have been able to successfully maintain these customers due to our broad product portfolio geared toward addressing the needs of the various industries. In addition, our business decision management platform is applicable across the financial services industry, including a wide range of financial institutions, and offers an opportunity for further diversification in other markets. Such a diversified portfolio of products enables us to benefit further from cross- and up-sell opportunities to this large customer base. Geographically, we derived 47.1%, 44.4%, 4.6%, and 3.9% of our revenues from the North American, European, and Asia-Pacific regions, and from South Africa, respectively, in the year ended December 31, 2018, and 40.7%, 44.9%, 6.7% and 7.7% from these respective areas, in the year ended December 31, 2017.

Long-term relationships with customers – Our products are at the core of our customers’ businesses, which ensures that our customers continue to use and co-invest in our products, providing us with long-term relationships that result in revenue stability. Installing a new core system is a major undertaking for insurance carriers that involves extended pre-production work and entails a comprehensive integration and implementation effort that is offered as part of our services. Many of our customer relationships have been in place for more than 10 years and we have benefited from recurring revenues as customers request support, upgrades and enhancements for our systems. We successfully leverage these relationships in a mutually beneficial way, by marketing complementary solutions to our loyal customer base.

Global company –Sapiens’ 450 customers and 2,500 (approximately) employees are located in 25 countries around the world. We bave five major development, delivery and support centers in Israel, U.S., India, Poland and the UK. Sapiens’ “think global, act local” approach is based on having experts in close proximity to Sapiens customers, to establish and maintain strong relationships, and provide fast support when necessary

Proven management team – Sapiens’ management team has extensive experience in the insurance and financial services industries, and we have been able to achieve our business and development objectives to date. Management has also been successful in retaining key personnel from the companies we acquired, enabling us to benefit from their experience and knowledge of the acquired products and technology. Our management team possesses a variety of skills in product development, business development, sales, marketing, technology and finance, as well as a unique knowledge of the financial services industry. We have maximized contributions from our hard-working, talented and innovative employees.

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Our Strategy

Leveraging our offerings, geographic presence and experienced management team, our goal is to further expand our presence in the markets in which we operate and further enhance our leadership in the global market. Our growth strategy is solidly based on both existing and new customers, and will include mergers and acquisitions, when applicable, to accelerate our growth. We plan to achieve our goals by focusing on the following principles:

Continue to innovate and extend the leadership of our product offerings – We plan to continue to invest in research and development (R&D) to enhance our software platforms, as well as expand our business and technology partnerships, and to ensure our offerings remain leading products, in terms of functionality and technology. Sapiens believes our focus on innovation, combined with our industry expertise, will enable us to improve our existing offerings and allow us to produce new solutions for the benefit of our customers and partners.

Leverage our global footprint to offer our complete platform/solutions – Sapiens intends to broaden our existing offering of solutions to enhance our presence in the geographies in which we currently operate. In particular, we believe that there is considerable opportunity to grow sales of our P&C platforms in the United States, Canada and Europe. Additionally, we plan to market our current suite of solutions to previously untapped countries in Europe, to continue to generate revenue on existing products in new geographies. Sapiens also plans to expand the market reach of our business decision management platform into Europe and the Asia Pacific region.

Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) – Our M&A approach facilitates our growth strategy. We continually (but also prudently) seek to identify new growth markets to penetrate via acquisition of local offices and customer bases. In addition, we aim to enhance our product portfolio with complementary solutions that will help our customers excel. Sapiens believes that our acquisition of local customer bases and expertise will accelerate our market penetration in strategic regions. We continue to successfully leverage the acquisition of StoneRiver and Adaptik to strengthen our presence in North America, expand our product portfolio and accelerate our footprint in the North American P&C market.

Capture adjacencies and new opportunities – Insurance software vendor engagements with insurers are often long-term. To maximize the value of our current offerings and leverage our ongoing relationships with customers, Sapiens plan to feature and promote our digital suite and managed services proposition to enhance our presence in the insurance market. Additionally, we plan to focus on deeper penetration of the financial services market with our business decision management platform. Our business decision management platform can be used in a wide variety of organizations (particularly banking) to facilitate streamlined and efficient regulatory compliance.

Invest in sales and marketing – Sapiens plans to strengthen our sales and marketing teams by working with and training sales professionals with experience in the insurance industry, or with connections to new or existing customers. We continually try to expand market-awareness of our brand and solutions, including our recent total rebrand of our website and master brand architecture, and enter new markets and domains within the insurance technology space. We believe that the strength of our core solutions, the experience of our sales and marketing team, and our established and growing customer base create a significant opportunity to provide new and complementary solutions that address the ongoing needs of our customers.

Focus on our existing customer base – One of our strongest assets is our large and continuously-growing customer base and our long-term relationship with our customers. As we continuously grow our product portfolio, our value-added services, and our managed services proposition, Sapiens has a unique opportunity to enhance our footprint within our existing customers base via cross- and up-selling. By providing additional services and products, Sapiens can grow its presence with established customers. The company plans to strengthen its account management team and in 2018 we made a strategic decision to create a new team to evolve our previous customer support model from a “siloed-by-business” support approach to what is now a fully integrated customer success team that supports all Sapiens’ product lines. We recruited several key executives in 2018 and we will continue to expand this team throughout 2019.

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Competitive Landscape

Sapiens is focused on serving insurers. The market for core software solutions for the insurance industry is highly competitive and characterized by rapidly changing technologies, evolving industry standards and customer requirements, and frequent innovation. In addition, we offer a business decision management platform, mainly to financial services organizations.

Competitive Landscape for our Insurance Software Solutions

Our competitors in the insurance software solutions market differ from us based on size, geography and lines of business. Some of our competitors offer a full suite, while others offer only one module; some operate in specific (domestic) geographies, while others operate on a global basis. And delivery models vary, with some competitors keeping delivery in-house, using IT outsourcing (ITO), or business process outsourcing (BPO).

The insurance software solutions market is highly competitive and demanding. Maintaining a leading position is challenging, because it requires:

● Development of new core insurance solutions, which necessitates a heavy R&D investment and in-depth knowledge of complex insurance environments.

● Technology innovation to attract new customers, with rapid, technology-driven changes in the insurance business model and new propositions coming.

● A global presence and the ability to support global insurance operations.

● Ability to manage multiple partnerships, due to the changing landscape of insurers’ ecosystems.

● Extensive knowledge of regulatory requirements and how to fulfill them (they can be burdensome and require specific IT solutions).

● Continued support and development of the solutions entails a critical mass of customers that support an ongoing R&D investment.

● Know-how of insurance system requirements and an ability to bridge between new systems and legacy technologies.

● Enabling mission-critical operations that require experience, domain expertise and proven delivery capabilities to ensure success

The complex requirements of this market create a high barrier to entry for new players. As for existing players, these requirements have led to a marked increase in M&A transactions in the insurance software solutions sector, since small, local vendors have not been able to sustain growth without continuing to fund their R&D departments and following the globalization trend of their customers.

We believe Sapiens is well-positioned to leverage our modern solutions, customer base and global presence to compete in this market and meet its challenges. In addition, our accumulated experience and expert teams allow us to provide a comprehensive response to the IT challenges of this market.

Different types of competitors include:

● Global software providers with their own IP.

● Local/domestic software vendors with their own IP, operating in a designated geographic market and/or within a designated segment of the insurance industry.

● BPO providers who offer end-to-end outsourcing of insurance carriers business, including core software administration (although BPO providers want to buy comprehensive software platforms to serve as part of the BPO proposition from vendors and may seek to purchase our solutions for this purpose).

● Internal IT departments, who often prefer to develop solutions in-house.

● New insuretech companies with niche solutions.

We differentiate ourselves from our competitors via the following key factors:

● We offer innovative and modern software solutions, with rich functionality and advanced, intuitive user interfaces.

● Sapiens uses model-driven architecture that allows rapid deployment of the system, while reducing total cost of ownership.

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●	Our solutions are built using an architecture that allows customers to implement the full solution or components, and readily integrate the solution or individual components into their existing IT landscape.
●	Strong and global partnership program, with established IT players and new insuretech companies, to ensure linkage to innovative technologies and new business models, as well as ongoing work to embed innovation into Sapiens platforms.
●	We recognize technology trends and invest in adjusting our solutions to keep pace with today’s frenetic evolutions.
●	We are able to fund R&D investment and maintain the competitive advantage of our products, due to our large and growing customer base and financial stability.
●	Our delivery methodology is based on extensive insurance industry experience and cooperation with large insurance companies globally. Our track record over the past few years in developing a strong off-shore development center is also a significant parameter in differentiating our abilities in the services space.
	We leverage our proven track record of successful delivery to help our customers deploy our modern solutions, while integrating with their legacy environment (when that legacy environment must remain supported).

Competitive Landscape for Business Decision Management Solutions

Sapiens Decision is a pioneer in this disruptive market landscape. Since the introduction of our innovative approach to enterprise architecture to the market, we have identified only a small number of potential competitors.

We differentiate ourselves from our potential competitors through the following key factors:

● We believe that Sapiens Decision is the only solution (that is currently generally available and already in production) that offers a true separation of the business logic in a decision management system for large enterprises.

● Sapiens Decision is unique in its proven ability to support complex environments, with a full audit trail and governance that is crucial for large financial services organizations.

● We understand complex environments where Decision is deployed, due to our experience delivering complex, mission-critical solutions.

Geographical Scope of Our Operations

For a breakdown of the geographical regions in which our revenues are generated and the relative amounts of such revenues over the course of the last three fiscal years, please see: “Item 5 – Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Revenue by geographical region” below in this annual report.

Sales and Marketing

Our main sales channel is direct sales, with a small portion of partner sales. Our sales team is dispersed across our regional offices in North America, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Israel, Australia, India, Poland and the Nordics. The direct sales force is geared to large organizations within the insurance and financial services industry.

In 2018, we continued to significantly invest in our target regions – North America, the UK, Europe and South Africa – and in our sales, presales, domain experts and marketing teams. We anticipate that our sales team will leverage their proximity to customers and prospective clients to drive more business, and offer our services across our target markets.

Our account managers were focused on building ongoing relationships with existing customers during the past year, to maintain a high level of customer satisfaction and identify up-selling opportunities within these organizations. We believe that a high level of post-contract customer support is important to our continued success.

As part of our sales process, we typically sell a package that includes a license, implementation, customization and integration services, and training services. All of our clients for whom we have deployed our solutions elect to enter into an ongoing maintenance and support contract with us. We aim to expand our distribution model to include more channel partners and system integrators, but we intend to maintain the direct sales model as our prime distribution channel.

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We attend major industry trade shows to improve our visibility and our market recognition. Additionally, we host client conferences– such as our annual Sapiens Client Conference, which took place in North Atlanta, U.S. in September 2016; in Lisbon, Portugal in October 2017; and in San Antonio, Texas, U.S. in 2018. We continue investing in our web presence and digital marketing activities to generate leads and enhance our brand recognition. As previously mentioned, we invested in our rebranding that included a new website that was launched in 2018 through early 2019. Sapiens maintains a blog channel (“Sapiens Spotlight”) and we also invest in our working relationships and advisory services within the global industry-analyst community.

We work together with standards providers – such as ACORD and MISMO– to further enrich our offerings and provide our customers with comprehensive and innovative solutions that address the entire breadth of their business needs.

Intellectual Property

Sapiens relies on a combination of contractual provisions and intellectual property law to protect our proprietary technology. We believe that due to the dynamic nature of the insurance and software industries, factors such as the knowledge and experience of our management and personnel, the frequency of product enhancements and the timeliness and quality of our support services build upon the protection offered by copyrights.

We seek to protect the source code of our products as trade secret information and as unpublished copyright work, although in some cases, we agree to place our source code into escrow. We also rely on security and copy protection features in our proprietary software. We distribute our products under software license agreements that grant customers a personal, non-transferable license to use our products and contain terms and conditions prohibiting the unauthorized reproduction, reverse engineering or misuse of our products. In addition, we attempt to protect trade secrets and other proprietary information through agreements with employees, consultants and distributors.

Our trademark rights include rights associated with our use of our trademarks, and rights obtained by registration of our trademarks. Our use and registration of our trademarks do not ensure that we have superior rights to others that may have registered or used identical or related marks on related goods or services. We have registrations for the mark “Sapiens” in USA, Benelux, Germany, France, Italy Switzerland and Israel. In the past we have registered trademarks and tradenames for many of our products both in the US and in the European Union, and we intend to continue to do so going forward. The initial terms of protection for our registered trademarks range from 10-20 years and are renewable thereafter.

In the third quarter of 2014, we acquired Knowledge Partners International LLC, or KPI, and the assets of The Decision Model, or TDM, which included certain intellectual property rights, including a patent held by TDM and a patent application for The Event Model, or TEM. Both TDM and TEM relate to decision management methodology. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview— Sapiens Business Decision Management Solutions” for further information.

In the first quarter of 2017, we acquired StoneRiver. The acquisition of StoneRiver included the acquisition of about 25 registered trademarks and one issued patent.

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Regulatory Impact

The global financial services industry is subject to significant government regulations that are constantly changing. Financial services companies must comply with regulations, such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Solvency II, Retail Distribution Review (known as RDR) in the United Kingdom, the Dodd-Frank Act, the GDPR (enforceable as of May 25, 2018) and other directives regarding transparency. In addition, many individual countries have increased supervision over financial services operating in their market.

For example, regulators in Europe have been very active, motivated by past financial crises and the need for pension restructuring. Distribution of policies is being optimized with the increasing use of bank assurance (selling insurance through a bank’s established distribution channels), supermarkets and kiosks (insurance stands). Increased activity – such as that occurring in Europe – would generally tend to have a positive impact on the demand for our software solutions and services. Nevertheless, insurers are cautiously approaching spending increases, and while many companies have not taken proactive steps to replace their software solutions in recent years, many of them are now looking for innovative, modern replacements to meet the regulatory changes.

For further information, please see Item 5.D below, “Trend Information.”

C. Organizational Structure.

Sapiens International Corporation N.V., or Sapiens N.V., is the parent company of the Sapiens group of companies. Our significant subsidiaries are as follows (subsidiary companies of other Sapiens subsidiaries are listed in indented format beneath their respective parent companies below):

Sapiens International Corporation B.V., or Sapiens B.V.: incorporated in the Netherlands and 100% owned by Sapiens N.V.

Unless otherwise indicated, the other subsidiaries of Sapiens listed below are 100% owned by Sapiens B.V.:

Sapiens Israel Software Systems Ltd.: incorporated in Israel
Sapiens North America Inc.: incorporated in Ontario, Canada

Sapiens (UK) Limited: incorporated in England
Sapiens France S.A.S.: incorporated in France
Sapiens Japan Co.: incorporated in Japan and 90% owned by Sapiens B.V.

Sapiens Americas Corporation: incorporated in New York, U.S. (this entity includes the operations of each of the following former wholly-owned subsidiaries of Sapiens Americas Corporation, which were merged into it effective as of January 1, 2019: Maximum Processing Inc., 4Sight Business Intelligence Inc., StoneRiver, Inc. and Adaptik Corporation)

Sapiens Technologies (1982) Ltd.: incorporated in Israel

Sapiens Deutschland GmbH: incorporated in Germany (owned 100% by Sapiens Technologies (1982) Ltd.)

Sapiens Deutschland Consulting GmbH & Co. KG: incorporated in Germany (owned 100% by Sapiens Deutschland GmbH and Sapiens B.V.)

Sapiens Software Solutions (IDIT) Ltd., or Sapiens IDIT: incorporated in Israel (owned 100% by Sapiens Technologies (1982) Ltd.)

IDIT Europe: incorporated in Belgium (owned 100% by Sapiens IDIT)

Sapiens (Singapore) Insurance Solution Pte Ltd..: incorporated in Singapore (owned 100% by Sapiens IDIT)

Sapiens Software Solutions (Life and Pension) Ltd., or Sapiens L&P: incorporated in Israel (owned 100% by Sapiens Technologies (1982) Ltd.)

Neuralmatic Ltd.: incorporated in Israel (owned 66% by Sapiens L&P)

Sapiens NA Insurance Solutions Inc.: incorporated in Delaware, US (owned 100% by Sapiens L&P)

Sapiens (UK) Insurance Software Solutions Limited: incorporated in the UK (owned 100% by Sapiens L&P))

Formula Insurance Solutions France (F.I.S France): incorporated in France (owned 100% by Sapiens (UK) Insurance Software Solutions Limited)

Sapiens Software Solutions (Australia) PTY. Ltd.(Former FIS- AU Pty Limited: incorporated in Australia (owned 100% by Sapiens (UK) Insurance Software Solutions Limited)

Sapiens Software Solutions Denmark ApS: incorporated in Denmark (owned 100% by Sapiens (UK) Insurance Software Solutions Limited)

Sapiens SA (PTY) Ltd.: incorporated in South Africa (owned 100% by Sapiens (UK) Insurance Software Solutions Limited)

Sapiens Software Solutions (Norway) AS ): incorporated in Norway (owned 100% by Sapiens (UK) Insurance Software Solutions Limited)

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Sapiens Software Solutions (Decision) Ltd., or Sapiens Decision (owned 92.89%by Sapiens Technologies (1982) Ltd.)

Sapiens (UK) Decision Limited (owned 100% by Sapiens Decision)

Sapiens Decision NA Inc. (owned 100% by Sapiens Decision)

Knowledge Partners International LLC, or KPI (owned 100% by Sapiens Decision NA Inc.)

Sapiens Technologies (1982) India Private Limited (formerly Ibexi Solutions Private Limited): incorporated in India (owned 98.12% by Sapiens Technologies (1982) Ltd.)

Sapiens Software Solutions (Singapore) PTE. LTD (formerly Ibexi Solutions Pte Limited): incorporated in Singapore (owned 100% by Sapiens Software Solutions (India) Private Limited)

Sapiens Software Solutions (Poland) Sp. z o.o. (formerly Insseco Sp. z o.o.): incorporated in Poland (owned 100% by Sapiens Technologies (1982) Ltd.)

Sapiens Software Solutions Istanbul YAZILIM HİZMETLERİ İÇ VE DIŞ TİCARET ANONİM ŞİRKETİ: incorporated in Turkey (owned 100% by Sapiens Technologies (1982) Ltd.)

LLC Sapiens Software Solutions (Latvia) (formerly KnowledgePrice.com): incorporated in Latvia (owned 100% by Sapiens Technologies (1982) Ltd.)

We are a member of the Formula Systems (1985) Ltd., or Formula, Group (NASDAQ: FORTY and TASE: FORT). Formula is a holding and managing company of (currently) three publicly traded companies that provide IT solutions worldwide, developing and implementing innovative, proprietary software, services and solutions, turnkey projects and outsourcing services, as well as software distribution and support. In addition, Formula holds interests in several private companies, including a software solution company, an IT staffing company and a company that provides various command and control, intelligence and knowledge management and other systems and solutions.

Based on information provided to the Company by Formula, Formula held 24,029,094 of our Common Shares, or approximately 48.1% of our outstanding Common Shares as of March 1, 2018. As of March 1, 2018, Asseco held 26.3% of the outstanding share capital of Formula. In addition, on October 4, 2017 Asseco entered into a shareholders agreement with our Chairman of the Board, under which agreement Asseco has been granted an irrecoverable proxy to vote an additional 1,971,973 ordinary shares of Formula, thereby effectively giving Asseco beneficial ownership (voting power) over an aggregate of 39.7% of Formula’s outstanding ordinary shares. [

Based on the foregoing beneficial ownership by each of Formula and Asseco, each of Formula and Asseco may be deemed to directly or indirectly (as appropriate) control us.

D. Property, Plants and Equipment.

We lease office space, constituting our primary office locations, in the following countries: Israel, the United States, India, Poland, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Latvia, China, Canada and Denmark. The lease terms for the spaces that we currently occupy are generally five to eleven years. Based on our current occupancy, we lease (except for owned real property indicated below) the following amount of office space in the following locations, which constitute our primary locations:

● Israel – approximately 128,419 square feet;

● United States – approximately 87,229 square feet*;

● India – approximately 82,157 square feet;

● Poland – approximately 34,536 square feet;

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● South Africa – approximately 42,269 square feet;

● United Kingdom – approximately 21,326 square feet;

● Latvia – approximately 8,548 square feet;

● China – approximately 2,860 square feet;

● Canada – approximately 1,407 square feet; and

● Denmark – approximately 237 square feet.

* 10,243 square feet of such office space in the United States constitutes owned real property.

Our Israeli offices house our corporate headquarters, as well as our core delivery research and development activities. As of December 31, 2018, the lease at our Israeli facility is for a term of in excess of four remaining years, and we have an option to extend the term for an additional five years. In 2018, our rental costs totaled $7.2 million, in the aggregate, for all of our leased offices. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate for our current needs.

Item 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere herein. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under Item 3.D “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in the Introduction to this annual report, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a leading global provider of software solutions for the insurance industry, with an emerging focus on the broader financial services sector. We offer core software solutions for Life, Pension & Annuities (L&A) and Property & Casualty/General Insurance (P&C) providers, allowing them to manage policy administration, claims management and billing functions. In addition, we offer a variety of other technology-based solutions that enable organizations to deploy business logic and comply with policies and regulations across their organizations. Our solutions enable customers to respond to evolving market needs and regulatory changes, while improving the efficiency of their core operations, thereby increasing revenues and reducing costs. We also generate revenues from technology products, Decision and e-Merge from insurance and non-insurance industries.

We derive our revenues principally from the sale, implementation, maintenance and support of our solutions and from providing consulting and other services related to our products. Revenues are comprised primarily of revenues from services, including systems integration and implementation and product maintenance and support, and from licenses of our products.

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A. Operating Results.

Results of Operations

The following tables set forth certain data from our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, as well as such data as a percentage of our revenues for those years. The data has been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report. The operating results for the below years should not be considered indicative of results for any future period. This information should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this annual report. 

Statement of Income Data

(U.S. dollars, in thousands, except share and per share data)

	For the year ended December 31,
		2016			2017			2018
Revenues	$	216,190		$	269,194		$	289,707
Cost of revenues		130,402			175,678			180,138
Gross profit		85,788			93,516			109,569
Operating expenses:
Research and development		16,488			31,955			34,414
Selling, marketing, general and administrative		44,460			60,559			52,133
Total operating expenses		60,948			92,514			86,547
Operating income		24,840			1,002			23,022
Financial income (expense), net		533			(3,010	)		(3,991	)
Income (loss) before tax benefit (taxes on income)		25,373			(2,008			19,031
Tax benefit (taxes on income)		(5,772	)		2,564			(5,031	)
Net income		19,601			556			14,000
Attributed to non-controlling interests		(43	)		(189	)		215
Attributed to redeemable non-controlling interest		(135	)		43			-
Adjustment to redeemable non-controlling interest		443			350			-
Net income attributable to Sapiens’ shareholders	$	19,336		$	352		$	13,785

Statement of Income Data
(as a Percentage of Revenues)
	For the year ended December 31,
	2016			2017			2018
Revenues		100	%		100	%		100	%
Cost of revenues		60.3	%		65.3	%		62.2	%
Gross profit		39.7	%		34.7	%		37.8	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development		7.6	%		11.9	%		11.9	%
Selling, marketing, general and administrative		20.6	%		22.5	%		18	%
Total operating expenses		28.2	%		34.4	%		29.9	%
Operating income		11.5	%		0.4	%		7.9	%
Financial income (expense), net		0.2	%		1.1	%		1.4	%
Income before tax benefit (taxes on income)		11.7	%		0.7	%		6.6	%
Tax benefit (taxes on income)		2.7	%		1.0	%		1.7	%
Net income		9.0	%		0.2	%		4.8	%
Attributed to non-controlling interests		0.0	%		0.1	%		0.1	%
Attributed to redeemable non-controlling interest		0.0	%		0.0	%		0.0	%
Adjustment to redeemable non-controlling interest		0.1	%		0.1	%		0.0	%
Net income attributable to Sapiens’ shareholders		8.9	%		0.1	%		4.8	%

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Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018

Revenues

Please refer to “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” below in this Item 5.A for a description of our accounting policies related to revenue recognition.

Our overall revenues increased by $20.5 million, or 7.6%, to $289.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $269.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as shown in the table below:

	Year ended December 31, 2017		Year-over- year change			Year ended December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	$	269,194		7.6	%	$	289,707

Revenues are derived primarily from implementation of our solutions and post-implementation services such as ongoing support and maintenance and professional services as part of an overall solution that we offer to our customers. The net increase in revenues of approximately $20.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 was attributable to additional revenues from acquired entities, which contributed $32.9 million towards that increase, primarily from the acquisition of Knowledgeprice, which was completed on December 31, 2017, the acquisition of Adaptik, which was completed in March 2018, and the inclusion of StoneRiver’s revenues for the first two months of 2018, since StoneRiver was consolidated starting March 1, 2017. The increase is partially offset by decreases in revenues in an aggregate amount of $17.8 million due to a material reduction in services ordered by a customer in South Africa, and to our downsizing of our non-insurance and financial services activities in Japan, which started in 2017 and continued into 2018.

Revenues by geographical region

The dollar amount and percentage of our revenues attributable to each of the geographical regions in which we conduct our operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively, as well as the percentage change between such periods, were as follows:

	Year ended December 31, 2017					Year-over-			Year ended December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)	Revenues		Percentage			year change			Revenues		Percentage
Geographical region
North America*	$	109,560		40.7	%		24.6	%		136,477		47.1	%
Europe**		120,926		44.9	%		6.3	%		128,513		44.4	%
Asia Pacific		18,059		6.7	%		(26.0	)%		13,371		4.6	%
South Africa		20,649		7.7	%		(45.1	)%		11,346		3.9	%
Total	$	269,194		100	%		7.6	%		289,707		100	%

* Revenue amounts for North America that are shown in the above table consist of revenues from the United States, plus approximately $1.1 million and $0.7 million of revenues generated in Canada in the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

** Revenue amounts for Europe that are shown in the above table include revenues from the UK, the rest of Europe and Israel.

Our revenues in North America increased by $26.9 million, or 24.6%, to $136.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 from $109.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. That increase was comprised primarily of an increase of $28.9 million in revenues from newly-acquired entities.

Our revenues in Europe increased by $7.6 million, or 6.2%, to $128.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 from $120.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase was primarily attributable to revenues from a newly acquired entity, KnowledgePrice, which was acquired in December 2017.

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Our revenues in Asia Pacific, or APAC, decreased by $4.7 million, or 26 %, to $13.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 from $18.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to our downsizing of non-insurance and financial services activities in Japan which started in 2017 and continued into 2018.

Our revenues in South Africa decreased by $9.3 million, or 45%, to $11.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 from $20.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. That decrease was primarily attributable to a material reduction in services ordered by a customer in South Africa in 2018.

Effective as of January 1, 2018, we implement the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). ASC 606 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition” (“ASC 605”)

The initial application of ASC 606 had no material impact on our revenues recognized during 2018.

Cost of Revenues

Our cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively (both in absolute terms and as a percentage of our overall revenues), as well as the percentage change between those years, are provided in the below table:

($ in thousands)	Year ended December 31, 2017			Year-over- year change			Year ended December 31, 2018
Cost of revenues	$	175,678			2.5	%	$	180,138
Cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues		65.3	%					62.2	%

Cost of revenue consists primarily of costs associated with providing services to customers, including compensation expense to employees and subcontractors, travel expenses, as well as amortization of acquired technologies and depreciation. Our cost of revenues increased by $4.5 million, or 2.5%, to $180.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $175.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in absolute cost of revenues of $4.5 million was primarily attributable to an increase in cost of revenues of acquired companies (i.e., those acquired in 2017 and 2018) totaling $17.7 million, offset mainly by a decrease due to our cost reduction program, which was implemented in 2017 in the United States, Israel and the UK (and which reduced cost of revenue in 2018), in addition to an increase in our offshore operations, which also reduced cost of revenues in 2018. Cost of revenues decreased as a percentage of our revenues during the year ended December 31, 2018, to 62.2%, as compared to 65.3% during the year ended December 31, 2017. The 3.1% decrease in the cost of revenues as a percentage of our revenues was primarily attributable to the above-described cost reduction program and increase in offshore activities, which further contributed to our cost efficiency.

Gross profit

Our gross profit for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively (both in absolute terms and as a percentage of our overall revenues), as well as the percentage change between those periods, are provided in the below table:

($ in thousands)	Year ended December 31, 2017			Year over- year change			Year ended December 31, 2018
Gross profit	$	93,516			17.2	%	$	109,569
Gross profit as a percentage of revenues		34.7	%					37.8	%

Our gross profit increased by $16.0 million, or 17.2%, to $109.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to $93.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to the absolute increase in our revenues by $20.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 2017, as well as an increase in gross margin by 3.1% from 2017 to 2018 that mainly was attributable to our cost reduction program, as well as the increase in our offshore activities in 2018. The increase in gross profit as a percentage of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 was due to the factors described above.

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Operating expenses

The amount of each category of operating expense for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively, as well as the percentage change in each such expense category between such periods, and the percentage of our revenues constituted by our total operating expenses in each such period, is provided in the below table:

($ in thousands)	Year ended December 31, 2017			Year-over- year change			Year ended December 31, 2018
Research and development, net	$	31,955			7.7	%	$	34,414
Selling, marketing, general and administrative		60,559			(13.9	)%		52,133
Total operating expenses	$	92,514			6.4	%	$	86,547
Percentage of total revenues		34.4	%					29.9	%

Research and development expense is primarily comprised of compensation expense to employees and subcontractors, net of capitalization of software development costs. Our gross research and development expenses (before capitalization of eligible software development costs) for the year ended December 31, 2018 totaled $39.6 million compared to $37.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2017. Such increase of 5.5% was attributable to the R&D investments in our newly acquired entities, mainly Adaptik. Additionally, our R&D expenses during 2018 included a full-year of StoneRiver’s results, instead of only 10 months following the acquisition of StoneRiver on March 1, 2017. The increase was offset in part by a reduction in R&D investments in existing products, including StoneRiver’s products. Capitalization of software development costs accounted for $5.2 million of our research and development expenses, net for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $5.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2017, constituting an insignificant change from 2017 to 2018.

Selling, marketing, general and administrative, or SG&A, expenses, which are primarily comprised of compensation expense to employees and subcontractors, were $52.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to $60.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2017, representing a decrease of $8.4 million. The decrease was primarily reflective of the non-recurring SG&A expense recognized in the second and fourth quarters of 2017 in an amount of $8.1 million due to cost reduction and reorganization plans, which expense was not repeated in 2018. The aforementioned second phase of our cost reduction and reorganization plan further contributed to our reduction in 2018 SG&A expenses on a full-year basis. Those reductions in SG&A were offset in part by an increase in SG&A in an amount of $6.8 million attributable to newly acquired entities. As a percentage of total revenues, our SG&A decreased from 22.5% in the year ended December 31, 2017, to 18.0% for the year ended December 31, 2018, primarily due to the cost reduction and reorganization program detailed above.

Operating income

Operating income and operating income as a percentage of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively, as well as the percentage change in operating income between such periods, were as follows:

($ in thousands)	Year ended December 31, 2017			Year-over- year change			Year ended December 31, 2018
Operating income	$	1,002			2,197.6	%	$	23,022
Percentage of total revenues		0.4	%					7.94	%

The increase in our operating income during the year ended December 31, 2018 relative to the year ended December 31, 2017 as an absolute amount, and the increase in operating income as a percentage of our revenues, as reflected in the above table, were attributable to the various gross profit and SG&A expenses trends described above, most significantly the cost reduction and reorganization plans implemented in 2017, which contributed to our profitability in 2018, and the increase in our offshore activities in 2018, which enhanced our improved gross margin.

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Financial expense, net

The amount of our financial income, net, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively, and the percentage of our revenues for those respective periods constituted by such amounts, as well as the percentage change in such amounts between such periods, were as follows:

($ in thousands)	Year ended December 31, 2017			Year-over- year change			Year ended December 31, 2018
Financial expense, net	$	3,010			32.6	%	$	3,991
Percentage of total revenues		1.1	%					1.4	%

Financial expense, net, was $4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to financial expense of $3.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2017.

The increase in financial expenses in 2018 was primarily related to interest expenses on our outstanding debentures, which we initially issued and sold in September 2017 and which were outstanding throughout 2018 and which contributed towards the increase in financial expenses in an amount of $2 million in 2018, offset, in part, by a decrease in financial expenses due to the repayment in 2017 of a long-term loan that was outstanding for a six-month period during 2017, and which contributed $0.7 million towards financial expenses in 2017.

Taxes on income (tax benefit)

Taxes on income, both as a dollar value and as a percentage of income before taxes on income, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively, as well as the percentage change in the amount of taxes on income between such periods, were as follows:

($ in thousands)	Year ended December 31, 2017			Year-over- year change			Year ended December 31, 2018
Taxes on income (tax benefit)	$	(2,564	)		296.3	%	$	5,031
As a percentage of income before taxes on income		(127.7	)%					26.4	%

In 2018, we recognized a net tax expense of $5.0 million resulting from our higher taxable income compared to 2017. In 2017, we had an income tax benefit which amounted to $2.6 million,. The tax benefit in 2017 was primarily attributable to the one-time effect of $3.8 million of tax benefit resulting from the remeasurement of our deferred tax liability in respect of our US subsidiaries due to a decrease in the federal corporate income tax rate following the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in the United States in December 2017.

Our effective income tax rate varies from period to period as a result of the various jurisdictions in which we operate, as each jurisdiction has its own system of taxation (not only with respect to the nominal rate, but also with respect to the allowance of deductions, credits and other benefits). We record a valuation allowance if we believe that it is more likely than not that the deferred income taxes regarding the loss carry forwards and other temporary differences, on which a valuation allowance has been provided, will not be realized in the foreseeable future. We do not recognize certain of the deferred tax assets relating to the net operating losses of certain of our subsidiaries worldwide due to the uncertainty of the realization of such tax benefits in the foreseeable future.

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Net income attributable to Sapiens shareholders

The amount of net income attributable to Sapiens shareholders and such amount as a percentage of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively, as well as the percentage change in net income attributable to Sapiens shareholders between such periods, were as follows:

($ in thousands)	Year ended December 31, 2017			Year-over- year change			Year ended December 31, 2018
Net income attributable to Sapiens shareholders	$	352			3,816.2	%	$	13,785
Percentage of total revenues		0.1	%					4.8	%

As a percentage of total revenues, our net income attributable to Sapiens shareholders increased from 0.1% in the year ended December 31, 2017 to 4.8% for the year ended December 31, 2018, reflecting the cumulative effect of all of the above-described line items from our statements of income.

Cost reduction and reorganization program implemented in 2017

Following the acquisition of StoneRiver, the cancellation of the project development process with a significant customer and downsizing of our non-insurance and financial services activities in Japan in 2017, we implemented a cost reduction and reorganization plan in the second and fourth quarters of 2017. The plan was intended to significantly reduce our cost base, restructure and realign our organization for better agility and productivity in utilization of our global workforce and improve our business performance, profitability and cash flow generation, We incurred $8.1 million of cost reduction and reorganization program expenses in 2017 primarily related to costs of employee terminations and reduction in lease facilities globally.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements required us to make estimations and judgments that affect the reporting amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities within the reporting period. We have based our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making judgments about the values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. More detailed descriptions of these policies are provided in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included under Item 18 of this annual report.

We believe that the following critical accounting policies affect the estimates and judgments that we made in preparing our consolidated financial statements:

● Revenue Recognition

● Marketable Securities

● Business Combinations

● Goodwill, long lived assets and other identifiable intangible assets

● Taxes on Income

Revenue Recognition

Effective as of January 1, 2018, we implement the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). See Note 16 to our financial statements included in this annual report for further disclosures required under ASC 606.

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Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to the customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services.

We determine revenue recognition through the following steps:

● identification of the contract with a customer;

● identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

● determination of the transaction price;

● allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

● recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

Most of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately, if they are distinct.

On most occasions, the Company generates revenues from sales of software licenses which include significant implementation services. Such software licenses and implementation services are not considered distinct performance obligations, and are accounted for as combined performance obligations. In addition, the Company generates revenues from post implementation consulting services and maintenance services.

Revenues from contracts (either fixed price or Time and Materials (T&M)) that involve significant implementation, customization, or integration of the Company’s software license to customer-specific requirements are performance obligations that are satisfied over time. The underlying deliverable is owned and controlled by the customer, and does not create an asset with an alternative use to the Company. In addition, the entity has enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue on such contracts over time, using the percentage of completion accounting method. The Company recognizes revenue and gross profit as the work is performed, based on a ratio between actual costs incurred compared to the total estimated costs for the contract. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made during the period in which such losses become probable, in the amount of the estimated loss on the entire contract.

When post implementation and consulting services do not involve significant customization, the Company accounts for such services as performance obligations satisfied over time, and revenues are recognized as the services are provided.

When the Company enters into a contract for the sale of software license which does not require significant implementation services, and the customer receives the rights to use the perpetual or term-based software license, the Company recognizes revenue from the sale of the software license at the time of delivery, when the customer receives control of the software license. The software license is considered a distinct performance obligation, as the customer can benefit from the software on its own.

The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. Standalone selling prices of software license are estimated using the residual approach, due to the lack of selling software licenses on a standalone basis, or the fact Company sells the license to different customers for a broad range of amounts. Standalone selling prices of services are determined by considering several external and internal factors including, but not limited to, transactions where the specific performance obligation is sold separately.

In addition to software license fees, contracts with customers may contain an agreement to provide for maintenance services. The Company considers the maintenance performance obligation as a distinct performance obligation that is satisfied over time, and recognized on a straight-line basis over the contractual period.

Sales commissions are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. Sales commissions paid for initial contracts, which are not commensurate with sales commissions paid for renewal contracts, are capitalized and amortized over an expected period of benefit. Sales commissions on initial contracts, which are commensurate with sales commissions paid for renewal contracts, are capitalized and then amortized correspondingly to the recognized revenue of the related initial contracts. Sales commissions for renewal contracts are capitalized and then amortized on a straight line basis over the related contractual renewal period. If the expected amortization period is one-year or less, the commission fee is expensed as incurred. Amortization expense related to these costs are included in sales and marketing expenses.

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Marketable Securities

We account for all our investments in debt securities in accordance with ASC 320, “Investments - Debt and Equity Securities”. We classify all debt securities as “available-for-sale”. All of our investments in available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are comprised of the difference between fair value and the amortized cost of such securities and are recognized, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization together with interest on securities is included in “financial income, net”.

We recognize an impairment charge when a decline in the fair value of our investments in debt securities below the cost basis of such securities is judged to be other-than-temporary. Factors considered in making such a determination include the duration and severity of the impairment, the reason for the decline in value, the potential recovery period and our intent to sell, including whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the investment before recovery of cost basis. For securities that are deemed other-than-temporarily impaired, the amount of impairment is recognized in “net gain on sale of marketable securities previously impaired” in the statements of income and is limited to the amount related to credit losses, while impairment related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Business Combinations

According to ASC 805 “Business Combination” we are required to allocate the purchase price of acquired companies to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. In allocating the purchase price of acquired companies to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we developed the required assumptions underlying the valuation work. Critical estimates in developing such assumptions underlying the valuing of certain of the intangible assets include but are not limited to: future expected cash flows from customer contracts, acquired developed technologies and discount rates. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, utilizing a market participant approach, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. Assumptions may be incomplete or inaccurate, and unanticipated events and circumstances may occur. We were assisted by third party valuators in applying the required economic models (such as income approach), in order to estimate the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in our business combination transactions.

Goodwill, long lived assets and other identifiable intangible assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price in a business combination over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Under ASC 350,” Intangibles - Goodwill and Other”, goodwill is subject to an annual impairment test or more frequently if impairment indicators are present. Goodwill impairment is deemed to exist if the net book value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. The company operates in a total of four reporting units: Emerge, L&A, Decision and P&C.

We applied the provisions of ASC 350 for our annual impairment test. Under the provisions, an entity has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the qualitative assessment does not result in a more likely than not indication of impairment, no further impairment testing is required.

Based on our annual impairment test during the fourth quarter of each of 2016, 2017 and 2018 , no impairment to our goodwill was required.

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Nevertheless, it is possible that our determination that goodwill for a reporting unit is not impaired could change in the future if current economic conditions deteriorate or remain difficult for an extended period of time. We continue to monitor the relationship between our market capitalization and book value, as well as the ability of our reporting units to deliver current and income and cash flows sufficient to support the book values of the net assets of their respective businesses.

As of December 31, 2018, we had a total of $231.3 million of goodwill and intangible assets, of which $22.4 million were attributable to capitalized software development costs, and the remainder of which were acquired as part of our prior acquisitions.

In accordance with ASC 360, “Property, Plant and Equipment”, or ASC 360, our long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. In measuring the recoverability of assets, we are required to make estimates and judgments in assessing our forecast and cash flows and compare that with the carrying amount of the assets. Additional significant estimates used by management in the methodologies used to assess the recoverability of our long-lived assets include estimates of future cash-flows, future short-term and long-term growth rates, market acceptance of products and services, and other judgmental assumptions, which are also affected by factors detailed in our Risk Factors section in this annual report (see “Item 3.D. Key Information – Risk Factors”). If these estimates or the related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record impairment charges for our long-lived assets.

We evaluate our intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable, in accordance with ASC 360 (as described above). In evaluating potential impairment of these assets, we specifically consider whether any indicators of impairment are present, including, but not limited to whether there:

● has been a significant adverse change in the business climate that affects the value of an asset;

● has been a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used; and/or

● is an expectation that the asset will be sold or disposed of before the end of its originally estimated useful life.

If indicators of impairment are present, we compare the estimated undiscounted cash flows that the specific asset is expected to generate to its carrying value. These estimates involve significant subjectivity. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value.

Our policy for capitalized software costs determines the timing of our recognition of certain development costs. Software development costs incurred from the point of reaching technological feasibility until the time of general product release are capitalized. We define technological feasibility as the completion of a detailed program design. The determination of technological feasibility requires the exercise of judgment by our management. Since we sell our products in a market that is subject to rapid technological changes, new product development and changing customer needs, changes in circumstances and estimations may significantly affect the timing and the amounts of software development costs capitalized and thus our financial condition and results of operations.

Capitalized software development costs are amortized commencing with general product release by the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the software product (primarily seven years). We assess the recoverability of this intangible asset on a regular basis by determining whether the amortization of the asset over its remaining life can be recovered through undiscounted future operating cash flows from the specific software product sold.

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Taxes on Income

We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740 “Income Taxes”, or ASC 740. ASC 740 prescribes the use of the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liability account balances are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Future realization of our deferred tax assets ultimately depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income within the available carryback or carryforward periods. Sources of taxable income include future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, future taxable income, taxable income in prior carryback years and tax planning strategies. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to an amount we believe is more likely than not to be realized. Changes in our valuation allowance impact income tax expense in the period of adjustment. Our deferred tax valuation allowances require significant judgment and uncertainties, including assumptions about future taxable income that are based on historical and projected information.

ASC 740 addresses the determination of whether tax benefits claimed or expected to be claimed on a tax return should be recorded in the financial statements. Under ASC 740, a company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. We assess our income tax positions and record tax benefits based upon management’s evaluation of the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will be sustained, we record the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority having full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit is recognized in the financial statements. We classify liabilities for uncertain tax positions as non-current liabilities unless the uncertainty is expected to be resolved within one year. We classify interest as financial expenses and penalties as selling, marketing, general and administration expenses.

As a global company, we use significant judgment to calculate and provide for income taxes in each of the tax jurisdictions in which we operate. In the ordinary course of our business, there are transactions and calculations undertaken whose ultimate tax outcome cannot be certain. Some of these uncertainties arise as a consequence of transfer pricing for transactions with our subsidiaries and tax credit estimates. In addition, the calculation of acquired tax attributes and the associated limitations are complex and although our income tax reserves are based on our best knowledge, we may be subject to unexpected audits by tax authorities in the various countries where we have subsidiaries, which may result in material adjustments to the reserves established in our consolidated financial statements and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. We estimate our exposure to unfavorable outcomes related to these uncertainties and estimate the probability for such outcomes.

Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome will not be different from what is reflected in our historical income tax provisions, returns, and accruals. Such differences, or changes in estimates relating to potential differences, could have a material impact on our income tax provision and operating results in the period in which such a determination is made.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For a description of our recently issued and recently adopted accounting pronouncements, see Note’s 2(v) and 2(w) to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this annual report.

Impact of Tax Policies and Programs on our Operating Results

Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs

Tax regulations have a material impact on our business, particularly in Israel where we have our headquarters and due to our election to be treated as an Israeli resident corporation for tax purposes. The following summary describes the current tax structure applicable to companies in Israel, with special reference to its effect on us.

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General Corporate Tax Structure

Generally, Israeli companies are subject to corporate tax on their taxable income. In 2017 the corporate tax rate was 24% and as of 2018 the corporate tax rate is 23%. However, the effective tax rate payable by a company that derives income from an AE, BE, PFE or a PTE, in each case, as defined and further discussed below, may be considerably lower. See “Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments” in this Item 5.A below. In addition, Israeli companies are currently subject to regular corporate tax rate on their capital gains.

Besides being subject to the general corporate tax rules in Israel, certain of our Israeli subsidiaries have also, from time to time, applied for and received certain grants and tax benefits from, and participate in, programs sponsored by the Government of Israel, as described below.

Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969

The Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 5729-1969, or the Industry Encouragement Law, provides several tax benefits for an “Industrial Company”. Pursuant to the Industry Encouragement Law, a company qualifies as an Industrial Company if it is an Israeli resident company which was incorporated in Israel and at least 90% of its income in any tax year (other than income from certain government loans) is generated from an “Industrial Enterprise” that it owns and located in Israel. An “Industrial Enterprise” is defined as an enterprise whose major activity, in any given tax year, is industrial production.

An Industrial Company is entitled to certain tax benefits, including:

● Deduction of the cost of the purchases of patents, or the right to use a patent or know-how or certain other intangible property rights (other than goodwill) that were purchased in good faith and are used for the development or promotion of the Industrial Enterprise, over an eight year period commencing on the year in which such rights were first exercised;

● The right to elect, under certain conditions, to file a consolidated tax return together with Israeli Industrial Companies controlled by it; and

● Expenses related to a public offering are deductible in equal amounts over three years beginning from the year of the offering.

Eligibility for benefits under the Industry Encouragement Law is not subject to receipt of prior approval from any governmental authority.

We believe that certain of our Israeli subsidiaries currently qualify as Industrial Companies within the definition under the Industry Encouragement Law. We cannot assure you that we will continue to qualify as Industrial Companies or that the benefits described above will be available in the future.

Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959

The Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959, or the Investment Law, provides certain incentives for capital investments in a production facility (or other eligible assets). Generally, an investment program that is implemented in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law, referred to an Approved Enterprise, or AE, a Benefited Enterprise, or BE, a Preferred Enterprise, or PFE, or a Preferred Technological Enterprise, or PTE, is entitled to benefits as discussed below. These benefits may include cash grants from the Israeli government and tax benefits, based upon, among other things, the geographic location in Israel of the facility in which the investment is made. In order to qualify for these incentives, an AE, BE, PFE or PTE is required to comply with the requirements of the Investment Law.

The Investment Law has been amended several times over the recent years, with the three most significant changes effective as of April 1, 2005 (referred to as the 2005 Amendment), as of January 1, 2011 (referred to as the 2011 Amendment) and as of January 1, 2017 (referred to as the 2017 Amendment). Pursuant to the 2005 Amendment, tax benefits granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law prior to its revision by the 2005 Amendment remain in force but any benefits granted subsequently are subject to the provisions of the amended Investment Law. Similarly, the 2011 Amendment introduced new benefits instead of the benefits granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law prior to the 2011 Amendment. However, companies entitled to benefits under the Investment Law as in effect up to January 1, 2011 were entitled to choose to continue to enjoy such benefits, provided that certain conditions are met, or elect instead, irrevocably, to forego such benefits and elect the benefits of the 2011 Amendment. The 2017 Amendment introduced new benefits for Technological Enterprises, alongside the existing tax benefits.

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Tax benefits for AEs approved before April 1, 2005

Under the Investment Law prior to the 2005 Amendment, a company that wished to receive benefits on its investment program that is implemented in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law (referred to as an AE), had to receive an approval from the Israeli Authority for Investments and Development of the Industry and Economy (referred to as the Investment Center). Each certificate of approval for an AE relates to a specific investment program, delineated both by the financial scope of the investment, including sources of funds, and by the physical characteristics of the facility or other assets— e.g., the equipment to be purchased and utilized pursuant to the program.

An AE may elect to forego any entitlement to the cash grants otherwise available under the Investment Law and, instead, participate in an alternative benefits program. Under the alternative benefits program, a company’s undistributed income derived from an AE will be exempt from corporate tax for a period of between two (2) and ten (10) years from the first year of taxable income, depending on the geographic location within Israel of the AE, and a reduced corporate tax rate of between 10% to 25% for the remainder of the benefits period, depending on the level of foreign investment in the company in each year, as detailed below. The benefits period under AE status is limited to 12 years from the year in which the production commenced (as determined by the Investment Center), or 14 years from the year of receipt of the approval as an AE, whichever ends earlier. If a company has more than one AE program or if only a portion of its capital investments are approved, its effective tax rate is the result of a weighted combination of the applicable rates. The tax benefits available under any certificate of approval relate only to taxable income attributable to the specific program and are contingent upon meeting the criteria set out in the certificate of approval. Income derived from activity that is not integral to the activity of the AE will not enjoy tax benefits.

A company that has an AE program is eligible for further tax benefits, if it qualifies as a Foreign Investors’ Company, or FIC. An FIC eligible for benefits is essentially a company with a level of foreign investment, as defined in the Investment Law, of more than 25%. The level of foreign investment is measured as the percentage of rights in the company (in terms of shares, rights to profits, voting and appointment of directors), and of combined share and loan capital, that are owned, directly or indirectly, by persons who are not residents of Israel. The determination as to whether or not a company qualifies as an FIC is made on an annual basis. An FIC that has an AE program will be eligible for an extension of the period during which it is entitled to tax benefits under its AE status (so that the benefits period may be up to ten years) and for further tax benefits if the level of foreign investment is 49% or more. If a company that has an AE program is a wholly owned subsidiary of another company, then the percentage of foreign investment is determined based on the percentage of foreign investment in the parent company.

The corporate tax rates and related levels of foreign investments with respect to an FIC that has an AE program are set forth in the following table:

Percentage of non-Israeli ownership	Corporate Tax Rate
Over 25% but less than 49%		Up to 25	%
49% or more but less than 74%		20	%
74% or more but less than 90%		15	%
90% or more		10	%

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A company that has elected to participate in the alternative benefits program and that subsequently pays a dividend out of the income derived from the portion of its facilities that have been granted AE status during the tax exemption period will be subject to tax in respect of the amount of dividend distributed (grossed up to reflect such pre-tax income that it would have had to earn in order to distribute the dividend) at the corporate tax rate that would have been otherwise applicable if such income had not been tax-exempted under the alternative benefits program. This rate generally ranges from 10% to 25%, depending on the level of foreign investment in the company in each year as explained above.

In addition, dividends paid out of income attributed to an AE (or out of dividends received from a company whose income is attributed to an AE) are generally subject to withholding tax at the rate of 15%, or at a lower rate provided under an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). The 15% tax rate is limited to dividends and distributions out of income derived during the benefits period and actually paid at any time up to 12 years thereafter. After this period, the withholding tax is applied at a rate of up to 30%, or at a lower rate under an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). In the case of an FIC, the 12-year limitation on reduced withholding tax on dividends does not apply.

The Investment Law also provides that an AE is entitled to accelerated depreciation on its property and equipment that are included in an approved investment program in the first five years of using the equipment. This benefit is an incentive granted by the Israeli government regardless of whether the alternative benefits program is elected.

The benefits available to an AE are subject to the fulfillment of conditions stipulated in the Investment Law and its regulations and the criteria in the specific certificate of approval with respect thereto, as described above. If a company does not meet these conditions, it would be required to refund the amount of tax benefits, adjusted to the Israeli consumer price index and interest, or other monetary penalty.

Under the terms of the AE program, income that is attributable to one of our Israeli subsidiaries was exempted from income tax for a period of two years commencing in 2014

Tax Benefits Subsequent to the 2005 Amendment

The 2005 Amendment applies to new investment programs commencing after 2004, but does not apply to investment programs approved prior to April 1, 2005. The 2005 Amendment provides that terms and benefits included in any certificate of approval that was granted before the 2005 Amendment became effective (April 1, 2005) will remain subject to the provisions of the Investment Law as in effect on the date of such approval. Pursuant to the 2005 Amendment, the Investment Center will continue to grant AE status to qualifying investments. The 2005 Amendment, however, limits the scope of enterprises that may be approved by the Investment Center by setting criteria for the approval of a facility as an AE.

An enterprise that qualifies under the new provisions is referred to as a BE, rather than AE. The 2005 Amendment provides that a certificate of approval from the Investment Center will only be necessary for receiving cash grants. As a result, it was no longer necessary for a company to obtain the advance approval of the Investment Center in order to receive the tax benefits previously available under the alternative benefits track. Rather, a company may claim the tax benefits offered by the Investment Law directly in its tax returns, provided that its facilities meet the criteria for tax benefits set forth in the 2005 Amendment. A company that has a BE may, at its discretion, approach the Israel Tax Authority for a pre-ruling confirming that it is in compliance with the provisions of the Investment Law.

Tax benefits are available under the 2005 Amendment to production facilities (or other eligible facilities) which are generally required to derive more than 25% of their business income from export to specific markets with a population of at least 14 million in 2012 (such export criteria will further be increased in the future by 1.4% per annum). In order to receive the tax benefits, the 2005 Amendment states that a company must make an investment which meets certain conditions set forth in the amendment for tax benefits, including exceeding a minimum investment amount specified in the Investment Law. Such investment entitles a company to receive a BE status with respect to the investment, and may be made over a period of no more than three years ending in the end of the year in which the company chose to have the tax benefits apply to its BE. Where a company requests to have the tax benefits apply to an expansion of existing facilities, only the expansion will be considered to be a BE and the company’s effective tax rate will be the weighted average of the applicable rates. In such case, the minimum investment required in order to qualify as a BE must exceed a certain percentage of the value of the company’s production assets before the expansion.

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The extent of the tax benefits available under the 2005 Amendment to qualifying income of a BE depends on, among other things, the geographic location within Israel of the BE. The location will also determine the period for which tax benefits are available. Such tax benefits include an exemption from corporate tax on undistributed income generated by the BE for a period of between two to ten years, depending on the geographic location of the BE within Israel, and a reduced corporate tax rate of between 10% to 25% for the remainder of the benefits period, depending on the level of foreign investment in the company in each year, as explained above. The benefits period is limited to 12 or 14 years from the year the company first chose to have the tax benefits apply, depending on the location of the company within Israel.

A company qualifying for tax benefits under the 2005 Amendment which pays a dividend out of income derived by its BE during the tax exemption period will be subject to deferred corporate tax in respect of the amount of the dividend distributed (grossed-up to reflect the pre-tax income that it would have had to earn in order to distribute the dividend) at the corporate tax rate which would have otherwise been applicable. Dividends paid out of income attributed to a BE (or out of dividends received from a company whose income is attributed to a BE) are generally subject to withholding tax at source at the rate of 15% or at a lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). The reduced rate of 15% is limited to dividends and distributions out of income attributed to a Beneficiary Enterprise during the benefits period and actually paid at any time up to 12 years thereafter except with respect to an FIC, in which case the 12-year limit does not apply.

The benefits available to a BE are subject to the continued fulfilment of conditions stipulated in the Investment Law and its regulations. If a company does not meet these conditions, it would be required to refund the amount of tax benefits, adjusted to the Israeli consumer price index, and interest, or other monetary penalties.

Tax benefits under the 2011 Amendment that became effective on January 1, 2011

The 2011 Amendment canceled the availability of the benefits granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law prior to 2011 and, instead, introduced new benefits for income generated by a “Preferred Company” through its PFE (as such terms are defined in the Investment Law) as of January 1, 2011. A Preferred Company is an industrial company, which is defined as either (i) a company incorporated in Israel which is not wholly owned by a governmental entity or (ii) a limited partnership that (a) was registered under the Israeli Partnerships Ordinance and (b) all of its limited partners are companies incorporated in Israel, but not all of them are governmental entities; which has, among other things, PFE status and is controlled and managed from Israel. Pursuant to the 2011 Amendment, a Preferred Company is entitled to a reduced corporate tax rate of 15% with respect to its preferred income (“PFI”) attributed to its PFE in 2011 and 2012, unless the PFE is located in a certain development zone, in which case the rate will be 10%. Such corporate tax rate was reduced to 12.5% and 7%, respectively, in 2013 and was increased to 16% and 9%, respectively, in 2014 until 2016. Pursuant to the 2017 Amendment, in 2017 and thereafter, the corporate tax rate for a PFE that is located in a specified development zone was decreased to 7.5%, while the reduced corporate tax rate for other development zones remains 16%. Income derived by a Preferred Company from a Special PFE (as such term is defined in the Investment Law) would be entitled, during a benefits period of 10 years, to further reduced tax rates of 8%, or 5% if the Special PFE is located in a certain development zone. As of January 1, 2017, the definition for Special PFE includes less stringent conditions.

The classification of income generated from the provision of usage rights in know-how or software that were developed in a PFE, as well as royalty income received with respect to such usage, is subject, as PFE income, to the issuance of a pre-ruling from the Israel Tax Authority that stipulates that such income is associated with the productive activity of the PFE in Israel.

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Dividends paid out of PFI attributed to a PFE or to a Special PFE are generally subject to withholding tax at source at the rate of 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). However, if such dividends are paid to an Israeli company, no tax is required to be withheld (although, if such dividends are subsequently distributed from such Israeli company to individuals or a non-Israeli company, withholding tax at a rate of 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty will apply). From 2017 to 2019, dividends paid out of PFI attributed to a PFE, directly to a foreign parent company, are subject to withholding tax at source at the rate of 5% (temporary provisions).

The 2011 Amendment also provided transitional provisions to address companies already enjoying current benefits under the Investment Law. These transitional provisions provide, among other things, that unless an irrevocable request is made to apply the provisions of the Investment Law as amended in 2011 with respect to income to be derived as of January 1, 2011: (i) the terms and benefits included in any certificate of approval that was granted to an AE, which chose to receive grants, before the 2011 Amendment became effective, will remain subject to the provisions of the Investment Law as in effect on the date of such approval, and subject to certain conditions; and (ii) the terms and benefits included in any certificate of approval that was granted to an AE, that had participated in an alternative benefits program, before the 2011 Amendment became effective, will remain subject to the provisions of the Investment Law as in effect on the date of such approval, provided that certain conditions are met. As of December 31, 2015, some of our Israeli subsidiaries had filed a request to apply the new benefits under the 2011 Amendment.

New Tax benefits under the 2017 Amendment that became effective on January 1, 2017

The 2017 Amendment was enacted as part of the Economic Efficiency Law that was published on December 29, 2016, and is effective as of January 1, 2017. The 2017 Amendment provides new tax benefits for two types of Technology Enterprises, as described below, and is in addition to the other existing tax beneficial programs under the Investment Law.

The 2017 Amendment provides that a technology company satisfying certain conditions will qualify as a PTE and will thereby enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 12% on income that qualifies as Preferred Technology Income, or PTI, as defined in the Investment Law. The tax rate is further reduced to 7.5% for a PTE located in development zone A. In addition, a Preferred Technology Company will enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 12% on capital gain derived from the sale of certain Benefited Intangible Assets (as defined in the Investment Law) to a related foreign company if the Benefited Intangible Assets were acquired from a foreign company on or after January 1, 2017 for at least NIS 200 million, and the sale receives prior approval from the National Authority for Technological Innovation (previously known as the Israeli Office of the Chief Scientist) (referred to as IIA).

The 2017 Amendment further provides that a technology company satisfying certain conditions will qualify as a Special PTE (an enterprise for which, among others, total consolidated revenues of its parent company and all subsidiaries exceed NIS 10 billion) and will thereby enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 6% on PTI regardless of the company’s geographic location within Israel. In addition, a Special PTE will enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 6% on capital gain derived from the sale of certain “Benefited Intangible Assets” to a related foreign company if the Benefited Intangible Assets were either developed by an Israeli company or acquired from a foreign company on or after January 1, 2017, and the sale received prior approval from IIA. A Special PTE that acquires Benefited Intangible Assets from a foreign company for more than NIS 500 million will be eligible for these benefits for at least ten years, subject to certain approvals as specified in the Investment Law.

Dividends distributed by a PTE or a Special PTE, paid out of PTI, are generally subject to withholding tax at source at the rate of 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). However, if such dividends are paid to an Israeli company, no tax is required to be withheld (although, if such dividends are subsequently distributed from such Israeli company to individuals or a non-Israeli company, withholding tax at a rate of 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty will apply). If such dividends are distributed to a foreign parent company holding at least 90% of the shares of the distributing company and other conditions are met, the withholding tax rate will be 4% (or a lower rate under a tax treaty, if applicable, subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate).

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We examined the impact of the 2017 Amendment and the degree to which we will qualify as a PTE or Special PTE, and the amount of PTI that we may have, or other benefits that we may receive, from the 2017 Amendment. Beginning in 2017, part of the Company’s taxable income in Israel is entitled to a preferred 12% tax rate under the 2017 Amendment.

Tax Benefits for Research and Development

Israeli tax law allows, under certain conditions, a tax deduction for research and development expenditures, including capital expenditures, for the year in which they are incurred.  Such expenditures must relate to scientific research and development projects, and must be approved by the relevant Israeli government ministry, determined by the field of research.  Furthermore, the research and development must be for the promotion of the company’s business and carried out by or on behalf of the company seeking such tax deduction.  However, the amount of such deductible expenses is reduced by the sum of any funds received through government grants for the finance of such scientific research and development projects.  Expenditures not so approved by the relevant Israeli government ministry, but otherwise qualifying for deduction, are deductible over a three-year period.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

To date, we have substantially satisfied our capital and liquidity needs through cash flows from operations and sales of our equity and debt securities.

Cash flows provided from operations were $27.7 million and $9.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We used $25.6 million and $73.2 million of cash in investing activities during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We used $9.4 million of cash in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2018, whereas during the year ended December 31, 2017, financing activities provided us with $70 million of cash. As of December 31, 2018, and 2017, we had $64.6 million and $71.4 million, respectively, of cash, cash equivalents, and $48.2 million and $60.8 million, respectively, of working capital.

We expect that we will continue to generate positive cash flows from operations on an annual basis, although this may fluctuate significantly on a quarterly basis. We believe that based on our current operating forecast, the combination of existing working capital and expected cash flows from operations will be sufficient to finance our ongoing operations for the next twelve months.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the rate of growth of our revenues, the expansion of our sales and marketing activities and the timing and extent of our spending to support our research and development efforts and expansion into other markets. We may determine to distribute dividends to our shareholders. See “Item 8. Financial Information - Dividend Policy”. We may also seek to invest in, or acquire complementary businesses, applications or technologies. To the extent that existing cash and cash equivalents, investments in marketable securities and cash from operations are insufficient to fund our future activities, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private equity or debt financing. Additional funds may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all.

Israeli Public Offering and Private Placement of Debentures

In September 2017, we published with the Israeli Securities Authority, or the ISA, and the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, or the TASE, a shelf offering report for an offering of a new series of debentures—Series B, unsecured, non-convertible debentures, or the Series B Debentures— in Israel, which offering included institutional and public bid processes. Pursuant to the offering, we offered, issued and sold a total of 234,144 units of Series B Debentures of principal amount of NIS 1,000 each for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately NIS 234.14 million (approximately $66.2 million).

Immediately following the public offering, we entered into agreements with Israeli accredited investors for the private placement to those investors, in Israel, of an additional NIS 45.86 million (approximately $12.96 million) principal amount of Series B Debentures. The Series B Debentures were sold in the private placement at a price of NIS 995.5 for each NIS 1,000 principal amount, thereby generating approximately NIS 45.65 million ($12.9 million) of additional proceeds for our company.

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Upon the completion of the public offering and private placement of Series B Debentures, we had issued and sold the full NIS 280 million (approximately $79.2 million) principal amount of Series B Debentures that we had offered in the Israeli public offering.

The Series B Debentures were offered as, and trade on the TASE as, 280,000 units of NIS 1,000 principal amount each. In the case of the privately placed Series B Debentures, resale by the purchasers was restricted for an initial period, in accordance with the Israeli Securities Law, 5728-1968, and the regulations thereunder.

The outstanding principal amount of the Series B Debentures is linked to the US dollar and bears interest at an annual rate of 3.37%, payable on a semi-annual basis (on January 1 and July 1 of 2018 through 2025, with one final interest payment on January 1, 2026). The principal of the Series B Debentures is payable in eight equal annual payments beginning on January 1, 2019, with the final payment due on January 1, 2026. The first installment, in an amount of $9.9 million, was paid on January 1, 2019.

In connection with our offering of the Series B Debentures, we received from S&P Maalot (a subsidiary of S&P Global) a corporate credit rating and a rating for the Series B Debentures, which S&P Maalot has affirmed, as of July 31, 2018, as (i) ilA+, with stable outlook, and (ii) ilA+, respectively. 

We have been using, and expect to continue to use, the net proceeds from the Series B Debentures for general corporate purposes, including repayment of our long-term loan that was outstanding during 2017, financing our operating and investment activities, and financing future acquisitions.

Cash Flows

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018

The following tables summarize the sources and uses of our cash in the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017:

	Year ended December 31,
	2017			2018
	(in thousands US$)
Net cash provided from operating activities	$	9,248		$	27,700
Net cash used in investing activities		(73,201	)		(25,581	)
Net cash provided from (used in) financing activities		70,009			(9,428	)

Operating Activities

We derived positive cash flows from operating activities of $9.2 million and $27.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. This increase in cash flows provided from operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018, relative to the year ended December 31, 2017 resulted primarily from an increase in net income of $13.4 million, from $0.6 million to $14 million, which was due to the factors described above, and an increase in the amount of our non-cash expenses which reduce the net income, but do not impact operating cash flows, most notably an increase of $4 million in depreciation and amortization expenses in 2018 compared to 2017. Such increase is attributable to the amortization of intangible assets of the entities acquired in 2017 and 2018.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities decreased to $25.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $73.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to a decrease in use of cash, for the acquisition of businesses during 2018, which decreased to $18.5 million, compared to $100.4 million in 2017. The decrease in cash used for investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2018, was offset, in part, by sales of marketable securities in the year ended December 31, 2017, relative to the previous year. In 2017, we received $35.4 million of cash, net, from sales (net of purchases) of marketable securities, whereas in 2018, we sold none, constituting an overall difference of $35.4 million between the two years.

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Financing Activities

We used $9.4 million of cash during the year ended December 31, 2018 for financing activities, as compared to generating $70 million of cash in the year ended December 31, 2017. Cash provided from financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2017, was primarily attributable to our Series B Debentures offering, which generated $78.2 million, which was offset in part by cash used for payment of a cash dividend in a total amount of approximately $9.8 million. In the year ended December 31, 2018, cash used in financing activities was primarily attributable to payment of a cash dividend in a total amount of approximately $10 million. Cash used in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2018, and cash provided from financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2017 included $0.9 million and $2.5 million, respectively, of cash provided by stock option exercises during those respective years.

C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

See the caption titled “Research and Development” in part A. “Operating Results” of this Item 5 above for a description of our R&D policies and amounts expended thereon during the last two fiscal years.

D. Trend Information

There are various sales and marketing trends that influence our business. In the Gartner report (as cited above), Gartner forecasts that the global IT spending insurance market will grow by 3.7% in 2019, to $220.7 billion in U.S. dollars (on a constant-currency basis). This industry is forecast to reach nearly $244 billion by 2022, growing at a CAGR of 3.6% from 2017 through 2022.

According to the Celent reports “Insurance in Europe 2019—Business and its Priorities” (written by Nicolas Michellod, and published on February 27, 2019), and “Property/Casualty Insurer CIO Pressures and Priorities 2019- North American Edition” (written by Light, Donald and published on January 22, 2019), European insurance chief investment officers’ top business priority in 2019 will be to support growth and customer retention. In addition, North American Property & Casualty chief investment officers in all segments identify the business goal of growth and retention as the single most important influence on their IT plans.

According to the Celent report “Life CIO Pressures and Priorities, 2019 North American Edition” (written by Tom Scales and published on February 25, 2019), life insurance chief investment officers’ top business priority in 2019 will be meeting regulatory requirements, which surpassed growth and retention as the top priority. That trend reflects increased state-level oversight in key areas.

With the growing need for insurance, as people accumulate more property and live longer, the insurance industry has become more competitive. The competition for the customers’ business requires insurers to improve customer experience, be faster to market with new products and offer innovative channels, such as social media and mobile. Innovative technology infrastructure is necessary to support these business initiatives.

In addition, insurers are faced with the increasing significance of regulatory changes to protect the policyholder in many markets, particularly large insurers that are considered important to the stability of the world economic system. Many insurers are integrating enterprise risk management as standard operating procedure, while spreading ownership of risk throughout the strategic decision-making process.

As customers become more sophisticated, the support of innovative products and distribution channels is mandatory. Insurers are identifying growth opportunities by attracting new customers and retaining current customers by seeking to reinvent the customer experience and provide quote and policy information to their customers upon request.

With today’s strong trend of shifting attention to the end-customer experience and activities, there is an increasing focus on digital operations to support the increasing usage of the Internet for sales, recommendations and general communication. This affects the carriers’ needs to innovate their product proposition through a flexible and modern solution. Another substantial trend is the increasing usage of data for decision-making, risk analysis, customers’ evaluation and rating, which requires streamlined data flow and easy access to information from multiple sources.

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Increased global competition, the need to improve distribution channels and provide an enhanced customer experience, and efforts to expand into new countries and markets have required heavy investments from insurers, resulting in a trend towards consolidation. This has mainly included consolidation of applications, databases, development tools, hardware and data centers.

E. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not engaged in nor been a party to any off-balance sheet transactions.

F. Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth information on our short-term and long-term contractual obligations as at December 31, 2018.

	Payments due by period
	Total		Less than 1 year		1 to 3 Years		3 to 5 years		Over 5 years
	(in thousands)
Accrued severance pay, net (1)	$	923		-		-		-	$	923
Operating leases and other purchase obligations		45,282		8,018		15,673		10,926		10,665
Liability to the Innovation Authority (2)		433		433		-		-		-
Series B Debentures (3)		79,186		9,898		29,695		29,695		9,898
Contingent payment obligations – acquisitions (4)		5,081		3,431		1,450		200		-
Total Contractual Cash Obligations	$	130,905	$	21,780	$	46,818	$	40,821	$	21,486

(1) Accrued severance pay relates to accrued severance obligations mainly to our Israeli employees as required under Israeli labor law. We are legally required to pay severance upon certain circumstances, primarily upon termination of employment by our company, retirement or death of the respective employee. Our liability for all of our Israeli employees is fully provided for by monthly deposits with insurance policies and by an accrual.

(2) Does not include contingent liabilities to the Innovation Authority of approximately $6.2 million as described in Note 11(a) to our consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this annual report.

(3) Future principal payments for the Series B Debentures without interest.

(4) Contingent payment obligations for our acquisitions do not include contingent payments in an amount of up to $5 million, in the aggregate, that are subject to continued employment by the recipients thereof.

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions was $3.9 million as of December 31, 2018. Payment of these obligations would result from settlements with taxing authorities. Due to the uncertainties related to those tax matters, we are currently unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of when cash settlement with a relevant tax authority will occur. See Note 12(i) to our consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this annual report, as of December 31, 2018.

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ITEM 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

A. Directors and Senior Management

The following table and below biographies set forth certain information regarding the current executive officers and directors of the Company as of March 1, 2018.

Name	Age	Position
Guy Bernstein	51	Chairman of the Board of Directors
Roni Al Dor	58	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Naamit Salomon	55	Director
Yacov Elinav (1)	74	Director
Uzi Netanel (1)	83	Director
Eyal Ben Chlouche (1)	57	Director
Roni Giladi	48	Chief Financial Officer

(1) Member of Audit Committee

Guy Bernstein has served as a director of the Company since January 1, 2007 and was appointed Chairman of the Board of Directors on November 12, 2009. Mr. Bernstein has served as the chief executive officer of Formula, our parent company, since January 2008.  From December 2006 to November 2010, Mr. Bernstein served as a director and the chief executive officer of Emblaze Ltd. or Emblaze, our former controlling shareholder. From April 2004 to December 2006, Mr. Bernstein served as the chief financial officer of Emblaze. He also served as a director of Emblaze from April 2004 until November 2010. Prior to joining Emblaze, Mr. Bernstein served as Chief Financial and Operations Officer of Magic Software, a position he held since 1999. Mr. Bernstein joined Magic Software from Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer, a member of EY Global, where he acted as senior manager from 1994 to 1997. Mr. Bernstein also serves as Chief Executive Officer of Magic Software and Chairman of the Board of Matrix IT Ltd. Mr. Bernstein is a Certified Licensed Public Accountant and holds a BA in Accounting and Economics from Tel Aviv University.

Roni Al Dor joined the Company as President and Chief Executive Officer in November 2005 and has served as a director of the Company since November 2005. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Al Dor was one of the two founders of TTI Team Telecom International Ltd., or TTI, a global supplier of operations support systems to communications service providers and from August 1996 until 2004, Mr. Al Dor served as President of TTI. Prior to that, Mr. Al Dor served as TTI’s Co-President from November 1995 until August 1996 and its Vice President from September 1992 to November 1995. During his service in the Israeli Air Force, Mr. Al Dor worked on projects relating to computerization in aircrafts. Mr. Al Dor is a graduate of the military computer college of the Israeli Air Force, studied computer science and management at Bar Ilan University and attended the Israel Management Center for Business Administration.

Eyal Ben-Chlouche has served as a director of the Company since August 15, 2008, Mr. Ben-Chlouche served as the Commissioner of Capital Market Insurance and Savings at the Israeli Ministry of Finance from 2002 through 2005, where he was responsible for implementation of fundamental reforms in pension savings. Prior to that, he served as a Deputy Commissioner of Capital Market Insurance and Savings and as a Senior Foreign Exchange and Investment Manager in the Foreign Exchange Department of the Bank of Israel.  He also served as an Investment Officer in the Foreign Exchange Department of the Bank of England, in London. Mr. Ben-Chlouche served as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Shahar Group, Chairman of the Advisory Board of Directors of the Shekel Group until the end of 2007 and serves as a director of Matrix IT Ltd. and Migdal Holding Ltd. Mr. Ben-Chlouche also serves on the Board of Directors of several other private companies. Mr. Ben-Chlouche also serves as Chairman of the Advisory Board of the Caesarea Center for Capital Markets and Risk Management. In 2005, Mr. Ben-Chlouche served as a member of the Bachar Committee on Capital Market Reform in Israel. Mr. Ben-Chlouche is an independent director.

Naamit Salomon has served as a director of the Company since September 2003. She held the position of Chief Financial Officer of Formula from August 1997 until December 2009. Since January 2010 Ms. Salomon has served as a partner in an investment company. Ms. Salomon also serves as a director of Magic. From 1990 through August 1997, Ms. Salomon was a controller of two large, privately held companies in the Formula Group. Ms. Salomon holds a BA in economics and business administration from Ben Gurion University and an LL.M. from the Bar-Ilan University.

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Yacov Elinav has served as a director of the Company since March 2005. For over 30 years, Mr. Elinav served in various positions at Bank Hapoalim B.M., which is listed on the London and Tel Aviv Stock Exchanges, including over 10 years as a member of the Board of Management, responsible for subsidiary and related companies.  From 1992 through 2006, Mr. Elinav served as Chairman of the Board of Directors of Diur B.P. Ltd., the real estate subsidiary of Bank Hapoalim. From August 2004 until 2009, Mr. Elinav served as Chairman of the Board of Directors of DS Securities and Investments, Ltd. From August 2004 through 2008, Mr. Elinav served as Chairman of the Board of Directors of DS Provident Funds Ltd., and from 2010 until August 2015, served as Chairman of the Board of Directors of Golden Pages Ltd.. Mr. Elinav also serves on the Board of Directors of several other public and private companies. Mr. Elinav is an independent director.

Uzi Netanel has served as a director of the Company since March 2005. He has served as chairman of the Board of Directors of Maccabi Enterprise Development & Management Ltd. since 2005, and as a director of Maccabi Health Services since 2005. He previously served as Chairman of Maccabi Group Holdings Ltd., from 2005 through 2011. From 2004 through 2007, Mr. Netanel served as Chairman of Board of Directors of M.L.L Software & Computers, and from 2000 through 2011 served as a director of Bazan and Carmel Olephine. From 2001 through 2003, Mr. Netanel served as partner in the FIMI Opportunity Fund. From 1993 through 2001, he served as Active Chairman of Israel Discount Capital Markets and Investments Ltd. From 1997 to 1999, Mr. Netanel served as Chairman of Poliziv Plastics Company (1998) Ltd. From 2005 through 2014, he served as director of Maman Group and from 2012 through 2014, he served as director of Gadot Biochemicals. Mr. Netanel also serves on the Board of Directors of Acme Trading, Assuta Health Centers and Dorcel (B.A.Z.) Ltd. Mr. Netanel is an independent director.

Roni Giladi joined the Company as Chief Financial Officer in July 2007. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Giladi served as the Director of Finance at Emblaze from January 2007. Prior to joining Emblaze, Mr. Giladi served as Chief Financial Officer of RichFX, from August 2003 until November 2006, after serving as Corporate Controller from June 2002. Prior to RichFX, Mr. Giladi worked at EY Israel, from 1997-2002, as a manager in the high-tech practice group. Mr. Giladi is Certified Licensed Public Accountant and holds a BA in Business Management and Accounting from the College of Management in Israel.

Under our Articles, the Board of Directors must have a minimum of three, and may have a maximum of 24, directors. Directors of the Company are appointed by our General Meeting of Shareholders and hold office until the expiration of the term of their appointment by our General Meeting of Shareholders, or until they resign or are suspended or dismissed by the General Meeting of Shareholders. The Board of Directors may appoint up to four directors in addition to the directors elected by the General Meeting of Shareholders, subject to the maximum number of directors permitted, and any such appointment shall be effective until the next General Meeting of Shareholders. The Board of Directors may fill any vacancies on the Board of Directors, whether as a result of the resignation or dismissal of a director, or as a result of a decision of the Board of Directors to expand the Board of Directors.

Our executive officers are appointed by, and serve at the discretion of, our Board of Directors.

Our Chairman, Guy Bernstein, serves as the Chief Executive Officer of Formula and as a director of Asseco. In addition, Ms. Salomon, another Board member of ours, who served as an executive officer of Formula until December 2009, is a member of the Board of Directors of our affiliate Magic Software Enterprises Ltd. Formula directly owns (as of March 1, 2019) approximately 48.1% of our currently outstanding Common Shares, and Asseco holds 26.3% of the outstanding share capital of Formula, as well as the power to vote an additional 1,971,973 ordinary shares of Formula, thereby effectively giving Asseco beneficial ownership (voting power) over an aggregate of 39.7% of Formula’s outstanding ordinary shares.

B. Compensation of Directors and Officers

The aggregate amount of compensation paid by us, or accrued by us, for all directors and executive officers as a group for services in all capacities with respect to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 was $1.6 million, which includes amounts set aside or accrued to provide cash bonuses, pension, retirement or similar benefits.

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These compensation amounts do not include amounts expended by us for automobiles made available to our officers or expenses (including business travel and professional and business association dues) reimbursed to such officers. The foregoing amounts also exclude the value of stock option grants to our directors and officers pursuant to our 2011 Share Incentive Plan, which is described below.

We have employment agreements with our officers.  We also enter into confidentiality agreements with our personnel and have entered into non-competition and confidentiality agreements with our officers and high-level technical personnel, in each case in the ordinary course of business.  We do not maintain key person life insurance on any of our executive officers.

Board Fees and Expenses

We reimburse all members of our Board of Directors for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with their attendance at meetings of the Board of Directors or its committees.

We paid with respect to 2018 fees of approximately $140,000, in the aggregate, to all of our independent directors (except to our Chairman of the Board, as described below), in respect of their service on our Board of Directors, including for attending or participating in meetings of the Board of Directors and its committees, and for participating in Board action taken via unanimous written consent. Such fees were set in accordance with the rates paid to “external directors” under the Israeli Companies Law 5759-1999. Although we are not an Israeli company and are not subject to the Israeli Companies Law, we deem certain standards of that body of law (including compensation to Board members) relevant to a company such as ours. In addition to fees paid to our other independent directors, we also paid approximately $25,000 to Formula in respect of the service of its Chief Executive Officer, Guy Bernstein, as our Chairman of the Board.

Stock Option and Incentive Plans

Prior Incentive Plans

In 1992, 2003 and 2005, our Board of Directors adopted (and our shareholders subsequently approved) our 1992 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, 2003 Share Option Plan, and Incentive Stock Option Plan, respectively, collectively referred to as our Prior Incentive Plans. These plans were administered by our Compensation Committee. Upon the approval of our 2011 Share Incentive Plan (as described below), our Board of Directors determined that no further awards would be granted under the Prior Incentive Plans. Furthermore, the exercise period for all remaining outstanding options under the Prior Incentive Plans terminated in September 2015. Consequently, there are no remaining awards outstanding under any of the Prior Incentive Plans.

2011 Share Incentive Plan

In 2011, in connection with our acquisition of IDIT and FIS, our Board of Directors adopted our 2011 Share Incentive Plan, or the 2011 Plan, pursuant to which our employees, directors, officers, consultants, advisors, suppliers, business partners, customers and any other person or entity whose services are considered valuable are eligible to receive options, restricted shares, restricted share units and other share-based awards. The number of Common Shares available under the 2011 Plan was set at 4,000,000.

Options granted under the 2011 Plan may be ISOs or NQSOs within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code. In the case of Israeli grantees, we intend that options granted comply with, and benefit from, applicable tax laws and regulations in Israel. We are also eligible to grant restricted stock, restricted share units and other share-based compensation in addition to or in lieu of any other award under the 2011 Plan.

The 2011 Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee. Subject to the provisions of the 2011 Plan, the Compensation Committee determines the type of award, when and to whom awards will be granted and the number of shares covered by each award. The Compensation Committee also determines the terms, provisions, and kind of consideration payable (if any), with respect to awards. The Compensation Committee has discretionary authority to interpret the 2011 Plan and to adopt practices related thereto. In determining the persons to whom awards shall be granted and the number of shares covered by each award, the Compensation Committee takes into account their present and potential contributions to the success of the Company and such other factors as the Compensation Committee shall deem relevant in connection with accomplishing the purpose of the 2011 Plan.

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Under the 2011 Plan, an option may be granted on such terms and conditions as the Compensation Committee may approve, and generally may be exercised for a period of up to 6 years from the date of grant. Options granted under the 2011 Plan become exercisable in four equal, annual installments, beginning with the first anniversary of the date of the grant, or pursuant to such other schedule as the Compensation Committee may provide in the option agreement. The exercise price of such options generally will be not less than 100% of the fair market value per share of the Common Shares at the date of the grant. In the case of ISOs, certain limitations apply with respect to the aggregate value of option shares which can become exercisable for the first time during any one calendar year, and certain additional limitations apply to “Ten Percent Shareholders” (as defined in the 2011 Plan). The Compensation Committee may provide for the payment of the exercise price in cash, by delivery of other Common Shares having a fair market value equal to such option exercise price, by a combination thereof or by any method in accordance with the terms of the option agreements. The exercise price for each outstanding option to purchase one Common Share granted under the 2011 Plan is subject to reduction by the per share amount of any dividend that we declare from time to time while the option is outstanding. The 2011 Plan contains special rules governing the period during which options may be exercised in the case of death, disability, or other termination of employment. Options are not transferable except by will or pursuant to applicable laws of descent and distribution upon death of an employee, unless otherwise approved by our Board of Directors.

The 2011 Plan also provides for the granting of restricted share awards, which are awards of Common Shares that may not be disposed of, except by will or the laws of descent and distribution, for such period as the Compensation Committee determines (which we refer to as the restricted period). The Compensation Committee may also impose such other conditions and restrictions on the shares as it deems appropriate, including the satisfaction of performance criteria. The Compensation Committee may provide that such restrictions will lapse with respect to specified percentages of the awarded shares on successive anniversaries of the date of the award. During the restricted period, the grantee is entitled to receive dividends with respect to, and to vote the shares awarded to him or her. If, during the restricted period, the grantee’s continuous employment with the Company terminates for any reason, any shares remaining subject to restrictions will be forfeited. The Compensation Committee has the authority to cancel any or all outstanding restrictions prior to the end of the restricted period, including cancellation of restrictions in connection with certain types of termination of employment.

The 2011 Plan furthermore provides for the granting of restricted share units, which are awards that are settled by the issuance of a number of Common Shares. The grantee has no rights with respect to such Common Shares until they are actually issued to the grantee. The Compensation Committee may also grant other share-based awards under the 2011 Plan, such as share appreciation rights.

In February 2016, our Board of Directors approved the reservation of an additional 4,000,000 Common Shares for issuance under the 2011 Plan. As of December 31, 2018, 2,055,182 Common Shares were issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options under the 2011 Plan, at a weighted average exercise price of $9.86 per share, of which options to purchase 2,023,254 Common Shares had vested. 1,120,000 of such Common Shares were issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options held by our directors and executive officers. As of December 31, 2018, 3,036,832 Common Shares were available for future grant under the 2011 Plan.

C. Board Practices

Members of our Board of Directors are elected by a vote at the annual general meeting of shareholders and serve for a term of one year, until the following year’s annual meeting. Directors may serve multiple terms and are elected by a majority of the votes cast at the meeting. The Chief Executive Officer serves until his removal by the Board of Directors or resignation from office. Our non-employee directors do not have agreements with the Company for benefits upon termination of their service as directors.

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Audit Committee

The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors is comprised of three independent directors (such independence determination having been made by our Board of Directors, in accordance with the NASDAQ Listing Rules), who were nominated by the Board of Directors: Yacov Elinav, Uzi Netanel and Eyal Ben Chlouche. Mr. Elinav serves as the chairman of the committee. The Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Elinav meets the definition of an audit committee financial expert (as defined in paragraph (b) of Item 16A of Form 20-F promulgated by the SEC). The primary function of the Audit Committee is to assist the Board of Directors in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities by reviewing financial information, internal controls and the audit process. In addition, the Committee is responsible for oversight of the work of our independent auditors. The Committee meets at regularly scheduled quarterly meetings.

Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors is comprised of three directors, nominated by the Board of Directors: Uzi Netanel, Naamit Salomon and Guy Bernstein. Mr. Bernstein serves as the chairman of the committee. The Compensation Committee is responsible for the review and approval of grants of options to our employees and other compensation matters as requested by the Board of Directors from time to time.

Corporate Governance Policies Adopted by Board

While not incorporated in Israel, our headquarter are located in Israel and we therefore voluntarily conform with corporate governance practices that are customary for an Israeli company whose shares are listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market. Accordingly, our Board of Directors has adopted various policies and procedures that apply to our employees and directors and that are meant to implement risk management on a company-wide level, including, among others, the following:

● Code of Ethics— constitutes a guide of principles designed to help our employees conduct business honestly and with integrity (and which is referenced in Item 16B below).

● Whistleblower Policy— enables the anonymous submission by our employees of reports regarding illegal or dishonest activities.

● Insider Trading Policy— implements restrictions (including quarterly blackout periods) for our employees that reinforce legal prohibitions on their use of material inside information in effecting transactions in our securities.

● Antifraud Policy— aimed at detecting and preventing fraud, misappropriations, and other irregularities by our employees, including any intentional, false representation or concealment of material facts for the purpose of inducing another to act upon it in connection with their activities with third parties on behalf of our company.

● Related Party Transactions Policy— intended to ensure the proper disclosure to, and approval by (if approved), our Audit Committee of transactions between our company and any of its related parties (including officers, directors and Formula -our biggest shareholder) in an amount equal to or exceeding $120,000 in order to ensure that any such transactions are in the best interest of our company and our shareholders. The policy provides that our General Counsel and CFO review and approve all related party transactions, and report such transactions to our Audit Committee, although only those transactions equal to or exceeding $120,000 require approval of the Audit Committee.

Internal Auditor

Our Company has appointed an internal auditor.

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The role of the internal auditor is to provide assurance that the Company’s risk management, governance and internal control processes are operating effectively. This includes examining, among other things, our compliance with applicable law and orderly business procedures, including the implementation of proper internal controls in compliance with SOX requirements and our Related Party Transactions Policy.

NASDAQ Opt-Outs for a Foreign Private Issuer

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of NASDAQ Listing Rule 5005(a)(18), since we are governed by the laws of the Cayman Islands and we meet the other criteria set forth for a “foreign private issuer” under Rule 3b-4(c) under the Exchange Act.

Pursuant to NASDAQ Listing Rule 5615(a)(3), a foreign private issuer may follow home country practice in lieu of certain provisions of the NASDAQ Listing Rule 5600 series and certain other NASDAQ Listing Rules. Please see “Item 16G. Corporate Governance” below for a description of the manner in which we rely upon home country practice in lieu of certain of the NASDAQ Listing Rules.

D. Employees

As of December 31, 2018, we had a total of 2,378 employees, a 0.1% increase relative to the end of 2017.

The following table sets forth the number of our employees as of the end of each of the past three fiscal years, according to their geographic regions:

Geographic Region	Total Number of Employees as of December 31,
	2016		2017		2018
Israel		862		864		726
UK and Europe		445		407		358
North America		175		511		527
Asia Pacific		446		594		767
Total Employees		1,928		2,376		2,378

E. Share Ownership

The number of our Common Shares beneficially owned by our directors and executive officers individually, and by our directors and executive officers as a group, as of March 1, 2019, is as follows:

	Shares Beneficially Owned
	Number			Percent (1)
Roni Al Dor		1,374,781	(2)		2.75	%
All directors and executive officers(3) as a group (7 persons, including Roni Al-Dor) (3)		1,864,781	(4)		3.73	%

(1) Unless otherwise indicated below, the persons in the above table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by them. The percentages shown are based on 49,982,004 Common Shares outstanding (which excludes 2,328,296 Common Shares held in treasury) as of March 1, 2019, plus such number of Common Shares as the relevant person or group had the right to receive upon exercise of options that are exercisable within 60 days of March 1, 2019.

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(2) Includes options to purchase 450,000 Common Shares under the 2011 Plan at an exercise price ranging between $7.82 to $11.45 per share expiring no later than May 2021, which are vested or will become vested within 60 days of March 1, 2019. See Item 6 - “Directors, Senior Management and Employees - Compensation of Directors and Officers”.

(3) Each of our directors and executive officers who is not separately identified in the above table beneficially owns less than 1% of our outstanding Common Shares (including options to purchase Common Shares held by each such party that are vested or will vest within 60 days of March 1, 2019) and has therefore not been separately identified.

(4) Includes options to purchase 720,000 Common Shares at exercise prices ranging from $5.67 to $11.45 per share, which are vested or will become vested within 60 days of March 1, 2019.

Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

A. Major Shareholders.

The following table sets forth, as of March 1, 2019, certain information with respect to the beneficial ownership of the Company’s Common Shares by each person known by the Company to own beneficially more than 5% of the outstanding Common Shares, based on information provided to us by the holders or disclosed in public filings of the shareholders with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

We determine beneficial ownership of shares under the rules of Form 20-F promulgated by the SEC and include any Common Shares over which a person possesses sole or shared voting or investment power, or the right to receive the economic benefit of ownership, or for which a person has the right to acquire any such beneficial ownership at any time within 60 days.

	Shares Beneficially Owned
Name and Address	Number			Percent(1)
Formula Systems (1985) Ltd. 5 HaPlada Street Or Yehuda 60218, Israel		24,029,094	(2)		48.1	%
Harel Insurance Investments & Financial Services Ltd. Harel House; 3 Abba Hillel Street; Ramat Gan 52118, Israel		2,543,852	(3)		5.1	%
Clal Insurance Enterprises Holdings Ltd. and affiliated entities(4) 36 Raul Walenberg St., Tel Aviv 66180, Israel		3,256,099	(5)		6.5	%

(1) The percentages shown are based on 49,982,004 Common Shares outstanding (which excludes 2,328,296 Common Shares held in treasury) as of March 1, 2019.

(2) The number of Common Shares shown as owned by Formula is based on information provided to the Company by Formula as of March 1, 2019. Also based on information provided to the Company, as of March 1, 2019, Asseco held 26.3% of the outstanding share capital of Formula. In addition, on October 4, 2017, Asseco entered into a shareholders agreement with our Chairman of the Board, under which agreement Asseco has been granted an irrecoverable proxy to vote an additional 1,971,973 ordinary shares of Formula, thereby effectively giving Asseco beneficial ownership (voting power) over an aggregate of 39.7% of Formula’s outstanding ordinary shares. The address of Asseco is Olchowa 14 35-322 Rzeszow, Poland.

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(3) Based on an amended Statement of Beneficial Ownership on Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on January 29, 2019. Of the 2,543,852 Common Shares reported as beneficially owned by Harel Insurance Investments & Financial Services Ltd., or Harel, (i) 2,417,291 Common Shares are held for members of the public through, among others, provident funds and/or mutual funds and/or pension funds and/or insurance policies and/or exchange traded funds, which are managed by subsidiaries of Harel, each of which subsidiaries operates under independent management and makes independent voting and investment decisions, (ii) 34,197 Common Shares are held by third-party client accounts managed by subsidiaries of Harel as portfolio managers, each of which subsidiaries operates under independent management and makes independent investment decisions and has no voting power in the securities held in such client accounts, and (iii) 92,364 Common Shares are beneficially held for Harel’s own account.. Harel does not admit beneficial ownership of more than those 92,364 Common Shares.

(4) The Common Shares held by this shareholder and its affiliates include Common Shares held by (i) Clal Insurance Enterprises Holdings Ltd., or Clal, an affiliate of IDB Development Corporation Ltd., or IDB, an Israeli corporation, whose debentures are traded on the TASE, and (ii) Epsilon Investment House Ltd., or Epsilon, an indirect subsidiary of Discount Investment Corporation Ltd., an Israeli public corporation, or Discount Investment. Mr. Eduardo Sergio Elsztain holds indirectly through companies in his control (a) 100% of the shares of IDB, and (b) 78.22% of the shares of Discount Investment. IDB holds 25.3% of the shares of Clal, of which approximately 20.3% of the shares are held by a trustee. Discount Investment holds 100% of the shares of Koor Industries Ltd. which in turn holds 68.75% of the shares of Epsilon.

(5) Based on (i) an amended Statement of Beneficial Ownership on Schedule 13G/A filed by Clal with the SEC on February 14, 2019, and (ii) a Statement of Beneficial Ownership on Schedule 13G filed by IDB with the SEC on February 14, 2019. Consists of (a) 3,254,525 Common Shares held directly by Clal; and (b) 1,574 Common Shares held directly by Epsilon. As reported in the Schedule 13G/A filed by Clal, the 254,525 Common Shares held directly by Clal are held for members of the public through, among others, provident funds and/or pension funds and/or insurance policies, which are managed by subsidiaries of Clal, which subsidiaries operate under independent management and make independent voting and investment decisions. As reported in the Schedule 13G filed by IDB, the 1,574 Common Shares held by Epsilon are held by portfolio management and/or mutual funds, which are managed by Epsilon and/or Epsilon Mutual Funds Management (1991) Ltd. for the accounts of third-party clients. Each of Epsilon and Epsilon Mutual Funds Management (1991) Ltd. operates under independent management and makes independent investment decisions and has no voting power in the securities held in such client accounts.

To the best of our knowledge, each of the entities listed in the above table has sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by it, except to the extent described above.

Significant changes in holdings of major shareholders

From time to time, Formula has increased its beneficial shareholding in our Company through market purchases of additional Common Shares. Formula’s beneficial ownership of our Common Shares constituted 50.2% of our outstanding share capital as of December 2014. That beneficial ownership has been diluted down to 48.1% as of March 1, 2019, primarily as a result of various minor issuances related to stock options exercise of Common Shares that we have made.

Harel reported in an initial Schedule 13G filed on December 20, 2018 that it had become a significant shareholder of our company, having acquired 2,534,268 Common Shares, constituting 5.1% of our outstanding Common Shares, as of December 15, 2018. Its holdings have increased slightly to 2,543,852 Common Shares, also constituting 5.1% of our outstanding Common Shares, as of December 31, 2018, as reported in its amended Schedule 13G filed on January 29, 2019.

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Clal reported in an initial Schedule 13G filed on March 26, 2018 that it had become a significant shareholder, holding 2,719,363 Common Shares, constituting 5.2% of our outstanding Common Shares, as of March 16, 2018. Its holdings have increased to 3,254,525 Common Shares (exclusive of shares held by its affiliate, Epsilon, as described above), constituting 6.5% of our outstanding Common Shares, as of December 31, 2018, as reported in its amended Schedule 13G filed on February 14, 2019.

Our former significant shareholder, Yelin Lapidot Holdings Management Ltd. and its affiliates, collectively referred to as Yelin, held 2,765,424 Common Shares, or 5.6% of our outstanding Common Shares, as of December 31, 2017 (based on Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13G filed by Yelin, Yair Lapidot and Dov Yelin on January 31, 2018). Subsequently, however, Yelin reported in Amendment No. 2 to Schedule 13G, filed on February 11, 2019, that its beneficial ownership has decreased once again below 5% as of December 31, 2018.

Our former significant shareholder, Migdal Insurance & Financial Holdings Ltd., or Migdal, acquired 2,468,836 Common Shares, or 5.0%, as of July 12, 2017, based on its Schedule 13G filed on August 28, 2017, thereby becoming a significant shareholder of our company. Since that time, its ownership fell slightly below 5%, then rose again above 5% and has now fallen again below 5% and stands at 2,418,367 Common Shares, or 4.86% of outstanding Common Shares, as of December 31, 2018, based on a Statement of Beneficial Ownership on Schedule 13G filed by Migdal with the SEC on February 14, 2019.

Voting rights of major shareholders

The major shareholders disclosed above do not have different voting rights than other shareholders with respect to the Common Shares that they hold.

Holders of record

As of March 1,2019 there were 60 holders of record of our Common Shares, including 41 holders of record with addresses in the United States who held a total of 42,319,865 Common Shares (out of which 42,313,953 Common Shares are held of record by CEDE & Co), representing approximately 84.7% of our issued and outstanding Common Shares. The number of record holders in the United States is not representative of the number of beneficial holders, nor is it representative of where such beneficial holders are resident, because many of these Common Shares were held of record by nominees (including CEDE & Co., as nominee for a large number of banks, brokers, institutions and underlying beneficial holders of our Common Shares). In particular, Formula, which held (as of March 1, 2018 (in part as a record holder and in part as an underlying beneficial holder)) 24,029,094 Common Shares, representing 48.1% of our issued and outstanding shares, is not a United States company.

Control of the Company

Based on Formula’s beneficial ownership of 48.1% of the outstanding Common Shares of the Company (as of March 1, 2018), and based on Asseco’s beneficial ownership of 39.7% of the outstanding share capital of Formula (also as of that date), both Formula and Asseco may be deemed to control the Company. We are unaware of any arrangements the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change of control of the Company.

B. Related Party Transactions

Registration Rights Agreement with Major Shareholders

The description of the Registration Rights Agreement set forth in Item 10.C “Material Contracts” is incorporated by reference herein.

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Fees Paid to Major Shareholder for Board Service of its Affiliate

We paid to our major shareholder, Formula, approximately $25,000 in respect of our share of the director fees of Guy Bernstein, our Chairman, for the year ended December 31, 2018. Mr. Bernstein serves as the Chief Executive Officer of Formula and a director of Asseco. Formula directly owns (as of March 1, 2019) approximately 48.1% of our currently outstanding Common Shares.

Additional Agreements and Transactions with Affiliated Companies of Formula

During the year ended December 31, 2018, we paid to affiliated companies of Formula approximately $4.4 million, in the aggregate, pursuant to services agreements that we have in place with those companies under which we receive services. In 2018, we also purchased from those affiliated companies an aggregate of approximately $0.3 million of hardware and software. Please see Note 13 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report for further information.

Further, the Company paid to Formula approximately $0.1 million in respect of its share of the D&O insurance for the period starting June 18, 2017 through December 17, 2018, and has paid an additional $0.1 million in respect of that insurance for the period between December 18, 2018 and February 28, 2019.

Transactions Involving Asseco and Sapiens Poland

During 2018, Asseco provided back-office services, professional services and fixed assets to our wholly-owned subsidiary, Sapiens Poland, in an amount totaling approximately $1 million. Please see Note 13 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 of this annual report for further information. In September 2018, we moved out from one of the Asseco offices in Poland. This will reduce the back-office fee that will be paid to Asseco in 2019.

In addition, during 2018, Sapiens Poland performed services as a sub-contractor on behalf of Asseco for clients of Asseco in a total amount of approximately $3.2 million. For historic reasons, Asseco issues invoices to those clients and then Sapiens in turn invoices Asseco on a back-to-back basis (with no margin to Asseco).

Trade Payables and Receivables

As of December 31, 2018, we had trade payables balances due to, and trade receivables balances due from, our related parties in amounts of approximately $1.1 million and $1 million, respectively.

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel.

Not applicable.

Item 8. Financial Information

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information.

Financial Statements

See the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes in Item 18.

Export Sales

In 2018, 90% of our revenues originated from customers located outside of Israel. For information on our revenues breakdown by geographic region for the past three years, see Item 5.A, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects— Operating Results— Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, and Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017— Revenues by geographical region”.

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Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are a party to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. Currently, there are no such legal proceedings pending or threatened against us that we believe may have a significant effect on our financial condition or profitability.

Dividend Policy

We do not have a dividend policy. However, our Board of Directors will determine, on an annual basis, as to whether we will pay a dividend in the upcoming year. Such determination will be dependent upon our financial condition, recent and prospective results of operations, and cash requirements, among other relevant factors, and will be subject to the requirements of Cayman Islands law, the Memorandum and the Articles.

Upon review of our consolidated results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, future prospects and other factors, on January 15, 2013, April 20, 2015, March 31, 2016, October 18, 2017 and September 16, 2018, our Board of Directors declared one-time cash interim dividends of $0.15, $0.15, $0.20, $0.20 and $0.20 per Common Share (or $5.8 million, $7.2 million, $10.0 million, $9.8 million and $10.0 million, in the aggregate, respectively), which were paid on February 22, 2013, June 1, 2015, June 1, 2016, December 14, 2017 and October 30, 2018, respectively. In the case of the dividends declared in the years 2013 through 2017, the dividends were approved by our shareholders prior to payment, in accordance with the requirements of our previous articles of association.

If our company continues to be profitable, our Board of Directors may decide to distribute additional dividends in the future as well. For more information about distribution of dividends, the related requirements of Cayman Islands law and various tax implications, see Item 10, “Additional Information— Memorandum and Articles of Association;” Item 10, “Additional Information— Exchange Controls,” and Item 10, “Additional Information— Taxation.”

B. Significant Changes

No significant change, other than as otherwise described in this annual report, has occurred in our operations since the date of our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. Offer and Listing Details

The Company’s Common Shares are listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market and on the TASE under the symbol “SPNS”.

NASDAQ:

The table below sets forth the high and low daily closing prices (in U.S. dollars) for our Common Shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market (i) on an annual basis for the years 2014 through 2018, and the year 2019 (through February 28, 2019), (ii) on a quarterly basis for 2017, 2018 and the first quarter of 2019 (through February 28, 2019), and (iii) on a monthly basis during the most recent six-month period:

	HIGH		LOW
2019 (through February 28, 2019)		13.70		10.96
2018 (Annual)		13.42		8.14
2017 (Annual)		15.45		10.62
2016 (Annual)		15.64		9.47
2015 (Annual)		12.64		6.42
2014 (Annual)		8.46		6.73
2019
First Quarter (through February 28, 2019)		13.70		10.96
2018
First Quarter		12.49		8.53
Second Quarter		10.49		8.14
Third Quarter		13.21		9.66
Fourth Quarter		13.42		10.20
2017
First Quarter		15.45		12.88
Second Quarter		13.73		11.09
Third Quarter		13.29		10.62
Fourth Quarter		14.10		11.24

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	HIGH		LOW
February 2019		13.70		12.54
January 2019		12.30		10.96
December 2018		12.06		10.20
November 2018		12.19		10.70
October 2018		13.42		10.98
September 2018		13.21		11.70

The daily closing price of our Common Shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market on March 12, 2019, being the last practicable date prior to publication of this annual report, was $13.68.

TASE:

Our Common Shares began trading on the TASE effective March 6, 2003. Under current Israeli law, the Company satisfies its reporting obligations in Israel by furnishing to the applicable Israeli regulators those reports that the Company is required to file or submit in the United States.

The table below sets forth the high and low closing prices, in U.S. dollars, for our Common Shares on the TASE (i) on an annual basis for the years 2014 through 2018 and the year 2019 (through February 28, 2019), (ii) on a quarterly basis for the years 2017 and 2018, and for the first quarter of 2019 (through February 28, 2019), and on a monthly basis during the most recent six-month period. The conversion from NIS into US dollars for the following two tables is based on the average monthly, quarterly or yearly representative rate of exchange published by the Bank of Israel for the month, quarter or year (as appropriate) in which such high or low closing price per share was recorded.

	HIGH		LOW
2019 (through February 28, 2018)		13.75		10.59
2018 (Annual)		12.63		9.15
2017 (Annual)		15.01		10.52
2016 (Annual)		15.34		9.20
2015 (Annual)		12.70		6.48
2014 (Annual)		8.37		6.66
2019
First Quarter (through February 28, 2019)		13.75		10.59
2018
First Quarter		12.58		8.53
Second Quarter		10.38		8.04
Third Quarter		12.02		9.59
Fourth Quarter		12.41		10.16
2017
First Quarter		15.01		12.53
Second Quarter		13.59		11.14
Third Quarter		13.21		10.52
Fourth Quarter		13.93		11.35

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	HIGH		LOW
February 2019		12.32		10.59
January 2019		13.75		10.59
December 2018		12.02		11.35
November 2018		13.81		11.73
October 2018		13.93		13.01
September 2018		13.21		11.06

The closing price of our Common Shares on the TASE on March 12, 2019, being the last practicable date prior to publication of this annual report, was $13.59 (as converted from NIS based on the closing representative exchange rate as of March 12, 2019).

B. Plan of Distribution.

Not applicable.

C. Markets.

Our Common Shares are listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market and on the TASE under the symbol “SPNS”.

D. Selling Shareholders.

Not applicable.

E. Dilution.

Not applicable.

F. Expenses of the Issue.

Not applicable.

Item 10. Additional Information

A. Share Capital.

Not applicable.

A. Memorandum and Articles of Association.

Migration of Legal Domicile from Curaçao to Cayman Islands

On August 21, 2018, we completed the process of migrating the legal domicile of our company from Curaçao to the Cayman Islands. That migration and the accompanying adoption of charter documents suitable for a Cayman Islands exempted company under the Companies Law (as revised) of the Cayman Islands— our Memorandum and our Articles— required shareholder approval under Curaçao law, which approval was obtained at our annual general meeting of shareholders that was held on November 29, 2017. As part of our completion of the migration, we received (i) a ruling that the migration will not constitute a taxable event for our shareholders under Israeli tax law (being the jurisdiction of our residency for tax purposes) and (ii) approval that the migration will not constitute a taxable event for our shareholders under Curacao tax law.

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We have provided herein descriptions related to our status as a Cayman Islands company. Copies of our Memorandum and Articles, which serve as exhibits to this annual report, were annexed as Appendix A to the proxy statement for our 2017 annual general meeting of shareholders, which was appended as Exhibit 99.1 to our Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 6-K furnished to the SEC on October 26, 2017. A table comparing certain Curacao law provisions to Cayman Islands law provisions was annexed as Appendix B to that same proxy statement.

1. Registration and Purposes.

The Company is registered and existing under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Its registered number is 341242.

As set out in Article II of our Memorandum of Association, the objects and purpose for which the Company is established are unrestricted, and the Company has full power and authority to exercise all functions of a natural person of full capacity, including (without limitation):

● to establish, participate in or have any other interest in business enterprises concerned with the development and commercial operation of software;

● to finance directly or indirectly the activities of the Company, its subsidiaries and affiliates;

● to borrow and to lend moneys;

● to engage in the purchase and sale of securities, futures, real estate, business debts, commodities and intellectual property;

● to undertake, conduct and promote research and development;

● to guarantee, pledge, mortgage or otherwise encumber assets as security for the obligations of the Company or third parties; and

● to do all that may be useful or necessary for the attainment of the above purposes.

2. Board of Directors.

A director who knows or ought to understand that in a certain instance there is mention of a conflicting interest between the Company and him acting privately or ex officio, will timely inform the Board of Directors of such conflict of interest. No conflict of interest will be deemed to exist between the Company and one or more of its directors in case of a contract or transaction between the Company and such director(s) or the Company and any other corporation, partnership, association, or other organization in which such director(s) are directors or officers, or have a financial interest, solely for that reason, or solely because such director(s) are present or participates in the meeting of the Board of Directors or Committee thereof which authorizes the contract or transaction, or solely because his or their votes are counted for such purpose if (a) the material facts of the interest or relationship are disclosed or are known to the Board of Directors or the Committee, and the Board of Directors or Committee in good faith authorizes the relevant contract or transaction by the affirmative votes of a majority of the disinterested directors, even though such disinterested directors may be less than a quorum, or (b) the material facts of the interest or relationship are disclosed or are known to the shareholders entitled to vote thereon, and the contract or transaction is specifically approved in good faith by vote of such shareholders; or (c) the contract or transaction is fair as to the Company as of the time it is authorized, approved or ratified by the Board of Directors, a Committee thereof or the shareholders and, for such purposes, interested directors may be counted in determining the presence of a quorum at a meeting of the Board of Directors or of a Committee that authorizes such contract or transaction. The Articles provide that the directors shall receive such compensation as the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe.  Members of the Board of Directors have the power to vote compensation to themselves, even if they lack an independent quorum.

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The Articles do not require directors to resign at a certain age or to purchase a certain number of Common Shares. The Articles do not grant borrowing powers to directors; nor do they require directors to resign at a certain age or to purchase a certain number of Common Shares.

3. Rights and Preferences.

The Company has only one class of shares of common stock authorized and outstanding-- the Common Shares. All previous issuances of preferred shares have been converted into Common Shares. The rights and preferences of the holders of Common Shares are summarized below.

(a) Common Shares

Holders of the Common Shares are entitled to one vote for each whole share on all matters to be voted upon by shareholders, including the election of directors. Holders of the Common Shares do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors. All Common Shares are equal to each other with respect to liquidation and dividend rights. Holders of the Common Shares are entitled to receive dividends out of funds legally available under Cayman Islands law, if and when declared by the Board of Directors in accordance with the Memorandum and Articles. See “Dividend Policy” below. In the event of the liquidation of the Company, all assets available for distribution to the holders of the Common Shares are distributable among them according to their respective holdings. Holders of the Common Shares have no preemptive rights to purchase any additional, unissued Common Shares. The foregoing summary of the Common Shares does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of the Memorandum and Articles.

(b) Dividend Policy

We do not have a dividend policy. However, our Board of Directors will determine, on an annual basis, as to whether we will pay a dividend in the upcoming year. Such determination will be dependent upon various financial criteria, among other relevant factors. If our company continues to be profitable, our Board of Directors may decide to distribute a dividend, as it has done in the recent past. Please see “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy” above for further information concerning the factors that help to determine whether and under what circumstances we may distribute dividends.

Our ability to pay dividends is subject to the limitations of the Companies Law (as revised) of the Cayman Islands, the Memorandum and the Articles. In direct connection with the approval of our annual accounts, the Board of Directors shall decide on the distribution of the profits. Profits can either be reserved or distributed to the shareholders in accordance with the Articles. Our Board of Directors has the right to reserve the profits at its discretion. Our Board of Directors may at any time resolve to make any interim distributions, if justified by the anticipated profits of our company. The Companies Law and the Articles further provide that a (interim) distribution of dividends can only occur if, at the moment of distribution, the equity of our company equals at least the nominal capital of our company and, as a result of the distribution, it will not fall below the nominal capital.  Nominal capital is the sum of the par values of all of the issued shares of our company’s capital stock at any moment in time.

4. Changing the Rights of the Shareholders. The general meeting of shareholders decides upon any change in the Memorandum and/or Articles. A resolution to amend the Memorandum and/or Articles generally requires the approval of two-thirds of the voting rights of shares present (in person or by proxy) and voting at a meeting of shareholders called for the purpose of approving such an amendment. An increase in our authorized share capital, however, merely requires approval by at least a simple majority of the votes actually cast at a meeting of shareholders at which a quorum is present.

5. General Meetings. At least one general meeting of shareholders must be held each year. Pursuant to the Articles, general meetings may be held in or outside of the Cayman Islands. Special general meetings of shareholders may be called at any time by the Chairman of the Board, the Co-Chairman, the Board of Directors or the holders of Common Shares representing at least ten percent (10%) of the total voting rights attached to the issued and outstanding Common Shares who shall have requisitioned the Board of Directors to convene such meeting to be held within a period of ten weeks after such request has been made. Written notice of no less than 12 nor more than 60 calendar days must be provided to the Company’s shareholders prior to any general meeting. Every shareholder has the right to attend any meeting of shareholders in person or by proxy and to address the meeting. No action may be taken at any meeting of shareholders unless a quorum consisting of holders of at least one-half of the shares outstanding and entitled to vote are present at the meeting in person or by proxy. If a quorum is not present at the originally-called shareholder meeting, a second shareholder meeting, is held within two months. At that second meeting, valid resolutions may be adopted with respect to any matter stated in the notice of the original meeting and also in the notice of such second meeting or which by law is required to be brought before the shareholders (subject to certain exceptions), despite the absence of a quorum.

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6. Limitations to Own Securities. The Articles contain no limits on the right to own securities.

7. Change of Control. The Articles contain no provisions that would prevent or delay a change of control of the Company. For more information regarding provisions of the Cayman Companies Law that may impact a change of control of the Company, please see the table that was annexed as Appendix B to the proxy statement for our 2017 annual general meeting of shareholders, which was appended as Exhibit 99.1 to our Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 6-K furnished to the SEC on October 26, 2017.

8. Disclosure of Ownership. The Articles contain no provisions requiring a shareholder to disclose his or her interest at a certain time; however, holders of our shares are subject to the reporting provisions of the SEC. In addition, the Companies Law (as revised) of the Cayman Islands contains provisions requiring the disclosure of certain beneficial interests; however, such provisions do not apply to the Company, its shareholders or ultimate beneficial owners for so long as the Company's Common Shares are listed on an “approved stock exchange” (as defined in the Companies Law (as revised) of the Cayman Islands, which currently includes NASDAQ and the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange).

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B. Material Contracts

We are not party to any material contract within the two years prior to the date of this annual report, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, or as otherwise described below:

Share Purchase Agreement for Acquisition of StoneRiver

In the first quarter of 2017, we entered into a share purchase agreement with StoneRiver Group L.P., or the StoneRiver Seller, and StoneRiver, Inc., or StoneRiver, for the acquisition of all of the issued and outstanding share capital of StoneRiver. We consummated the acquisition later in the first quarter of 2017. StoneRiver is a Denver, Colorado- based provider of technology solutions and services to the insurance industry.

The acquisition consideration was approximately $100 million in cash, subject to certain adjustments based on working capital, transaction expenses, unpaid debt and certain litigation matters.

Immediately prior to closing, we purchased a representations and warranties insurance policy covering certain indemnifiable damages under the agreement, which we refer to as the StoneRiver Insurance. The StoneRiver Insurance provides for coverage of $12,500,000 in the aggregate and its term is in general three years (except with respect to certain fundamental representations and warranties, as to which the term of the StoneRiver Insurance is six years).

Deed of Trust in Favor of Series B Debenture Holders

In connection with our Israeli public offering and private placement of NIS 280 million (approximately US $79.2 million) principal amount of our Series B Debentures, in the aggregate, in September 2017 (which debentures are traded on the TASE), we entered into a deed of trust with a trustee in favor of the debenture holders. In the deed of trust, we have agreed to repay the principal amount of the debentures in eight equal payments that will be paid once a year on January 1 of each of the years 2019 through 2026 (included). We made the first such principal payment on January 1, 2019. The outstanding principal amount bears interest at an annual rate of 3.37%, payable in half-yearly payments on January 1 and July 1 of each of the years 2018 through 2026 (included). The principal and interest are payable in NIS, subject to adjustment in accordance with fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the NIS.

Under the deed of trust, we have undertaken to maintain a number of conditions and limitations on the manner in which we can operate our business, including limitations on our ability to undergo a change of control, distribute dividends, incur a floating charge on our assets, or undergo an asset sale or other change that results in a fundamental change in our operations. The deed of trust also requires us to comply with certain financial covenants, as described below. The deed of trust furthermore provides for an upwards adjustment in the interest rate payable under the debentures in the event that our debentures’ rating is downgraded below a certain level. A breach of the financial covenants for more than two successive quarters or a substantial downgrade in the rating of the debentures (below BBB-) could result in the acceleration of our obligation to repay the debentures.

The deed of trust includes the following provisions:

● a negative pledge, subject to certain exceptions;

● a covenant not to distribute dividends unless (i) our shareholders’ equity (not including minority interests) shall not be less than $160 million, (ii) our net financial indebtedness (financial indebtedness net of cash, marketable securities, deposits and other liquid financial instruments) does not exceed 65% of net CAP (which is defined as financial indebtedness, net, plus shareholders equity, including minority interest), (iii) the amount of the dividend does not exceed our profits for the year ended December 31, 2016 and the first three quarters of the year ended December 31, 2017, plus 75% of our profits as of September 1, 2017 and up to the date of distribution, and (iv) no event of default shall have occurred; and

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● financial covenants, including (i) the equity attributable to the shareholders of Sapiens (not including minority interests), as reported in our annual or quarterly financial statements, will not be less than $120 million, and (ii) Sapiens’ net financial indebtedness (financial indebtedness net of cash, marketable securities, deposits and other liquid financial instruments) shall not exceed 65% of net CAP (which is defined as financial indebtedness, net, plus shareholders equity, including minority interest).

As of December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with the foregoing financial covenants.

We also agreed to standard events of default under the deed of trust, together with the following specific events of default (among others):

● cross default, including following an immediate repayment initiated in relation to other indebtedness (other than non-recourse debt) in an amount that exceeds 5% of our total balance sheet;

● suspension of trading of the debentures on the TASE over a period of 60 days, or the delisting of the debentures from the TASE;

● failure to have the debentures rated over a period of 60 days;

● if the rating of the debentures is less than BBB- by Standard and Poors Maalot or less than Baa3 by Midroog Ltd. or drops below an equivalent rating of another rating agency (as of July 31, 2018, Standard and Poors Maalot has affirmed a rating of ilA+ for the debentures);

● if there is a change in control without consent of the rating agency (a change of control is deemed to occur if Formula ceases the be the controlling shareholder of our company, whether directly or indirectly. Formula will be considered a controlling shareholder for so long as it continues to hold at least 25% of the means of control of our company (within the meaning of the Israeli Securities Law) and there is no other person or entity holding a higher percentage. To the extent that Formula holds such controlling interest jointly with others, it will be deemed to remain our controlling shareholder if it maintains the highest percentage ownership among such other shareholders);

● the existence and continuation of a bankruptcy event involving our company, or the liquidation of our company or writing off of our assets;

● our failure to comply with the above-described financial covenants for two consecutive quarters; 

● there has been a material adverse change in the business of our company compared to the position of our company shortly before the issuance of the debentures and there is a material concern that we will not be able to pay our obligations under the debentures on time;

● if we distribute a dividend contrary to the above-described limitations on dividends;

● breach of our undertakings regarding the issuance of additional Series B Debentures;

● the sale of 25% or more of our assets, or a change in the main sphere of our activity as a company; and

● failure to comply with the negative pledge covenant.

Registration Rights Agreement

In connection with our acquisitions of each of IDIT and FIS, which were consummated in the third quarter of 2011, we granted the shareholders of IDIT (or the IDIT Selling Shareholders), the shareholders of FIS (or the FIS Selling Shareholders, to which we refer, together with the IDIT Selling Shareholders, as the Holders) and Formula certain registration rights under a Registration Rights Agreement. Under the Registration Rights Agreement, the Holders and Formula are entitled to piggyback registration rights in connection with any registration statement that we file (subject to customary exceptions). The Holders also agreed to execute a lock-up agreement if requested by the representative of the underwriters in any underwritten offering. Based on information that we have received from our transfer agent, we do not believe that the IDIT Selling Shareholders and the FIS Selling Shareholders still hold a significant number of Common Shares that are entitled to the foregoing registration rights under the Registration Rights Agreement as of the current time.

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D. Exchange Controls

There are no exchange control or currency regulations in the Cayman Islands that would affect the payment of dividends, interest or other payments to non-resident holders of the Company’s securities, including the Common Shares. Other jurisdictions in which the Company conducts operations may have various currency or exchange controls. In addition, the Company is subject to the risk of changes in political conditions or economic policies which could result in new or additional currency or exchange controls or other restrictions being imposed on the operations of the Company. As to the Company’s securities, Cayman Islands law and the Memorandum and Articles impose no limitations on the right of non-resident or foreign owners to hold or vote such securities.

E. Taxation

Israeli Taxation Considerations for Our Shareholders

The following is a short summary of the material provisions of the tax environment to which shareholders may be subject. This summary is based on the current provisions of tax law. To the extent that the discussion is based on new tax legislation that has not been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, we cannot assure you that the views expressed in the discussion will be accepted by the appropriate tax authorities or the courts.

The summary does not address all of the tax consequences that may be relevant to all purchasers of our Common Shares in light of each purchaser’s particular circumstances and specific tax treatment. For example, the summary below does not address the tax treatment of residents of Israel and traders in securities who are subject to specific tax regimes. As individual circumstances may differ, holders of our Common Shares should consult their own tax adviser as to the United States, Israeli, Cayman Islands or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of Common Shares. The following is not intended, and should not be construed, as legal or professional tax advice and is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations. Each individual should consult his or her own tax or legal adviser.

Tax Consequences Regarding Disposition of Our Common Shares

Overview

Israeli law generally imposes a capital gain tax on the sale of capital assets by residents of Israel, as defined for Israeli tax purposes, and on the sale of assets located in Israel, including shares of Israeli companies, by both residents and non-residents of Israel, unless a specific exemption is available or unless a tax treaty between Israel and the seller’s country of residence provides otherwise. The Ordinance distinguishes between “Real Capital Gain” and “Inflationary Surplus”. The Inflationary Surplus is a portion of the total capital gain which is equivalent to the increase of the relevant asset’s purchase price which is attributable to the increase in the Israeli consumer price index or, in certain circumstances, a foreign currency exchange rate, between the date of purchase and the date of sale. The Real Capital Gain is the excess of the total capital gain over the Inflationary Surplus.

Capital gain

Israeli Resident Shareholders