Our fiscal year is based on either a 52- or 53- week period ending on the Saturday closest to December 31. For the fiscal year ended January 2, 2021, we had 53- weeks of activity, compared to 52- weeks of activity for the fiscal years ended December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018. We estimate the additional week contributed $19.4 million of additional revenue and $3.9 million of additional operating income for the fiscal year ended January 2, 2021.

During the second quarter of 2020, we implemented a restructuring program intended to optimize synergies from the Company’s transition to a pure-play water company following the Legacy Primo Acquisition and, as a result, reorganized into two reporting segments: North America (which includes our DS Services of America, Inc. (“DSS”), Aquaterra Corporation (“Aquaterra”), Mountain Valley Spring Company (“Mountain Valley”) and Legacy Primo businesses) and Rest of World (which includes our Eden Springs Nederland B.V. (“Eden”), Aimia Foods Limited (“Aimia”), Decantae Mineral Water Limited (“Decantae”) and John Farrer & Company Limited (“Farrers”) businesses). Our corporate oversight function and other miscellaneous expenses are aggregated and included in the All Other category. Our segment reporting results have been recast to reflect these changes for all periods presented.

On February 28, 2020, we completed the sale of our coffee, tea and extract solutions business, S. & D. Coffee, Inc. (“S&D”) for consideration of $405.0 million paid at closing in cash, with customary post-closing working capital adjustments, which were resolved in June 2020 by payment of 1.5 million from the Company to the purchasers of S&D. As a result of this transaction representing a strategic shift in our operations, the Company has reclassified the financial results of our discontinued operations to net income from discontinued operations, net of income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018. The assets and liabilities associated with S&D have been reflected as current and long-term assets and liabilities of discontinued operations in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 28, 2019. Cash flows from our discontinued operations are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 28, 2019 and December 29, 2018. The Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements are presented on a continuing operations basis unless otherwise noted.

In July 2017, we entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with Refresco Group B.V., a Dutch company (“Refresco”), pursuant to which we sold to Refresco, on January 30, 2018, our carbonated soft drinks and juice businesses and our Royal Crown International finished goods export business (collectively, the “Traditional Business” and such transaction, the “Traditional Business Divestiture”). The Traditional Business Divestiture was structured as a sale of the assets of our Canadian business and a sale of the stock of the operating subsidiaries engaged in the Traditional Business in the other jurisdictions after we completed an internal reorganization. The aggregate deal consideration was $1.25 billion, paid at closing in cash, with customary post-closing adjustments resolved in December 2018 by the payment of 7.9 million from the Company to Refresco. The sale of the Traditional Business represented a strategic shift and had a major effect on our operations and, therefore, the Traditional Business is presented herein as discontinued operations. The Traditional Business excludes our North America and Rest of World reporting segments, and our Cott Beverages LLC business.

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) had a significant impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows for the year ended January 2, 2021. In response to COVID-19, authorities in many of the markets in which we operate have implemented numerous measures to stall the spread of COVID-19, including travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, curfews, shelter in place orders, and business shutdowns. These measures have impacted and will continue to impact us, our customers, employees, distributors, suppliers and other third parties with whom we do business. There is considerable uncertainty regarding how these measures and future measures in response to the pandemic will impact our business in the future, including whether they will result in further changes in demand for our services and products, further increases in operating costs (whether as a result of changes to our supply chain or increases in employee costs or otherwise), and how they will further impact our supply chain, each or all of which can impact our ability to make, manufacture, distribute and sell our products. In addition, measures that impact our ability to access our offices, plants, warehouses, distribution centers or other facilities, or that impact the ability of our customers, employees, distributors, suppliers and other third parties to do the same, may impact the availability of our and their employees, many of whom are not able to perform their job functions remotely.

In response to COVID-19, certain government authorities have enacted programs which provide various economic stimulus measures, including several tax provisions. Among the business tax provisions is the deferral of certain payroll and other tax remittances to future years and wage subsidies as reimbursement for a portion of certain furloughed employees’ salaries. During the year ended January 2, 2021, we received wage subsidies under these programs totaling $7.4 million. We review our eligibility for these programs for each qualifying period and account for such wage subsidies on an accrual basis when the conditions for eligibility are met. The Company has adopted an accounting policy to present wage subsidies as a reduction of selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses. In addition, deferred payroll and other taxes totaling $9.0 million were included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and $7.5 million were included in other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of January 2, 2021.

In addition, on June 11, 2020, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a plan intended to optimize synergies from the Company’s transition to a pure-play water company following the Legacy Primo Acquisition and to mitigate the negative financial and operational impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including implementing headcount reductions and furloughs in our North America and Rest of World reporting segments (“2020 Restructuring Plan”). When we implement these programs, we incur various charges, including severance, asset impairments, and other employment related costs. In connection with the 2020 Restructuring Plan, we expected to incur approximately $19.0 million in severance costs. We have revised this estimate to $10.5 million and all costs related to the 2020 Restructuring Plan have been recorded as of January 2, 2021. All severance costs incurred by the 2020 Restructuring Plan during the year ended January 2, 2021 are included in SG&A expenses on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the amount of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Consolidated Financial Statements include estimates and assumptions that, in the opinion of management, were significant to the underlying amounts representing the future valuation of intangible assets, long-lived assets and goodwill, realization of deferred income tax assets, the resolution of tax contingencies and projected benefit plan obligations.

We recognize revenue, net of sales returns, when ownership passes to customers for products manufactured in our own plants and/or by third-parties on our behalf, and when prices to our customers are fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured. This may be upon shipment of goods or upon delivery to the customer, depending on contractual terms. Shipping and handling costs paid by the customer to us are included in revenue. Although we occasionally accept returns of products from our customers, historically returns have not been material.

We participate in various incentive programs with our customers, including volume-based incentives, contractual rebates and promotional allowances. Volume incentives are based on our customers achieving volume targets for a period of time. Volume incentives and contractual rebates are deducted from revenue and accrued as the incentives are earned and are based on management’s estimate of the total the customer is expected to earn and claim. Promotional allowances are accrued at the time of revenue recognition and are deducted from revenue based on either the volume shipped or the volume sold at the retailer location, depending on the terms of the allowance. We regularly review customer sales forecasts to ensure volume targets will be met and adjust incentive accruals and revenues accordingly.

We record costs associated with the manufacturing of our products in cost of sales. Shipping and handling costs incurred to store, prepare and move products between production facilities or from production facilities to branch locations or storage facilities are recorded in cost of sales. Shipping and handling costs incurred to deliver products from our North America and Rest of World reporting segments branch locations to the end-user consumer of those products are recorded in selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses. All other costs incurred in shipment of products from our production facilities to customer locations are reflected in cost of sales. Shipping and handling costs included in SG&A were $441.4 million, $479.3 million, and $461.7 million for the years ended January 2, 2021, December 28, 2019, and December 29, 2018, respectively. Finished goods inventory costs include the cost of direct labor and materials and the applicable share of overhead expense chargeable to production.

We have in effect equity incentive plans under which Time-based RSUs, Performance-based RSUs, non-qualified stock options and director share awards have been granted (as such terms are defined in Note 9 of the Consolidated Financial Statements). Share-based compensation expense for all share-based compensation awards is based on the grant-date fair value. We recognized these compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of three years, and account for forfeitures when they occur. The fair value of the Company’s Time-based RSUs, Performance-based RSUs and director share awards are based on the closing market price of its common shares on the date of grant as stated on the NYSE. We estimate the fair value of non-qualified options as of the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. This model considers, among other factors, the expected life of the award, the expected volatility of the Company’s share price, and expected dividends. The Company records share-based compensation expense in SG&A expenses.

All trade accounts receivable are uncollected amounts owed to us from transactions with our North America and Rest of World customers. Trade accounts receivable represent amounts billed to customers and not yet collected, and are presented net of allowance for credit losses. We estimate an allowance for credit losses based on historical loss experience, adverse situations that may affect a customer's ability to pay, current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts and current economic outlook. Customer demographic, such as large commercial customers as compared to small businesses or individual customers, and the customer's geographic market are also considered when estimating credit losses. Historical loss experience was based on actual loss rates over a one year period. Additionally, we evaluate current conditions and review third-party economic forecasts on a quarterly basis to determine the impact on the allowance for credit losses. The assumptions used in determining an estimate of credit losses are inherently subjective and actual results may differ significantly from estimated reserves.

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, determined on the first-in, first-out method, or net realizable value. Finished goods and work-in-process include the inventory costs of raw materials, direct labor and manufacturing overhead costs. As a result, we use an inventory reserve to adjust our inventory costs down to a net realizable value and to reserve for estimated obsolescence of both raw materials and finished goods.

The Company generally collects deposits on multi-gallon bottles used by our residential and commercial water delivery customers. Such deposits are refunded only after customers return such bottles in satisfactory condition. The associated bottle deposit liability is estimated based on the number of water customers, average consumption and return rates and bottle deposit market rates. The Company analyzes these assumptions quarterly and adjusts the bottle deposit liability as necessary.

We have operating and finance leases for manufacturing and production facilities, branch distribution and warehouse facilities, vehicles and machinery and equipment. At inception, we determine whether an agreement represents a lease and, at commencement, we evaluate each lease agreement to determine whether the lease constitutes an operating or financing lease. Some of our lease agreements have renewal options, tenant improvement allowances, rent holidays and rent escalation clauses.

We adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02 - Leases as of December 30, 2018 using the cumulative-effect adjustment method and elected the package of practical expedients permitted in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 842. Accordingly, we accounted for our existing leases as operating or finance leases under the new guidance, without reassessing (a) whether the contracts contain a lease under ASC Topic 842, (b) whether classification of the leases would be different in accordance with ASC Topic 842, or (c) whether the unamortized initial direct costs before transition adjustments (as of December 29, 2018) would have met the definition of initial direct costs in ASC Topic 842 at lease commencement. We also elected to not separate lease components from non-lease components for all fixed payments.

Adoption of ASU 2016-02 did not have a material impact on the Company’s cash flows from operations and had no impact on the Company’s operating results. The most significant impact was the recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease obligations on our balance sheet. Right-of-use lease assets represent our right to use the underlying asset for the lease term, and the operating lease obligation represents our commitment to make the lease payments arising from the lease. We have elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with terms of one-year or less. Lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable. As such, we utilize the appropriate incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. Certain adjustments to the right-of-use asset may be required for items such as initial direct costs paid or incentives received. The lease term may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, subject to any changes in the lease or expectations regarding the terms.


	Reporting Segment
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	North America		Rest of World		All Other		Total
Balance December 29, 2018
Goodwill	$	657.8	$	363.8	$	4.5	$	1,026.1
Accumulated impairment losses	—		—		—		—
	$	657.8	$	363.8	$	4.5	$	1,026.1
Goodwill acquired during the year	17.4		17.9		—		35.3
Measurement period adjustments	(3.1)		—		—		(3.1)
Divestitures	—		—		(4.5)		(4.5)
Foreign exchange	1.0		(7.3)		—		(6.3)
Balance December 28, 2019
Goodwill	673.1		374.4		—		1,047.5
Accumulated impairment losses	—		—		—		—
	$	673.1	$	374.4	$	—	$	1,047.5
Goodwill acquired during the year	343.3		5.6		—		348.9
Measurement period adjustments	(35.9)		—		—		(35.9)
Impairment losses	—		(104.1)		—		(104.1)

Foreign exchange	1.6		26.3		—		27.9
Balance January 2, 2021
Goodwill	982.1		406.3		—		1,388.4
Accumulated impairment losses	—		(104.1)		—		(104.1)
	$	982.1	$	302.2	$	—	$	1,284.3

We test goodwill for impairment at least annually on the first day of the fourth quarter, based on our reporting unit carrying values, calculated as total assets less non-interest bearing liabilities, as of the end of the third quarter, or more frequently if we determine a triggering event has occurred during the year. During the second quarter of 2020, given the general deterioration in economic and market conditions in which we operate arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, we identified a triggering event indicating possible impairment of goodwill and intangible assets, as further described below. We did not identify impairment of our property, plant and equipment, lease-related right-of-use assets, or long-lived assets.

We evaluate goodwill for impairment on a reporting unit basis, which is an operating segment or a level below an operating segment, referred to as a component. A component of an operating segment is a reporting unit if the component constitutes a business for which discrete financial information is available and management regularly reviews the operating results of that component. However, two or more components of an operating segment can be aggregated and deemed a single reporting unit if the components have similar economic characteristics. Our North America operating segment was determined to have three components: DSS, Mountain Valley, and Aquaterra. We have determined that DSS and Aquaterra have similar economic characteristics and have aggregated them as a single reporting unit for the purpose of testing goodwill for impairment (“DSSAqua”). Our Rest of World operating segment was determined to have four components: Eden, Aimia, Decantae, and Farrers, none of which have similar economic characteristics. For the purpose of testing goodwill for impairment in 2020, we have determined reporting units are DSSAqua, Mountain Valley, Eden, Aimia, Decantae, and Farrers.

Due to the triggering event identified above arising from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we first performed a qualitative assessment of goodwill to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of these reporting units exceeded their respective carrying values. Based on this qualitative assessment, we determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of our Eden, Aimia, Decantae, and Farrers reporting units did not exceed their respective carrying values. As a result, we performed an interim quantitative impairment test as of June 27, 2020 on these reporting units.

We determined the fair value of the reporting units being evaluated using a mix of the income approach (which is based on the discounted cash flows of the reporting unit) and the guideline public company approach. We weighted the income approach and the guideline public company approach at 50% each to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. We believe using a combination of these approaches provides a more accurate valuation because it incorporates the expected cash generation of the Company in addition to how a third-party market participant would value the reporting unit. As the business is assumed to continue in perpetuity, the discounted future cash flows includes a terminal value. Critical assumptions used in our valuation of the Eden reporting unit included the anticipated future cash flows, a weighted-average terminal revenue growth rate of 1.5% and a discount rate of 9.5%. Critical assumptions used in our valuation of the Aimia, Decantae, and Farrers reporting units included a weighted-average terminal revenue growth rate of 2.0% and a discount rate of 11.5%. The anticipated future cash flows assumption reflects projected revenue growth rates, SG&A expenses and capital expenditures. The terminal growth rate assumption incorporated into the discounted cash flow calculation reflects our long-term view of the market and industry, projected changes in the sale of our products, pricing of such products and operating profit margins. The discount rate was determined using various factors and sensitive assumptions, including bond yields, size premiums and tax rates. This rate was based on the weighted average cost of capital a market participant would use if evaluating the reporting unit as an investment. These assumptions are considered significant unobservable inputs and represent our best estimate of assumptions that market participants would use to determine the fair value of the respective reporting units. The key inputs into the discounted cash flow analysis were consistent with market data, where available, indicating that the assumptions used were in a reasonable range of observable market data.

Based on the quantitative assessment including consideration of the sensitivity of the assumptions made and methods used to determine fair value, industry trends and other relevant factors, we noted that the estimated fair value of the Aimia reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by approximately 23.5%. Therefore, no goodwill impairment charge was recorded for the Aimia reporting unit. Based on the quantitative assessment including consideration of the sensitivity of the assumptions made and methods used to determine fair value, industry trends and other relevant factors, we determined that goodwill was impaired for the Eden, Decantae, and Farrers reporting units and recognized impairment charges of $103.3 million, $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively. These impairment charges are included in goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended January 2, 2021.

For purposes of the 2020 annual test, we elected to perform a qualitative assessment for our DSSAqua, Mountain Valley, Eden, Aimia, and Decantae reporting units to assess whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of these reporting units exceeded their respective carrying values. In performing these assessments, management relied on a number of factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors that would have a negative effect on earnings and cash flows, overall financial performance compared with forecasted projections in prior periods, and other relevant reporting unit events, the impact of which are all significant judgments and estimates. Based on these factors, management concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair values of the DSSAqua, Mountain Valley, Eden, Aimia, and Decantae reporting units were greater than their respective carrying amounts, including goodwill, indicating no impairment. Goodwill allocated to the DSSAqua, Mountain Valley, Eden, Aimia, and Decantae reporting units as of January 2, 2021 are $966.1 million, $16.0 million, $246.3 million, $54.6 million, and $1.3 million, respectively.

Each year during the fourth quarter, we re-evaluate the assumptions used in our assessments, such as revenue growth rates, SG&A expenses, capital expenditures and discount rates, to reflect any significant changes in the business environment that could materially affect the fair value of our reporting units. Based on the evaluations performed in 2020, we determined that the fair value of each of our reporting units exceeded their carrying amounts.

As of January 2, 2021, our intangible assets subject to amortization, net of accumulated amortization were $532.1 million, consisting principally of $485.2 million of customer relationships that arose from acquisitions, $24.3 million of software, and $12.8 million of patents. Customer relationships are typically amortized on an accelerated basis for the period over which we expect to receive the economic benefits. The customer relationship intangible assets acquired in our acquisitions are amortized over the expected remaining useful life of those relationships on a basis that reflects the pattern of realization of the estimated undiscounted after-tax cash flows. We review the estimated useful life of these intangible assets annually, unless a review is required more frequently due to a triggering event, such as a loss of a significant customer. Our review of the estimated useful life takes into consideration the specific net cash flows related to the intangible asset. The permanent loss of, or significant decline in sales to customers included in the intangible asset would result in either an impairment in the value of the intangible asset or an accelerated amortization of any remaining value and could lead to an impairment of the fixed assets that were used to service that customer. In 2020, we recorded $245.2 million in customer relationships acquired with the Legacy Primo Acquisition (as defined in Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). We did not record impairment charges for our intangible assets subject to amortization in 2020, 2019 or 2018.

Our intangible assets with indefinite lives relate to trademarks acquired in the acquisition of Legacy Primo (the “Legacy Primo Trademarks”), trademarks acquired in the acquisition of DSS (the “DSS Trademarks”), trademarks acquired in the acquisition of Eden (the “Eden Trademarks”), trademarks acquired in the acquisition of Aquaterra (the “Aquaterra Trademarks”), trademarks acquired in the Mountain Valley Acquisition (the “Mountain Valley Trademarks”) and trademarks acquired in the Crystal Rock Acquisition (the “Crystal Rock Trademarks”). These assets have an aggregate net book value of $455.5 million as of January 2, 2021. There are no legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic, or other factors that limit the useful life of these intangible assets.

The life of the Legacy Primo Trademarks, DSS Trademarks, Eden Trademarks, Aquaterra Trademarks, Mountain Valley Trademarks and Crystal Rock Trademarks are considered to be indefinite and therefore these intangible assets are not amortized. Rather, they are tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if we determine a triggering event has occurred during the year. We compare the carrying amount of the intangible asset to its fair value and when the carrying amount is greater than the fair value, we recognize an impairment loss.

As a result of the triggering event described above arising from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we performed recoverability tests on our intangible assets, primarily trademarks, within each of our reporting segments as of June 27, 2020. We assessed qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value of our trademarks with indefinite lives were less than their respective carrying value. The qualitative factors we assessed included macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors that would have a negative effect on earnings and cash flows, overall financial performance compared with forecasted projections in prior periods, and other relevant events, the impact of which are all significant judgments and estimates. Based on this qualitative assessment, we determined that impairment was more likely than not with the Eden Trademarks and the Aquaterra Trademarks. As a result, we performed an interim quantitative impairment test as of June 27, 2020 on these intangible assets.

To determine the fair value of the trademarks with indefinite lives associated with our Eden and Aquaterra businesses, we use a relief from royalty method of the income approach, which calculates a fair value royalty rate that is applied to revenue forecasts associated with those trademarks. The resulting cash flows are discounted using a rate to reflect the risk of achieving the projected royalty savings attributable to the trademarks. The assumptions used to estimate the fair value of these trademarks are subjective and require significant management judgment, including estimated future revenues, the royalty rate (which is estimated to be a reasonable market royalty charge that would be charged by a licensor of the trademarks) and the risk adjusted discount rate. Based on our impairment test, we determined the Eden Trademarks and the Aquaterra Trademarks were impaired and recognized impairment charges of $9.9 million and $1.2 million, respectively. These impairment charges are included in goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended January 2, 2021.

We assessed qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the DSS Trademarks, Eden Trademarks, Aquaterra Trademarks, Mountain Valley Trademarks and Crystal Rock Trademarks were less than their respective carrying value. The qualitative factors we assessed included macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors that would have a negative effect on earnings and cash flows, overall financial performance compared with forecasted projections in prior periods, and other relevant events, the impact of which are all significant judgments and estimates. During the fourth quarter of 2020, we concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the DSS Trademarks, Eden Trademarks, Aquaterra Trademarks, Mountain Valley Trademarks and Crystal Rock Trademarks were more than its carrying value and therefore we were not required to perform any additional testing. The Legacy Primo Trademarks were acquired in 2020 and since we noted no changes to the business environment, operations or use of the trademarks, we did not perform an impairment test with respect to these trademarks.

When adverse events occur, we compare the carrying amount of long-lived assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows at the lowest level of independent cash flows for the group of long-lived assets and recognize any impairment loss based on discounted cash flows in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, taking into consideration the timing of testing and the asset’s remaining useful life. The expected life and value of these long-lived assets is based on an evaluation of the competitive environment, history and future prospects as appropriate. We did not record impairments of long-lived assets in 2020, 2019 or 2018. As part of normal business operations, we identify long-lived assets that are no longer productive and dispose of them. Losses on disposals of assets are presented separately in our Consolidated Statements of Operations as part of operating income. We recognized losses on disposal of property, plant and equipment, net of $10.6 million for the year ended January 2, 2021 ($7.6 million—December 28, 2019; $8.7 million—December 29, 2018).

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on the differences between the financial statement carrying amount of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, using currently enacted income tax rates. A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred income tax assets if, on the basis of available evidence, it is not more likely than not that all or a portion of any deferred tax assets will be realized. The consideration of available evidence requires significant management judgment including an assessment of the future periods in which the deferred tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized and projections of future taxable income.

We account for uncertain tax positions using a two-step process. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits. The second step requires management to estimate and measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate such amounts, as we have to determine the probability of various possible outcomes. We re-evaluate these uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis. This evaluation is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, effectively settled issues under audit, and new audit activity. Such a change in recognition or measurement would result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the tax provision.

We record annual amounts relating to defined benefit pension plans based on calculations, which include various actuarial assumptions such as discount rates and assumed rates of return on plan assets depending on the pension plan. Material changes in pension costs may occur in the future due to changes in these assumptions. Future annual amounts could be impacted by changes in the discount rate, changes in the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, changes in the level of contributions to the plans and other factors. The funded status is the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation. Future actuarial gains or losses that are not recognized as net periodic benefits cost in the same periods will be recognized as a component of other comprehensive income. The service cost component of net periodic pension cost is included in cost of sales and SG&A and all other components are included in other expense (income), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

In June 2016, the FASB amended its guidance to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Entities will now use forward-looking information to better form their credit loss estimates. The amended guidance also requires enhanced disclosures to help financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an entity’s portfolio. In May 2019, the FASB amended the original guidance by providing an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option for certain financial instruments previously measured at amortized cost basis. In November 2019, the FASB provided additional guidance around how to report expected recoveries. For public entities, the amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted.

Effective December 29, 2019, we adopted the guidance in this amendment using the modified retrospective transition method. The adoption of this new standard, with the impact being the increase in allowance for doubtful accounts related to our trade accounts receivable, resulted in a cumulative-effect adjustment of $3.6 million recognized to the opening balance of retained earnings. The Company will continue to actively monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on expected credit losses.

In August 2018, the FASB amended its guidance on disclosure requirements for fair value measurement. The update amends existing fair value measurement disclosure requirements by adding, changing, or removing certain disclosures. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The standard also allows for early adoption of any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of this update while delaying adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. We adopted the guidance in this amendment effective December 29, 2019 prospectively. Adoption of the new standard did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB amended its guidance on customer’s accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. This update aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. This update also requires customers to expense the capitalized implementation costs of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract over the term of the hosting arrangement. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the guidance in this amendment effective December 29, 2019. Adoption of the new standard did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In April 2019, the FASB amended its guidance to clarify and provide narrow-scope amendments for these three recent standards related to financial instruments accounting. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted the guidance in this amendment effective December 29, 2019. Adoption of the new standard did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In December 2019, the FASB amended its guidance to remove certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the guidance in this amendment effective December 29, 2019. Adoption of the new standard did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In March 2020, the FASB amended its guidance to clarify or improve the financial instrument topics in the existing guidance. These amendments make the guidance easier to understand and apply by eliminating inconsistencies and providing clarifications. Certain amendments in this update are effective upon issuance of this update. The remaining amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the guidance in this amendment effective December 29, 2019. Adoption of the new standard did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB amended its guidance on disclosure requirements for defined benefit plans. The update amends existing annual disclosure requirements applicable to all employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans by adding, removing, and clarifying certain disclosures. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted, and are to be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. We are currently assessing the impact of adoption of this standard on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued guidance which provides optional expedients and exceptions to account for contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference LIBOR or any other reference rates expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. This guidance is effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022 and may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2022. The Company has not adopted any of the optional expedients or exceptions through January 2, 2021 but will continue to evaluate the possible adoption of any such expedients or exceptions during the effective period as circumstances evolve.