Hedging Activities and Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2020

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Disclosures [Text Block]

NOTE D – HEDGING ACTIVITIES AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

We address market risk from changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates through risk management programs which include the use of derivative and nonderivative financial instruments. We operate these programs pursuant to documented corporate risk management policies and do not enter into derivative transactions for speculative purposes. Our derivative instruments do not subject our earnings to material risk, as the gains or losses on these derivatives generally offset losses or gains recognized on the hedged item.

We manage concentration of counterparty credit risk by limiting acceptable counterparties to major financial institutions with investment grade credit ratings, limiting the amount of credit exposure to individual counterparties and by actively monitoring counterparty credit ratings and the amount of individual credit exposure. We also employ master netting arrangements that limit the risk of counterparty non-payment on a particular settlement date to the net gain that would have otherwise been received from the counterparty. Although not completely eliminated, we do not consider the risk of counterparty default to be significant as a result of these protections. Further, none of our derivative instruments are subject to collateral or other security arrangements, nor do they contain provisions that are dependent on our credit ratings from any credit rating agency.

Currency Hedging Instruments

Risk Management Strategy

Our risk from changes in currency exchange rates consists primarily of monetary assets and liabilities; forecasted intercompany and third-party transactions; net investments in certain subsidiaries; and, during 2019 prior to our acquisition of BTG, the purchase price of BTG, which was denominated in a currency other than the U.S. dollar. We manage currency exchange rate risk at a consolidated level to reduce the cost of hedging by taking advantage of offsetting transactions. We employ derivative and nonderivative instruments, primarily forward currency contracts, to reduce the risk to our earnings and cash flows associated with changes in currency exchange rates.

The success of our currency risk management program depends, in part, on forecast transactions denominated primarily in Euro, Japanese yen, Chinese renminbi and British pound sterling. We may experience unanticipated currency exchange gains or losses to the extent the actual activity is different than forecast, particularly resulting from the impact of COVID-19 on transaction volumes. In addition, changes in currency exchange rates related to any unhedged transactions may impact our earnings and cash flows.

Hedge Designations and Relationships

Certain of our currency derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges under FASB ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging (FASB ASC Topic 815), and are intended to protect the U.S. dollar value of forecasted transactions. The gain or loss on a derivative instrument designated as a cash flow hedge is recorded in the Net change in derivative financial instruments component of Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (OCI) on our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) until the underlying third-party transaction occurs. When the underlying third-party transaction occurs, we recognize the gain or loss in earnings within the Cost of products sold caption of our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. In the event the hedging relationship is no longer effective, or if the occurrence of the hedged forecast transaction becomes no longer probable, we reclassify the gains or losses within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (AOCI) to earnings at that time.

We also designate certain forward currency contracts as net investment hedges to hedge a portion of our net investments in certain of our entities with functional currencies denominated in the Euro, Swiss franc, Japanese yen, British pound sterling, South Korean won and Taiwan dollar. We elected to use the spot method to assess effectiveness for our derivatives that are designated as net investment hedges. Under the spot method, the change in fair value attributable to changes in the spot rate is recorded in the Foreign currency translation adjustment (CTA) component of OCI. We have elected to exclude the spot-forward difference from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are amortizing this amount separately, as calculated at the date of designation, on a straight-line basis over the term of the currency forward contracts. Amortization of the spot-forward difference is then reclassified from AOCI to current period earnings as a component of Interest expense on our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

In November 2019, we completed an offering of €900 million (approximately $1.000 billion) in aggregate principal amount of 0.625% senior notes due in 2027 (December 2027 Notes). The Euro-denominated debt principal is a nonderivative instrument designated as a net investment hedge of our net investments in certain of our Euro functional entities. The notional value of our outstanding net investment hedges was $1.954 billion as of March 31, 2020 and $1.950 billion as of December 31, 2019, which includes our derivative and nonderivative instruments designated as net investment hedges.

We also use forward currency contracts that are not part of designated hedging relationships under FASB ASC Topic 815 as a part of our strategy to manage our exposure to currency exchange rate risk related to monetary assets and liabilities and related forecast transactions. These non-designated currency forward contracts have an original time to maturity consistent with the hedged currency transaction exposures, generally less than one year, and are marked-to-market with changes in fair value recorded to earnings within the Other, net caption of our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Interest Rate Hedging Instruments

Risk Management Strategy

Our interest rate risk relates primarily to U.S. dollar borrowings partially offset by U.S. dollar cash investments. We use interest rate derivative instruments to mitigate the risk to our earnings and cash flows associated with exposure to changes in interest rates. Under these agreements we and the counterparty, at specified intervals, exchange the difference between fixed and floating interest amounts calculated by reference to an agreed-upon notional principal amount. We designate these derivative instruments either as fair value or cash flow hedges in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815.

Hedge Designations and Relationships

We had no interest rate derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. These instruments are intended to manage our earnings and cash flow exposure to changes in the benchmark interest rate in connection with the forecasted issuance of fixed-rate debt. Prior to 2020, we terminated interest rate derivative instruments that were designated as cash flow hedges and are continuing to recognize the amortization of the gains or losses originally recorded within AOCI to earnings as a component of Interest expense over the same period that the hedged item affects earnings, so long as the hedge relationship remains effective. If we determine the hedge relationship is no longer effective, or if the occurrence of the hedged forecast transaction becomes no longer probable, we reclassify the amount of gains or losses from AOCI to earnings at that time. In the event that we designate outstanding interest rate derivative instruments as cash flow hedges, we record the changes in the fair value of the derivatives within OCI until the underlying hedged transaction occurs. The balance of the deferred amounts on our terminated cash flow hedges within AOCI was a $33 million loss as of March 31, 2020 and a $34 million loss as of December 31, 2019. We recognized immaterial gains and losses in Interest expense relating to the amortization of our terminated cash flow hedges in the current and prior periods.

We had no interest rate derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Prior to 2018, we terminated interest rate derivative instruments that were designated as fair value hedges and are continuing to recognize the amortization of the gains or losses originally recorded within the Long-term debt caption on our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets into earnings as a component of Interest expense over the same period that the discount or premium associated with the hedged items affects earnings. In the event that we designate outstanding interest rate derivative instruments as fair value hedges, we record the changes in the fair values of interest rate derivatives designated as fair value hedges and of the underlying hedged debt instruments in Interest expense, which generally offset. The balance of the deferred gains on our terminated fair value hedges within Long-term debt was immaterial as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. We recognized immaterial gains in Interest expense relating to the amortization of the terminated fair value hedges in the current and prior periods.

The following table presents the contractual amounts of our hedging instruments outstanding:

(in millions)	FASB ASC Topic 815 Designation	As of
		March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Forward currency contracts	Cash flow hedge	$	3,916	$	3,891
Forward currency contracts	Net investment hedge	957		953
Foreign currency-denominated debt (1)	Net investment hedge	997		997
Forward currency contracts	Non-designated	4,209		4,377
Total Notional Outstanding		$	10,078	$	10,218

(1) The €900 million (approximately $1.000 billion) debt principal is a nonderivative instrument designated as a net investment hedge of our net investments in certain of our Euro functional subsidiaries.

The remaining time to maturity as of March 31, 2020 is within 60 months for all designated forward currency contracts and generally less than one year for all non-designated forward currency contracts. The Euro-denominated debt principal designated as a net investment hedge has a contractual maturity of December 1, 2027.

The following presents the effect of our derivative and nonderivative instruments designated as cash flow and net investment hedges under FASB ASC Topic 815 on our accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note L – Changes in Other Comprehensive Income for the total amounts relating to derivative and nonderivative instruments presented within the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

	Effect of Hedging Relationships on Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
	Amount Recognized in OCI on Hedges								Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (1)			Amount Reclassified from AOCI into Earnings
(in millions)	Pre-Tax Gain (Loss)		Tax Benefit (Expense)			Gain (Loss) Net of Tax			Location of Amount Reclassified	Total Amount of Line Item Presented		Pre-Tax (Gain) Loss			Tax (Benefit) Expense		(Gain) Loss Net of Tax
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Forward currency contracts
Cash flow hedges	$	119	$	(27	)	$	92		Cost of products sold	$	806	$	(23	)	$	5	$	(18	)
Net investment hedges (2)	22		(26		)	(4		)	Interest expense	88		(6		)	1		(5		)
Foreign currency-denominated debt
Net investment hedges (3)	24		(2		)	22			Other, net	36		—			—		—
Interest rate derivative contracts
Cash flow hedges	—		—			—			Interest expense	88		1			—		1
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Forward currency contracts
Cash flow hedges	$	72	$	(16	)	$	56		Cost of products sold	$	730	$	(9	)	$	2	$	(7	)
Net investment hedges (2)	33		(7		)	26			Interest expense	109		(10		)	2		(8		)

(1) In all periods presented in the table above, the pre-tax (gain) loss amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings represent the effect of the hedging relationships on earnings. All other amounts included in earnings related to hedging relationships were immaterial.

(2) For our outstanding forward currency contracts designated as net investment hedges, the net gain or loss reclassified from AOCI to earnings as a reduction of Interest expense represents the straight-line amortization of the excluded component as calculated at the date of designation. This initial value of the excluded component has been excluded from the assessment of effectiveness in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815. In the current period, we did not recognize any gains or losses on the components included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness in earnings.

(3) For our outstanding Euro-denominated debt principal designated as a net investment hedge, the change in fair value attributable to changes in the spot rate is recorded in the Foreign currency translation adjustment (CTA) component of OCI. No amounts were reclassified from AOCI to current period earnings.

As of March 31, 2020, pre-tax net gains or losses for our derivative instruments designated, or previously designated, as cash flow and net investment hedges under FASB ASC Topic 815 that may be reclassified from AOCI to earnings within the next twelve months are presented below (in millions):

Designated Hedging Instrument	FASB ASC Topic 815 Designation	Location on Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) that may be Reclassified to Earnings
Forward currency contracts	Cash flow hedge	Cost of products sold	$	116
Forward currency contracts	Net investment hedge	Interest expense	24
Interest rate derivative contracts	Cash flow hedge	Interest expense	(5		)

Net gains and losses on currency hedge contracts not designated as hedging instruments offset by net gains and losses from currency transaction exposures are presented below:

	Location on Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	Three Months Ended March 31,
(in millions)		2020			2019
Net gain (loss) on currency hedge contracts	Other, net	$	(15	)	$	22
Net gain (loss) on currency transaction exposures	Other, net	8			6
Net currency exchange gain (loss)		$	(7	)	$	28

Fair Value Measurements

FASB ASC Topic 815 requires all derivative and nonderivative instruments to be recognized at their fair values as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet. We determine the fair value of our derivative and nonderivative instruments using the framework prescribed by FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (FASB ASC Topic 820) and considering the estimated amount we would receive or pay to transfer these instruments at the reporting date with respect to current currency exchange rates, interest rates, the creditworthiness of the counterparty for unrealized gain positions and our own creditworthiness for unrealized loss positions. In certain instances, we may utilize financial models to measure fair value of our derivative and nonderivative instruments. In doing so, we use inputs that include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, other observable inputs for the asset or liability and inputs derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data by correlation or other means. The following are the balances of our derivative and nonderivative assets and liabilities:

	Location on Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (1)	As of
(in millions)		March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
Derivative and Nonderivative Assets:
Designated Hedging Instruments
Forward currency contracts	Other current assets	$	112	$	72
Forward currency contracts	Other long-term assets	292		216
		404		288
Non-Designated Hedging Instruments
Forward currency contracts	Other current assets	106		33
Total Derivative and Nonderivative Assets		$	509	$	321
Derivative and Nonderivative Liabilities:
Designated Hedging Instruments
Forward currency contracts	Other current liabilities	$	2	$	3
Forward currency contracts	Other long-term liabilities	4		8
Foreign currency-denominated debt	Other long-term liabilities	975		998
		982		1,009
Non-Designated Hedging Instruments
Forward currency contracts	Other current liabilities	43		29
Total Derivative and Nonderivative Liabilities		$	1,025	$	1,037

(1) We classify derivative and nonderivative assets and liabilities as current when the settlement date of the contract is one year or less.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

On a recurring basis, we measure certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value based upon quoted market prices. Where quoted market prices or other observable inputs are not available, we apply valuation techniques to estimate fair value. FASB ASC Topic 820 establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The category of a financial asset or a financial liability within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the measurement of fair value. The three levels of the hierarchy are defined as follows:

• Level 1 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities.

• Level 2 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are other observable inputs, including quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities and market-corroborated inputs.

• Level 3 – Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable inputs based on management’s best estimate of inputs market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date, including assumptions about risk.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis consist of the following:

	As of
	March 31, 2020								December 31, 2019
(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Money market and government funds	$	16	$	—	$	—	$	16	$	50	$	—	$	—	$	50
Publicly-held securities	—		—		—		—		1		—		—		1
Hedging instruments	—		509		—		509		—		321		—		321
Licensing arrangements	—		—		480		480		—		—		518		518
	$	17	$	509	$	480	$	1,006	$	51	$	321	$	518	$	890
Liabilities
Hedging instruments	$	—	$	1,025	$	—	$	1,025	$	—	$	1,037	$	—	$	1,037
Contingent consideration liability	—		—		218		218		—		—		354		354
Licensing arrangements	—		—		507		507		—		—		571		571
	$	—	$	1,025	$	725	$	1,750	$	—	$	1,037	$	925	$	1,963

Our investments in money market and government funds are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices. These investments are classified as Cash and cash equivalents within our accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, in accordance with U.S. GAAP and our accounting policies. In addition to $16 million invested in money market and government funds as of March 31, 2020, we had $353 million in interest bearing and non-interest-bearing bank accounts. In addition to $50 million invested in money market and government funds as of December 31, 2019, we had $165 million in interest bearing and non-interest-bearing bank accounts.

Our recurring fair value measurements using Level 3 inputs relates to our contingent consideration liability. Refer to Note B – Acquisitions and Strategic Investments for a discussion of the changes in the fair value of our contingent consideration liability.

In addition, our recurring fair value measurements using Level 3 inputs relate to our licensing arrangements, principally the contractual right to receive future royalty payments related to Zytiga™. This contractual right was acquired with BTG plc (BTG) on August 19, 2019.

Prior to our acquisition of BTG, BTG agreed to pay 50 percent of the Zytiga™ royalty stream, net of certain offsets, to the inventors associated with the intellectual property. In the fourth quarter of 2019, we sold the remaining 50 percent we acquired through our acquisition of BTG of the future Zytiga™ royalty stream for an upfront cash payment of $256 million to the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System (OMERS). In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing, we are accounting for the transfer of the royalty stream to OMERS as a secured borrowing, continue to recognize the financial asset and associated liability in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and do not expect to receive any future cash benefit from Zytiga™ royalties.

We have elected the fair value option to account for our licensing arrangements' financial asset and financial liability in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments. As of March 31, 2020, we have recorded the fair values using a discounted cash flow approach considering the probability-weighted expected future cash flows to be generated by the royalty stream. The fair value of the financial liability also considers the related contractual provisions that govern our payment obligations.

The recurring Level 3 fair value measurements of our licensing arrangements recognized in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2020 include the following significant unobservable inputs:

Licensing Arrangements	Fair Value as of March 31, 2020	Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range				Weighted Average (1)
Financial Asset	$480 million	Discounted Cash Flow	Discount Rate	11	%	-	15%	15%
			Projected Year of Payment	2020		-	2028	2024
Financial Liability	$507 million	Discounted Cash Flow	Discount Rate	12	%	-	15%	13%
			Projected Year of Payment	2020		-	2027	2023

(1) Unobservable inputs relate to a single financial asset and liability. As such, unobservable inputs were not weighted by the relative fair value of the instruments. For projected year of payment, the amount represents the median of the inputs and is not a weighted average.

Significant increases or decreases in projected cash flows of the royalty stream and the related contractual provisions that govern our payment obligations, discount rates or the time until payment is made would have resulted in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement of the licensing arrangements' financial asset and liability as of March 31, 2020. However, increases or decreases in the financial asset would be offset by increases or decreases in the financial liability, other than for timing of receipt and remittance; as such our earnings are not subject to material gains or losses from the licensing arrangement.

Changes in the fair value of our licensing arrangements' financial asset were as follows:

(in millions)
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	518
Proceeds from royalty rights	(47		)
Fair value adjustment (expense) benefit	8
Balance as of March 31, 2020	$	480

Changes in the fair value of our licensing arrangements' financial liability were as follows:

(in millions)
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	571
Payments for royalty rights	(77		)
Fair value adjustment expense (benefit)	13
Balance as of March 31, 2020	$	507

Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements

We hold certain assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis in periods after initial recognition. The fair value of a measurement alternative investment is not estimated if there are no identified events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. Refer to Note B – Acquisitions and Strategic Investments for a discussion of our strategic investments.

Refer to Note C – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for a discussion of the fair values.

The fair value of our outstanding debt obligations was $11.008 billion as of March 31, 2020, including $903 million relating to the Euro-denominated December 2027 Notes, and $11.020 billion as of December 31, 2019, including $1.004 billion relating to the Euro-denominated December 2027 Notes. We determined fair value by using quoted market prices for our publicly registered senior notes, classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy, and face value for commercial paper, term loans and credit facility borrowings outstanding. Refer to Note E – Contractual Obligations and Commitments for a discussion of our debt obligations.